Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) woodpile structure photonic crystal with layer by layer e-beam lithography
|
|
- Benedict Sims
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Appl Phys A (2009) 95: DOI /s Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) woodpile structure photonic crystal with layer by layer e-beam lithography Li Wang Sasa Zhang Qingpu Wang Jiaqi Chen Wei Jiang Ray T. Chen Received: 28 August 2008 / Accepted: 15 December 2008 / Published online: 21 January 2009 Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Photonic crystal based superprism offers a way to design new optical components for beam steering and DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) application. Three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals are especially attractive as they could offer more control of the light beam. A FCT (Face-Centered-Tetragonal) woodpile structure has been fabricated using layer by layer stacking techniques with E-Beam lithography. Special planarizations and processes have been introduced to ensure the survivability and good alignment of the fabricated nanostructures. Scanning electron microscopy results proved the structure uniformity. With the proper design, the structure exhibits superprism effects around 1550 nm, and such effects have been observed in the experiments. PACS Qs Cr t 1 Introduction The prediction and the confirmation that artificial periodic dielectric structures can be used to manipulate electromag- L. Wang S. Zhang ( ) J. Chen R.T. Chen Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA sasazhang@sdu.edu.cn R.T. Chen ( ) raychen@uts.cc.utexas.edu S. Zhang Q. Wang School of Information Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Ji nan, Shandong , P.R. China W. Jiang Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New York , USA netic wave propagation affect significantly the development of the micro- and nano-optoelectronics [1 5]. One of the many interesting phenomena is the superprism effect in the photonic crystal. It is the anomalous refraction of light at an interface between a photonic crystal and a homogeneous medium. The refraction angle is found to be very sensitive to the change of incident angle and wavelength under proper conditions. Such an effect arises from the anisotropy of the bands in the photonic crystal and such dispersion effects could be hundreds of times stronger than the conventional prism. And that is where it gains the name superprism. A number of groups have previously designed and fabricated superprism devices since its introduction by Kosaka and coworkers [6]. The superprismeffect intwo-dimensionalperiodic systems was investigated by Baba et al. [7] and Chung et al. [8] afterward. The first experimental demonstration of the two-dimensional (2D) superprism effect was reported by Wu et al. [9] who employed an asymmetric GaAs AlGaAs heterostructure to provide light confinement in the third dimension via total internal reflection. On the other hand, in the three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystal case by careful design you can get a better control of light in all directions, and you can achieve a more versatile design. Also the 3D photonic crystal can offer you a real 3D superprism effect instead of the in-plane superprism effect. In the literature, there is a great diversity in the fabrication approaches to make two-dimensional and three-dimensional photonic crystals. Therefore, improving the quality in terms of being more feature-size flexible, materials flexible and less time consuming is needed. Despite the remarkable progress in the fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals [10], there remain significant challenges for the fabrication of 3D photonic crystals, especially for producing sub-micron periodicity for near-ir applications. Many 3D fabrication approaches have been studied on a number of material plat-
2 330 L. Wang et al. forms. Among them, holographic fabrication [11], microassembly of planar semiconductor layers [12] and multiphoton absorption [13] have been investigated to create certain microstructures. However, for the aforementioned approaches the final structure is not that versatile [14 16]. E-beam lithography is a common approach to make nano-size structures. It can produce sub-10 nm structures easily, and with the advance of technologies people can build 3D structures with an alignment accuracy of less than 50 nm. Here we based on it and used an Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) machine (Jeol JBX6000) to fabricate 3D photonic crystal structures. The structure we have chosen is the woodpile Face Centered Tetragonal (FCT) structure. Basically it possesses one-dimensional (1D) periodic structure on each layer, and is produced by controlling the period of both horizontal/vertical directions and the aspect ratio of the periodic structures. We can achieve superprism effects around 1550 nm, which fits into the conventional optical communication transmission window. 2 Fabrication process Most of the semiconductors have atoms arranged in a diamond lattice structure, and energy bandgaps for electrons occur in this particular geometry. Similarly, the widest photonic bandgap takes place in the diamond lattice structure. Moreover, the diamond lattice structure is the most preferable configuration as the structure exhibits a photonic bandgap with the lowest contrast of the refractive index, i.e., the value of 2 [17]. However, its complicated arrangement of lattice points hinders the practical fabrication for optical wavelengths. Thus, in order to cope with the difficulties of making diamond lattice structures, a structure with a diamond-like properties and with a practical geometry for fabrication is required [18 22]. A sketch of a woodpile structure that can make the superprism effect and periodic arrays of dielectric rods placed on another array of rods perpendicular to one another forming a photonic crystal is shown in Fig. 1. For its appearance the structure is called the woodpile structure. The stacking sequence is such that a unit cell consists of every four layers. The distance between four adjacent layers is denoted by c. Within each layer, it has the layers of one-dimensional rods in-plane rod spacing d with a stacking sequence that repeats itself every four layers, the distance between in-plane rods is d; w and h are the width and height of each in-plane rod, respectively. The adjacent layers are rotated by 90. Between every other layer, the rods are shifted relative to each other by a half of a period (d/2). Generally, the resulting structure has a face-centeredtetragonal (FCT) lattice symmetry. For the special case of c/d = 2, the structure has a face-centered-cubic (FCC) Fig. 1 A sketch of a woodpile structure, where c is the distance between four adjacent layers, d is the distance between in-plane rods, w and h are the width and height of each in-plane rod, respectively symmetry. By the above procedures, the 3D photonic crystal structures were fabricated by the layer-by-layer stacking method. Our 3D polymer photonic crystals are fabricated using the layer-by-layer stacking method. The structure consists of layers one-dimensional rods, stacking according to certain crystal symmetry to form a lattice structure. The fabrication procedure can be summarized as shown in Fig. 2.We first write the alignment marks on the silicon substrate. And each layer s pattern is written at a correct position referencing to the alignment marks fabricated in the first step. After developing the E-beam resist, the pattern is transferred to the SiO 2 layer by Reactive Ion Etch (RIE). The following step is the planarization of each layer. The polymer DUV30J is spin-coated to planarize the wafer surface. Then RIE is used to expose the SiO 2 surface by etching back at the same rate of polymer and SiO 2. Digital Instrument AFM is used to measure the surface roughness and planarization results. By repeating the process, we have fabricated four layers of a woodpile structure. Here we will fabricate 3D polymer/ SiO 2 photonic crystal superprism with low refractive index contrast. It has low loss at 1550 nm wavelength and thermal stability. The polymer also needs to have good planarizing property. So DUV30J (Brewer Science) is chosen as the polymer material for superprism. The first layer e-beam resist ZEP 520A spun at 4000 rpm for 60 seconds was patterned by the e-beam lithography. A RIE step was executed afterwards to create the desired pattern in the underlying SiO 2 layers. To create the second layer, a key issue is the planarization. We coated the 1st layer with DUV30J (Brewer Science) and then carefully controlled the etch back time in Oxford RIE, 30 mtorr total pressure, 20 sccm CHF 3, 20 sccm Ar, SiO 2 etch rate 35 nm/min. We firstly only use O 2 to remove the polymer DUV30J to expose SiO 2 layer. It is difficult to control the etching stop time. If the etching time is over 1 2 min compared with the threshold etch time, the max peak-to-valley
3 Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) woodpile structure photonic crystal with layer by layer e-beam 331 Fig. 2 Process flow of a 3D woodpile structure using layer-by-layer stacking method Fig. 3 a Top view of four layers of the woodpile structure fabricated using layer-by-layer stacking method. b Side view of four layers of the woodpile structure distance can reach nm. This etch bias will transfer to the following layer and it is more difficult to keep global wafer flatness. Then we improved the etch-back process by simultaneously etching-back both the polymer DUV30J and SiO 2 at the same rate until the SiO 2 layer is exposed on the planarized surface. The chemistry of the etch-back process is based on CHF 3 and O 2 gas. High planarization level and low surface roughness can be obtained by adjusting CHF 3 and O 2 gas flow and RF power [23 25]. The etch rate of both the polymer and SiO 2 can be controlled at about 26 nm/min with a power 200 W and a chamber pressure 30 mtorr. The gas flow rates are 20 sccm CHF 3 and 3.8 sccm O 2. Then we can over-etch 1 2 min to expose SiO 2 surface. The AFM image and profile of the first layer etched back by RIE show the max peak-to-valley distance is less than 10 nm after etchback process to create a flat basis for the second layer SiO 2 deposition. The further steps are just a repetition of the first 8 steps, and eventually we got a layer-by-layer SiO 2 /polymer woodpile structures. 3 Fabrication results of 3D woodpile photonic crystal structure Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the fabricated 3D polymer photonic crystal structures. The four layers of woodpile structure with in-plane rod spacing of d = µm and rod width of w = µm. The height of each layer
4 332 L. Wang et al. Fig. 4 a The photonic band structure of the 3D woodpile structure. b Reciprocal lattice (first Brillouin zone) of the FCT woodpile structure is µm. The cross-section pictures show the alignment error between the first and the third layer below 50 nm. 4 In-plane superprism effects simulation and demonstration When fabricating, according to the symmetry in FCT and FCT approximate calculation, we used the FCT unit vectors as the unit vectors for the bulk simulation. With the structure data extracted from the previous simulation and experiment we calculated the y z plane, or (100) plane, in-plane superprism effects. The 3 unit vectors in the real space we used in the simulation were a 1 = 0.864x 0.430z, a 3 = 0.693y 0.430z, a 2 = 0.864x 0.693y, where all the units were in µm. And the corresponding unit vectors for the reciprocal lattice were b 1 = 3.74x y 7.36z, b 2 = 3.74x 4.52y z, b 3 = 3.74x 4.52y z, where all the units were in µm 1. Fig. 5 a The 4th band dispersion surface in (100) plane.b The wavelength sensitive superprism effect in (100) plane The band structure is calculated using BANDSOLVE software package which utilizes the plane wave expansion method. Figure 4(a) shows the photonic band structure calculated for FCT lattice woodpile with w/d = and h/d = in the polymer/sio 2 medium and with n = There is no complete bandgap in such a woodpile due to low refractive index contrast. This band structure only displays the energy along lines connecting the high symmetry points on the Brillouin zone surface (shown in the inset of Fig. 4(b)). To calculate the dispersion surface, we need to calculate the entire band structure throughout the first Brillouin zone. Now we are looking at the in-plane optical properties. We have drawn the dispersion surface of the 4th band in (100) plane as shown in Fig. 5(a). At low normalized frequency (ωa/2πc < 0.7), far from the partial bandgap, the band structure is isotropic, and the dispersion surface is circle-
