Forces and Newton s Laws Notes
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1 Forces and Newton s Laws Notes Force An action exerted on an object which can change the motion of the object. The SI unit for force is the Newton (N) o N = (kg m)/s 2 o Pound is also a measure of force 1 lb = N Force is a VECTOR o It has MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION For example, if you push a toy car it accelerates. The harder you push, or the greater the magnitude of the force is, the faster the car will accelerate. The direction of the cars acceleration depends on the direction of your force. Free Body Diagrams (FBD) small, simple diagrams that label all forces acting on an object. (Very important) A textbook at rest on a desk A dog pulled by a leash A book pushed on a wall (without sliding) A book pushed on a ceiling 1
2 Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity unless it undergoes a net force that is non-zero. This property of matter is called Inertia. o Inertia is the tendency of an object not to accelerate. o Mass measures inertia. The higher the mass, the harder the object is to accelerate. Finding Net Force The net force acting on an object is simply the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object. Examples: 12 N force to the left and 15 N force to the right 15 N force vertically up and 10 N to the left Try more for yourself, Practice B page 128. Answers: 1) F x = 60.6 N ; F y = 35.0 N 2) 2.48 N 25 Counter-clockwise from straight down 3) 557 N at 35.7 West of South 2
3 Equilibrium Objects that are at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium. (The acceleration is zero) Newton s Second Law The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object s mass. F net = ma Examples: 20 N force to the right acting on a 3 kg mass. Find the acceleration. 100 N force acting upward and a 500 N force acting to the right on a 40 kg object. Find the acceleration. 15 N force West and 30 N force 30 N of E acting on a 5 kg mass. Find the acceleration. Try more for yourself on page 132, Practice C Answers: 1) 2.2 m/s 2 forward 2) 1.4 m/s 2 north 3) 4.50 m/s 2 to the east 4) 2.1 kg 5) 14 N 3
4 Newton s Third Law: If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction (every action have an equal and opposite reaction). - Action reaction forces each act on different objects! Give three examples of action reaction pairs EX: If a hammer is hitting a nail in a block of wood, determine all the action reaction pairs acting between the three objects Mass and Weight are two different things. Weight is a scalar measure of the downward force caused by gravity. Unlike mass, weight is not an inherent property of an object, meaning that it can change depending where it is. Example: How much does an astronaut of mass 60 kg weigh (in N and in lb)? How much does that same astronaut weigh on the moon where the acceleration due to gravity is only 1.6 m/s 2? Normal Force Force perpendicular to surface that prevents an object from falling. 4
5 Tension force is the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite ends of the wire. Force of Friction - There are two types of friction. The direction always opposes the direction of motion. Static Friction (Fs) The resistive force that keeps objects from moving while at rest. o Imagine applying a small force F to a jug. The jug will remain in equilibrium because the static friction force will be equal but opposite the applied force. o When the applied force is at a maximum value before moving the jug, the force of static friction reaches its maximum value, Fs,max o µ s = Fs,max /F N Kinetic Friction (Fk) The resistive force that affects objects already in motion. o Kinetic friction is less than static friction o µ k = F k /F N Force of friction is proportional to normal force and the coefficient of friction. The coefficient is different for static and kinetic. The coefficient is a property of the two materials together (ie. Wood on aluminum would have a different coefficient than plastic on aluminum) See page 138 for a cool table of example coefficients. o F k = µ k F N o F s = µ s F N o F f = µf N 5
6 Examples: A 24 kg object at rest on a flat floor requires a horizontal force of 75 N to set it in motion. Find the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the floor. A 20 N force to the right keeps a 10 kg mass at constant velocity on a horizontal surface. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the surface and the mass? Try more for yourself on page 139, Practice D. Answers: 1) ) a b ) a. 8.7 x 10 2 N, 6.7 x 10 2 N b. 1.1 x 10 2 N, 84 N c. 1 x 10 3 N, 5 x 10 2 N d. 5 N, 2N 6
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