5 Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) woodpile structure photonic crystal with layer by layer e-beam 333 Fig. 6 a The optical setup to observe the superprism effect. b Beam propagation without the superprism effect at 1573 nm. c The superprism effect at 1581 nm like with a radius given by the magnitude of wave vector. At high normalized frequency (0.7 <ωa/2πc <1.1), near the photonic bandage, the band structure becomes anisotropic. As a result, the shape of dispersion surface deviates from circle. Here we chose a from 1088 to 1092 nm, the results could be in good agreement with the following simulation data. The propagation direction is obtained by computing the normal to the dispersion surface at the end point of the propagation wave vector based on the momentum conservation rule. And in this case with an input angle of 11, we can achieve a maximum beam steering from 14 to more than 48 within 3 nm wavelength tuning. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 5(b). Due to the fabricating error and the limitation in experimental techniques, much bigger error with more multilayers, we only used the light in plane direction for limiting propagation. Thus, 4 layers of rods are enough to demonstrate the superprism effect in two-dimensional plane of the fabricated samples. To demonstrate the superprism effect in the fabricated samples we have conducted transmission experiments as shown in Fig. 6(a). The 3D sample was mounted on the optical stage, and a lensed fiber with an output beam diameter of 2 µm was used to couple the laser light into the fabricated sample. The beam direction inside the photonic crystal was monitored by a CCD camera mounted right above the sample. By tuning the tunable laser wavelength we have observed that the beam inside the photonic crystal region changed 37 when the wavelength was changed from 1573 to 1581 nm (shown in the inset of Figure 6(b), (c)). Because the input angle is very sensitive for observing superprism effect and the laser light is very difficult to couple into the fabricated 3D sample, we only discussed two wavelengths 1573 and 1581 nm. Such an experiment result is very similar to the simulation and is a direct confirmation of the feasibility of using woodpile structure for beam steering application. Compared with the superprism effect around 1580 nm in the experiments and the simulation results at 1668 nm, this difference between the experiment and the simulation can be attributed to the rods that are not exactly rectangular solid, etch bias and the defects in the fabricated samples.
6 334 L. Wang et al. 5 Conclusions In conclusion, we have demonstrated the fabrication of a nano 3D woodpile photonic crystal structure with layer-bylayer stacking techniques combined with e-beam lithography. Such a structure provided strong, both wavelength sensitive superprism effects around 1550 nm, which is suitable for the telecommunication application. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Air Force Research Laboratory and the travel fund for Sasa Zhang was from China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 2005B47011) and Shandong University. References 1. E. Yablonovitch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059 (1987) 2. S. John, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2486 (1987) 3. J.D. Joannopoulos, R.D. Meade, J.N. Winn, Photonic Crystals (Princeton, New York, 1995) 4. W. Jiang, R.T. Chen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, (2003) 5. Y. Jiang, W. Jiang, L. Gu, X. Chen, R.T. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, (2005) 6. H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T.Sato,S.Kawakami,Phys.Rev.B.58, R10096 (1998) 7. T. Baba, M. Nakamura, J. Quantum Electron. 38, 909 (2002) 8. K.B. Chung, S.W. Hong, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1549 (2002) 9. L. Wu, Y. Zhong, C.T. Chan, K.S. Wong, G.P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, (2005) 10. H. Benisty, J. Lourtioz, A. Chelnokov, S. Combrie, X. Checoury, Proc. IEEE 94, 997 (2006) 11. L. Wang, W. Jiang, X. Chen, L. Gu, J. Chen, R.T. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 101, (2007) 12. K. Aoki, H.T. Miyazaki, H. Hirayama, K. Inoshita, T. Baba, Nat. Mater. 2, 117 (2003) 13. M. Deubel, G.V. Freymann, M. Wegner, S. Pereira, K. Busch, C.M. Soukoulis, Nat. Mater. 3, 444 (2004) 14. G. Subramania, S.Y. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5037 (2004) 15. M. Qi, E. Lidorikis, P.T. Rakich, S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, E.P. Ippen, H.I. Smith, Nature 429, 538 (2004) 16. G. Subramania, Y.J. Lee, B.A. Hernandez-Sanchez, A.J. Fischer, T.S.Luk, I.Brener,P.G.Clem,T.J.Boyle, Opt.Express 15, (2007) 17. K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990) 18. K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Soukoulis, R. Biswas, M. Sigalas, Solid State Commun. 89, 413 (1994) 19. S.Y. Lin, J.G. Fleming, D.L. Hetherington, B.K. Smith, R. Biswas, K.M. Ho, M.M. Sigalas, W. Zubrzycki, S.R. Kurtz, J. Bur, Nature 394, 251 (1998) 20. Serbin, M. Gu, Opt. Express 14, 3563 (2006) 21. Chutinan, S. Noda, Phys. Rev. B 57, R2006 R2008 (1998) 22. Feigel, M. Veinger, B. Sfez, A. Arsh, M. Klebanov, V. Lyubin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, (2003) 23. R. Hsiao, J. Carr, Mat. Sci. Eng. B 52, 63 (1998) 24. R. Hsiao, IBM J. Res. Dev. 43, 89 (1999) 25. L. Chen, G.S. Mathad, European Patent EP (1985)
Polarization control of defect modes in threedimensional woodpile photonic crystals
Polarization control of defect modes in threedimensional woodpile photonic crystals Michael James Ventura and Min Gu* Centre for Micro-Photonics and Centre for Ultrahigh-bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems,
More informationPhotonic band gaps with layer-by-layer double-etched structures
Photonic band gaps with layer-by-layer double-etched structures R. Biswas a) Microelectronics Research Center, Ames Laboratory USDOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames,
More informationNanocomposite photonic crystal devices
Nanocomposite photonic crystal devices Xiaoyong Hu, Cuicui Lu, Yulan Fu, Yu Zhu, Yingbo Zhang, Hong Yang, Qihuang Gong Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China Contents Motivation
More informationResearch on the Wide-angle and Broadband 2D Photonic Crystal Polarization Splitter
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2005, Hangzhou, China, August 22-26 551 Research on the Wide-angle and Broadband 2D Photonic Crystal Polarization Splitter Y. Y. Li, P. F. Gu, M. Y. Li,
More informationA tunable three layer phase mask for single laser exposure 3D photonic crystal generations: bandgap simulation and holographic fabrication
A tunable three layer phase mask for single laser exposure 3D photonic crystal generations: bandgap simulation and holographic fabrication Kris Ohlinger, 1 Hualiang Zhang, 2 Yuankun Lin, 1,2,* Di Xu, 3
More informationThree-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals
Three-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals Shawn-Yu Lin'*, J. G. Fleming', D.L. Hetherington', B.K. Smith', W. Zubrzycki', R. Biswas2, M.M. Sigalas2, and K.M. Ho2. 'Sandia National Laboratories, P.O.
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 21 Nov 2011
Polarization manipulation holographic lithography by single refracting prism Yi Xu, Man Wu, Xiuming Lan, Xiaoxu Lu,Sheng Lan and Lijun Wu arxiv:1111.4860v1 [physics.optics] 21 Nov 2011 Laboratory of Photonic
More informationOptimization of enhanced absorption in 3D-woodpile metallic photonic crystals
Optimization of enhanced absorption in 3D-woodpile metallic photonic crystals Md Muntasir Hossain 1, Gengyan Chen 2, Baohua Jia 1, Xue-Hua Wang 2 and Min Gu 1,* 1 Centre for Micro-Photonics and CUDOS,
More informationOptimum Access Waveguide Width for 1xN Multimode. Interference Couplers on Silicon Nanomembrane
Optimum Access Waveguide Width for 1xN Multimode Interference Couplers on Silicon Nanomembrane Amir Hosseini 1,*, Harish Subbaraman 2, David Kwong 1, Yang Zhang 1, and Ray T. Chen 1,* 1 Microelectronic
More informationA photonic crystal superlattice based on triangular lattice
A photonic crystal superlattice based on triangular lattice Curtis W. Neff and Christopher J. Summers School of Materials Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245
More informationPhotonic band gap engineering in 2D photonic crystals
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 67, No. 6 journal of December 2006 physics pp. 1155 1164 Photonic band gap engineering in 2D photonic crystals YOGITA KALRA and R K SINHA TIFAC-Center of Relevance
More informationInvestigation on Mode Splitting and Degeneracy in the L3 Photonic Crystal Nanocavity via Unsymmetrical Displacement of Air-Holes
The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (Ijes) Volume 2 Issue 2 Pages 146-150 2013 Issn: 2319 1813 Isbn: 2319 1805 Investigation on Mode Splitting and Degeneracy in the L3 Photonic Crystal
More informationHighly Directive Radiation and Negative Refraction Using Photonic Crystals
Laser Physics, Vol. 5, No., 5, pp. 7 4. Original Text Copyright 5 by Astro, Ltd. Copyright 5 by MAIK Nauka /Interperiodica (Russia). MODERN TRENDS IN LASER PHYSICS Highly Directive Radiation and Negative
More informationNanomaterials and their Optical Applications
Nanomaterials and their Optical Applications Winter Semester 2012 Lecture 08 rachel.grange@uni-jena.de http://www.iap.uni-jena.de/multiphoton Outline: Photonic crystals 2 1. Photonic crystals vs electronic
More informationE. YABLONOVITCH photonic crystals by using level set methods
Appl. Phys. B 81, 235 244 (2005) DOI: 10.1007/s00340-005-1877-3 Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics C.Y. KAO 1, Maximizing band gaps in two-dimensional S. OSHER 2 E. YABLONOVITCH photonic crystals by using
More informationSimulation of two dimensional photonic band gaps
Available online at www.ilcpa.pl International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 5 (214) 58-88 ISSN 2299-3843 Simulation of two dimensional photonic band gaps S. E. Dissanayake, K. A. I. L. Wijewardena
More informationBand structure of honeycomb photonic crystal slabs
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99, 093102 2006 Band structure of honeycomb photonic crystal slabs Tai-I Weng and G. Y. Guo a Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic
More informationDesign of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 75, 47 52, 2018 Design of a Multi-Mode Interference Crossing Structure for Three Periodic Dielectric Waveguides Haibin Chen 1, Zhongjiao He 2,andWeiWang
More informationMicro-patterned porous silicon using proton beam writing
Micro-patterned porous silicon using proton beam writing M. B. H. Breese, D. Mangaiyarkarasi, E. J. Teo*, A. A. Bettiol and D. Blackwood* Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National
More informationPhotonic Band Gap Crystals. Srivatsan Balasubramanian
Photonic Band Gap Crystals Srivatsan Balasubramanian Summary Physics of photonic bandgap crystals. Photonic Crystals Classification. Fabrication. Applications. Protoype photonic band gap devices. Current
More informationNovel All-Optical Logic Gates Based on Photonic Crystal Structure
Journal of Physics: Conference Series Novel All-Optical Logic Gates Based on Photonic Crystal Structure To cite this article: Mortaza Noshad et al 2012 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 350 012007 View the article
More informationSpectral Selectivity of Photonic Crystal Infrared Photodetectors
Spectral Selectivity of Photonic Crystal Infrared Photodetectors Li Chen, Weidong Zhou *, Zexuan Qiang Department of Electrical Engineering University of Texas at Arlington, TX 769-72 Gail J. Brown Air
More informationLarge Frequency Range of Photonic Band Gaps on Porous Silicon Heterostructures for Infrared Applications
Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., Vol. 5, 2011, no. 7, 327-335 Large Frequency Range of Photonic Band Gaps on Porous Silicon Heterostructures for Infrared Applications J. Manzanares-Martinez, P. Castro-Garay
More informationGEOMETRICAL INFLUENCE ON PHOTONIC BANDGAP OF THREE DIMENSIONAL CHALCOGENIDE PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
Journal of Ovonic Research Vol. 6, No. 4, July-August 2010, p. 181 185 GEOMETRICAL INFLUENCE ON PHOTONIC BANDGAP OF THREE DIMENSIONAL CHALCOGENIDE PHOTONIC CRYSTALS B. SUTHAR *, A.K. NAGAR, A. BHARGAVA
More informationAir-holes radius change effects and structure transitions in the linear photonic crystal nanocavities
American Journal of Optics and Photonics 2013; 1(3): 11-16 Published online June 20, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajop) doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20130103.11 Air-holes radius change effects
More informationOptical properties of metamaterial-based devices modulated by a liquid crystal
Appl. Phys. A (2014) 117:611 619 DOI 10.1007/s00339-014-8711-x Optical properties of metamaterial-based devices modulated by a liquid crystal Filiz Karaomerlioglu Amirullah M. Mamedov Ekmel Ozbay Received:
More informationPhotonic crystals: a novel class of functional materials
Materials Science-Poland, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2005 Photonic crystals: a novel class of functional materials A. MODINOS 1, N. STEFANOU 2* 1 Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou
More informationIntroduction to Photonic Crystals
1 Introduction to Photonic Crystals Summary. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction into the basics of photonic crystals which are a special class of optical media with periodic modulation of permittivity.
More informationAcoustooptic Bragg Diffraction in 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals
Acoustooptic Bragg Diffraction in 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Z.A. Pyatakova M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Physics Department zoya.pyatakova@gmail.com Abstract. The paper shows that silicon-based
More informationHistory of photonic crystals and metamaterials. However, many serious obstacles must be overcome before the impressive possibilities
TECHNICAL NOTEBOOK I back to basics BACK TO BASICS: History of photonic crystals and metamaterials Costas M. SOUKOULIS 1,2 1 Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa,
More informationThe photonic band structure of macro- ionic crystal
21 August 2000 Physics Letters A 273 2000 203 207 www.elsevier.nlrlocaterpla The photonic band structure of macro- ionic crystal Weiyi Zhang ), Zhenlin Wang, An Hu, Naiben Ming National Laboratory of Solid
More informationElectromagnetic Metamaterials
Photonic Bandgap and Electromagnetic Metamaterials Andrew Kirk andrew.kirk@mcgill.ca ca Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill Institute for Advanced Materials A Kirk 11/24/2008 Photonic
More informationThe Photonic Band Gap and Colloidal Crystals. Focus: Photonic Band Gap
The Photonic Band Gap and Colloidal Crystals David J. Norris Chemical Engineering & Materials Science University of Minnesota Focus: Photonic Band Gap What is it? Why is it interesting? How do colloidal
More informationarxiv:physics/ v2 [physics.optics] 13 Jan 2005 A. Huttunen a,, K. Varis b K. Kataja c, J. Aikio c, P. Törmä d
Guiding and reflecting light by boundary material arxiv:physics/0303051v2 [physics.optics] 13 Jan 2005 A. Huttunen a,, K. Varis b K. Kataja c, J. Aikio c, P. Törmä d a Department of Electrical and Communications
More informationChapter 5. Effects of Photonic Crystal Band Gap on Rotation and Deformation of Hollow Te Rods in Triangular Lattice
Chapter 5 Effects of Photonic Crystal Band Gap on Rotation and Deformation of Hollow Te Rods in Triangular Lattice In chapter 3 and 4, we have demonstrated that the deformed rods, rotational rods and perturbation
More informationDielectric Meta-Reflectarray for Broadband Linear Polarization Conversion and Optical Vortex Generation
Supporting Information Dielectric Meta-Reflectarray for Broadband Linear Polarization Conversion and Optical Vortex Generation Yuanmu Yang, Wenyi Wang, Parikshit Moitra, Ivan I. Kravchenko, Dayrl P. Briggs,
More informationThree Approaches for Nanopatterning
Three Approaches for Nanopatterning Lithography allows the design of arbitrary pattern geometry but maybe high cost and low throughput Self-Assembly offers high throughput and low cost but limited selections
More informationMicro- and Nano-Technology... for Optics
Micro- and Nano-Technology...... for Optics U.D. Zeitner Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik Jena Today: 1. Introduction E. Bernhard Kley Institute of Applied Physics Friedrich-Schiller
More informationAngular and polarization properties of a photonic crystal slab mirror
Angular and polarization properties of a photonic crystal slab mirror Virginie Lousse 1,2, Wonjoo Suh 1, Onur Kilic 1, Sora Kim 1, Olav Solgaard 1, and Shanhui Fan 1 1 Department of Electrical Engineering,
More informationA Highly Tunable Sub-Wavelength Chiral Structure for Circular Polarizer
A Highly Tunable Sub-Wavelength Chiral Structure for Circular Polarizer Menglin. L. N. Chen 1, Li Jun Jiang 1, Wei E. I. Sha 1 and Tatsuo Itoh 2 1 Dept. Of EEE, The University Of Hong Kong 2 EE Dept.,
More informationII.2 Photonic Crystals of Core-Shell Colloidal Particles
II.2 Photonic Crystals of Core-Shell Colloidal Particles We report on the fabrication and optical transmission studies of thin three-dimensional photonic crystals of high-dielectric ZnS-core and low-dielectric
More informationPhotonic Crystals. Introduction
Photonic Crystals Introduction Definition Photonic crystals are new, artificialy created materials, in which refractive index is periodically modulated in a scale compared to the wavelength of operation.
More informationEnhanced Magnetic Properties of Bit Patterned Magnetic Recording Media by Trench-Filled Nanostructure
CMRR Report Number 32, Summer 2009 Enhanced Magnetic Properties of Bit Patterned Magnetic Recording Media by Trench-Filled Nanostructure Edward Chulmin Choi, Daehoon Hong, Young Oh, Leon Chen, Sy-Hwang
More informationResonator Fabrication for Cavity Enhanced, Tunable Si/Ge Quantum Cascade Detectors
Resonator Fabrication for Cavity Enhanced, Tunable Si/Ge Quantum Cascade Detectors M. Grydlik 1, P. Rauter 1, T. Fromherz 1, G. Bauer 1, L. Diehl 2, C. Falub 2, G. Dehlinger 2, H. Sigg 2, D. Grützmacher
More informationNear-perfect modulator for polarization state of light
Journal of Nanophotonics, Vol. 2, 029504 (11 November 2008) Near-perfect modulator for polarization state of light Yi-Jun Jen, Yung-Hsun Chen, Ching-Wei Yu, and Yen-Pu Li Department of Electro-Optical
More informationModelling and design of complete photonic band gaps in two-dimensional photonic crystals
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 70, No. 1 journal of January 2008 physics pp. 153 161 Modelling and design of complete photonic band gaps in two-dimensional photonic crystals YOGITA KALRA and
More informationTitle of file for HTML: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary References
Title of file for HTML: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary References Supplementary Figure 1. SEM images of perovskite single-crystal patterned thin film with
More informationFabrication-tolerant high quality factor photonic crystal microcavities
Fabrication-tolerant high quality factor photonic crystal microcavities Kartik Srinivasan, Paul E. Barclay, and Oskar Painter Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
More informationMat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol Materials Research Society K5.6
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 692 2002 Materials Research Society K5.6 Simulations of Realizable Photonic Bandgap Structures with High Refractive Contrast ABSTRACT Bonnie Gersten and Jennifer Synowczynski
More informationDirectional emitter and beam splitter based on self-collimation effect
Directional emitter and beam splitter based on self-collimation effect W. Y. Liang, J. W. Dong, and H. Z. Wang* State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen)
More informationChapter 10. Nanometrology. Oxford University Press All rights reserved.
Chapter 10 Nanometrology Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction Nanometrology is the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. Figure illustrates where nanoscale stands
More informationMonolayer Semiconductors
Monolayer Semiconductors Gilbert Arias California State University San Bernardino University of Washington INT REU, 2013 Advisor: Xiaodong Xu (Dated: August 24, 2013) Abstract Silicon may be unable to
More informationProgress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 42, 13 22, 2013
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 42, 3 22, 23 OMNIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTION EXTENSION IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL SUPERCONDUCTING-DIELECTRIC BINARY GRADED PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WITH GRADED GEOMETRIC
More informationTUNABLE MULTI-CHANNEL FILTERING USING 1-D PHOTONIC QUANTUM WELL STRUCTURES
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 27, 43 51, 2011 TUNABLE MULTI-CHANNEL FILTERING USING 1-D PHOTONIC QUANTUM WELL STRUCTURES B. Suthar * and A. Bhargava Nanophysics Laboratory, Department
More informationPhotonic devices for quantum information processing:
Outline Photonic devices for quantum information processing: coupling to dots, structure design and fabrication Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Lab Outline Vuckovic s group Noda s group Outline Outline
More informationA Novel Self-aligned and Maskless Process for Formation of Highly Uniform Arrays of Nanoholes and Nanopillars
Nanoscale Res Lett (2008) 3: 127 DOI 10.1007/s11671-008-9124-6 NANO EXPRESS A Novel Self-aligned and Maskless Process for Formation of Highly Uniform Arrays of Nanoholes and Nanopillars Wei Wu Æ Dibyendu
More informationWidely tunable nonlinear liquid crystal-based photonic crystals
Widely tunable nonlinear liquid crystal-based photonic crystals I. C. Khoo a, Yana Zhang a, A. Diaz a, J. Ding a, I. B. Divliansky c, Kito Holliday b, T. S. Mayer a, V. Crespi b, D. Scrymgeour c, V. Gopalan
More informationAcoustic guiding and subwavelength imaging with sharp bending by sonic crystal
Acoustic guiding and subwavelength imaging with sharp bending by sonic crystal Bo Li, Ke Deng *, and Heping Zhao Department of Physics, Jishou University, Jishou 46, Hunan, hina A sharp bending scheme
More informationWaveguides in finite-height two-dimensional photonic crystals
2232 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B/ Vol. 19, No. 9/ September 2002 Kafesaki et al. Waveguides in finite-height two-dimensional photonic crystals M. Kafesaki Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation
More informationDemonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials
Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Materials Shuang Zhang 1, Wenjun Fan 1, N. C. Panoiu 2, K. J. Malloy 1, R. M. Osgood 2 and S. R. J. Brueck 2 1. Center for High Technology Materials and Department
More informationFabrication of micro-optical components in polymer using proton beam micro-machining and modification
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 210 (2003) 250 255 www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb Fabrication of micro-optical components in polymer using proton beam micro-machining and modification
More informationSuperconductivity Induced Transparency
Superconductivity Induced Transparency Coskun Kocabas In this paper I will discuss the effect of the superconducting phase transition on the optical properties of the superconductors. Firstly I will give
More informationSimulations of nanophotonic waveguides and devices using COMSOL Multiphysics
Presented at the COMSOL Conference 2010 China Simulations of nanophotonic waveguides and devices using COMSOL Multiphysics Zheng Zheng Beihang University 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Acknowledgement
More informationGe Quantum Well Modulators on Si. D. A. B. Miller, R. K. Schaevitz, J. E. Roth, Shen Ren, and Onur Fidaner
10.1149/1.2986844 The Electrochemical Society Ge Quantum Well Modulators on Si D. A. B. Miller, R. K. Schaevitz, J. E. Roth, Shen Ren, and Onur Fidaner Ginzton Laboratory, 450 Via Palou, Stanford CA 94305-4088,
More informationPolarization control and sensing with two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays. Hatice Altug * and Jelena Vučković
Polarization control and sensing with two-dimensional coupled photonic crystal microcavity arrays Hatice Altug * and Jelena Vučković Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4088
More informationarxiv: v1 [physics.optics] 2 Sep 2013
Notes on Evanescent Wave Bragg-Reflection Waveguides Benedikt Pressl and Gregor Weihs Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria arxiv:1309.0333v1
More informationSelf-assembled nanostructures for antireflection optical coatings
Self-assembled nanostructures for antireflection optical coatings Yang Zhao 1, Guangzhao Mao 2, and Jinsong Wang 1 1. Deaprtment of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2. Departmentof Chemical Engineering
More informationTuning of 2-D Silicon Photonic Crystals
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 722 2002 Materials Research Society Tuning of 2-D Silicon Photonic Crystals H. M. van Driel, S.W. Leonard, J. Schilling 1 and R.B. Wehrspohn 1 Department of Physics, University
More informationUNIT 3. By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun
UNIT 3 By: Ajay Kumar Gautam Asst. Prof. Dev Bhoomi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Dehradun 1 Syllabus Lithography: photolithography and pattern transfer, Optical and non optical lithography, electron,
More informationScanning Tunneling Microscopy
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy References: 1. G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, C. Gerber, and Weibel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57 (1982); and ibid 50, 120 (1983). 2. J. Chen, Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy,
More informationNegative refraction of photonic and polaritonic waves in periodic structures
BULLETIN OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TECHNICAL SCIENCES Vol. 57, No. 1, 2009 Invited paper Negative refraction of photonic and polaritonic waves in periodic structures K. KEMPA and A. ROSE Department
More informationWaveguides in inverted opal photonic crystals
Waveguides in inverted opal photonic crystals Virginie Lousse 1,2 and Shanhui Fan 1 1 Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA 2 Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, Facultés
More informationPHYSICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY AND NANO-PATTERNING*
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 849 2005 Materials Research Society KK8.4.1 PHYSICAL SELF-ASSEMBLY AND NANO-PATTERNING* T.-M. Lu, D.-X. Ye, T. Karabacak, and G.-C. Wang, Department of Physics, Applied
More informationSelf-collimating polarization beam splitter based on photonic crystal Mach Zehnder interferometer
Xu et al. Vol. 27, No. 7/July 2010/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1359 Self-collimating polarization beam splitter based on photonic crystal Mach Zehnder interferometer Yi Xu, Shun Wang, Sheng Lan, Xu-Sheng Lin, Qi
More informationPhotonic crystals of core shell colloidal particles
Letter to Appl. Phys. Letters June 8, 2001 Photonic crystals of core shell colloidal particles Krassimir P. Velikov, a, ) Alexander Moroz, a) and Alfons van Blaaderen a,b, ) a Physics and Chemistry of
More informationFINITE-DIFFERENCE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF NOVEL PHOTONIC
FINITE-DIFFERENCE FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF NOVEL PHOTONIC WAVEGUIDES Chin-ping Yu (1) and Hung-chun Chang (2) (1) Graduate Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
More informationDefect-based Photonic Crystal Cavity for Silicon Laser
Defect-based Photonic Crystal Cavity for Silicon Laser Final Term Paper for Nonlinear Optics PHYC/ECE 568 Arezou Khoshakhlagh Instructor: Prof. M. Sheikh-Bahae University of New Mexico karezou@unm.edu
More informationProgress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 33, 27 35, 2012
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 33, 27 35, 2012 TUNABLE WAVELENGTH DEMULTIPLEXER FOR DWDM APPLICATION USING 1-D PHOTONIC CRYSTAL A. Kumar 1, B. Suthar 2, *, V. Kumar 3, Kh. S. Singh
More informationNonlinear optical spectroscopy in one-dimensional photonic crystals. Abstract
Applied Physics Letters #L03-3261, revised manuscript Nonlinear optical spectroscopy in one-dimensional photonic crystals Garrett J. Schneider and George H. Watson Department of Physics and Astronomy,
More informationPrinciple of photonic crystal fibers
Principle of photonic crystal fibers Jan Sporik 1, Miloslav Filka 1, Vladimír Tejkal 1, Pavel Reichert 1 1 Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií VUT v Brně Email: {xspori1, filka, xtejka,
More informationOPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626
OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements HW#3 is assigned due Feb. 20 st Mid-term exam Feb 27, 2PM
More informationNanostrukturphysik (Nanostructure Physics)
Nanostrukturphysik (Nanostructure Physics) Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet 3D-Nanostrukturierung, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Unterpoerlitzer
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Detailed illustration on the fabrication process of templatestripped
Supplementary Figure 1 Detailed illustration on the fabrication process of templatestripped gold substrate. (a) Spin coating of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist onto the silicon substrate with a thickness
More informationVASE. J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. Ellipsometry Solutions
VASE J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. Ellipsometry Solutions Accurate Capabilities The VASE is our most accurate and versatile ellipsometer for research on all types of materials: semiconductors, dielectrics, polymers,
More information2008,, Jan 7 All-Paid US-Japan Winter School on New Functionalities in Glass. Controlling Light with Nonlinear Optical Glasses and Plasmonic Glasses
2008,, Jan 7 All-Paid US-Japan Winter School on New Functionalities in Glass Photonic Glass Controlling Light with Nonlinear Optical Glasses and Plasmonic Glasses Takumi FUJIWARA Tohoku University Department
More informationSupporting file. Pulse Laser Induced Size-controllable and Symmetrical Ordering of Single Crystal Si
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supporting file Pulse Laser Induced Size-controllable and Symmetrical Ordering of Single Crystal
More informationZero phase delay induced by wavefront modulation in photonic crystals
Zero phase delay induced by wavefront modulation in photonic crystals 1 Dong Guoyan, 1 Zhou Ji* and 2 Cai Luzhong 1 State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. DOI: 10.1038/NPHOTON.2016.254 Measurement of non-monotonic Casimir forces between silicon nanostructures Supplementary information L. Tang 1, M. Wang
More informationNanomaterials and their Optical Applications
Nanomaterials and their Optical Applications Winter Semester 2013 Lecture 02 rachel.grange@uni-jena.de http://www.iap.uni-jena.de/multiphoton Lecture 2: outline 2 Introduction to Nanophotonics Theoretical
More informationQuantum Dots for Advanced Research and Devices
Quantum Dots for Advanced Research and Devices spectral region from 450 to 630 nm Zero-D Perovskite Emit light at 520 nm ABOUT QUANTUM SOLUTIONS QUANTUM SOLUTIONS company is an expert in the synthesis
More informationSupporting information. Unidirectional Doubly Enhanced MoS 2 Emission via
Supporting information Unidirectional Doubly Enhanced MoS 2 Emission via Photonic Fano Resonances Xingwang Zhang, Shinhyuk Choi, Dake Wang, Carl H. Naylor, A. T. Charlie Johnson, and Ertugrul Cubukcu,,*
More informationAnalytical Analysis of H Polarized Line-Defect Modes in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Based on Hermite Expansion of Floquet Orders
Analytical Analysis of H Polarized Line-Defect Modes in Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Based on Hermite Expansion of Floquet Orders Peyman Sarrafi a, Amir Hossein Atabaki b, Khashayar Mehrany a, Sina
More information3D PRINTING OF ANISOTROPIC METAMATERIALS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 34, 75 82, 2012 3D PRINTING OF ANISOTROPIC METAMATERIALS C. R. Garcia 1, J. Correa 1, D. Espalin 2, J. H. Barton 1, R. C. Rumpf 1, *, R. Wicker 2, and
More informationRaman spectroscopy of self-assembled InAs quantum dots in wide-bandgap matrices of AlAs and aluminium oxide
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 737 2003 Materials Research Society E13.8.1 Raman spectroscopy of self-assembled InAs quantum dots in wide-bandgap matrices of AlAs and aluminium oxide D. A. Tenne, A. G.
More informationNONLINEAR TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE δ-doped GaAs STRUCTURES
NONLINEAR TRANSITIONS IN SINGLE, DOUBLE, AND TRIPLE δ-doped GaAs STRUCTURES E. OZTURK Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department, 58140 Sivas-Turkey E-mail: eozturk@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
More informationSpontaneous emission rate of an electric dipole in a general microcavity
PHYSICAL REVIEW B VOLUME 60, NUMBER 7 15 AUGUST 1999-I Spontaneous emission rate of an electric dipole in a general microcavity Jeong-Ki Hwang, Han-Youl Ryu, and Yong-Hee Lee Department of Physics, Korea
More informationFabrication and optical measurements of silicon on insulator photonic nanostructures
Microelectronic Engineering 61 62 (2002) 529 536 www.elsevier.com/ locate/ mee Fabrication and optical measurements of silicon on insulator photonic nanostructures * M. Agio, L.C. Andreani, E. Silberstein,
More informationA Novel Design of Photonic Crystal Lens Based on Negative Refractive Index
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 4, NO. 2, 2008 296 A Novel Design of Photonic Crystal Lens Based on Negative Refractive Index S. Haxha 1 and F. AbdelMalek 2 1 Photonics Group, Department of Electronics, University
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Study of Photonic Crystal Based Structures for Optical Communication Applications
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Photonic Crystal Based Structures for Optical Communication Applications Wei Jiang *a,b, Jizuo Zou a, Linghui Wu b, Yihong Chen b, Chuhua Tian a, Brie Howley a, Xuejun
More informationProgress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 20, 81 94, 2011
Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 2, 8 94, 2 PHOTONIC BAND STRUCTURES AND ENHANCE- MENT OF OMNIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTION BANDS BY USING A TERNARY D PHOTONIC CRYSTAL IN- CLUDING LEFT-HANDED MATERIALS
More information