sensors ISSN

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "sensors ISSN"

Transcription

1 Sensors 1, 1, ; doi:1.339/s17744 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN Article Investigation o the Frequency Shit o a SAD Circuit Loop and the Internal Micro-Cantilever in a Gas Sensor Liu Guan, Jiahao Zhao*, Shijie Yu, Peng Li and Zheng You Department o Precision Instruments and Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 184, China; s: guanl4@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn (L.G.); yu-sj@tsinghua.edu.cn (S.Y.); yz-dpi@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (Z.Y.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; zhaojh@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn; Tel.: ; Fax: Received: 15 June 1; in revised orm: 3 June 1 / Accepted: 1 July 1 / Published: 3 July 1 Abstract: Micro-cantilever sensors or mass detection using resonance requency have attracted considerable attention over the last decade in the ield o gas sensing. For such a sensing system, an oscillator circuit loop is conventionally used to actuate the micro-cantilever, and trace the requency shits. In this paper, gas experiments are introduced to investigate the mechanical resonance requency shits o the micro-cantilever within the circuit loop(mechanical resonance requency, MRF) and resonating requency shits o the electric signal in the oscillator circuit (system working requency, SWF). A silicon beam with a piezoelectric zinc oxide layer is employed in the experiment, and a Sel-Actuating-Detecting (SAD) circuit loop is built to drive the micro-cantilever and to ollow the requency shits. The dierences between the two resonating requencies and their shits are discussed and analyzed, and a coeicient related to the two requency shits is conirmed. Keywords: micro-cantilever; gas sensor; requency shit; oscillator loop 1. Introduction Micromachined resonant devices are attracting increasing interest in the ield o chemical sensor applications, due to some o their interesting properties such as sensitivity, compactness and low

2 Sensors 1, energy consumption [1]. Helped by an actuating and detecting circuit loop, the working requency o the MEMS resonant devices can be ollowed automatically, and thus the analyte quantity can be determined []. In the study o Zhou et al. o Tsinghua University, a gas sensor based on a MEMS cantilever was introduced [3-4]. In their work, a piezoelectric micro-cantilever was used, with a sensitive layer deposited on the tip to adsorb gas molecules. The adsorption modiies the mechanical properties o the structure, and thereore the resonance requency shits accordingly [5,6]. As the micro-cantilever has no detection structure, a sel-actuating and detecting (SAD) circuit loop was designed speciically or this single-port device. The SAD circuit loop drives the micro-cantilever and traces the working requency r o the circuit. The details o the SAD circuit loop will be introduced in Section.1. Most o the actual studies ollow the same pattern as presented previously [7-14]: on exposure to an analyte vapor, the additional mass loading o the polymer layer decreases the mechanical resonance requency (MRF) o the micro-cantilever. This MRF shit, noted, should be proportional to the mass loading m, and thus proportional to the change in the gas concentration c [1]. Nevertheless, in real world applications, as MRF usually is not available in operation, the system working requency (SWF) shit o the actuating and detecting circuit loop, noted as r in this study, is measured instead. The MRF shit and SWF shit are not actually identical. Li et al. irst reerred to the dierence between the MRF shit and SWF shit, in a simulation approach [4]. An investigation is perormed in this paper to demonstrate the existence o a coeicient α, which makes r = α. The experimental investigation consists o an open-loop test, where the MRF shit is measured, and a close-loop test, where the SWF shit r is recorded. The origin o this coeicient is also discussed. The results indicate that the conventional usage o SWF shit as a measurement o gas concentration is not appropriate, as the SWF shit is not identical to MRF shit. Instead, SWF shit measured should be revised by a coeicient to approach the MRF shit. The urther discussion in this work also proves that this inding can be applied to all the sensing system using an actuating-detecting oscillator loop.. Experimental Details.1. Brie Description o the SAD Circuit Loop With a presumption o small deormation, an electrical model o a piezoelectric micro-cantilever is developed [3]. Figure 1. Electrical model o piezoelectric micro-cantilever.

3 Sensors 1, The mechanical unction analogy o the electrical components is presented in Equation (1). Where m eect is the eective mass o the micro-cantilever, k is the spring constant, c is the static capacitance o the piezoelectric layer, is the damping coeicient. The k 1, k are proportionality constants: C1 k1k meect L1 kk1k km R1 kk1k C c k k 1 Thereore, the electrical components in the model can be determined by the mechanical properties o the beam, among which C1 and C can be seen as a constant, R1 and L1 will vary with the requencies. Furthermore, the impedance o the micro-cantilever can be determined, as shown in Figure. As the impedance o C is much smaller than that o C1-R1-L1 branch, the impedance o the micro-cantilever is rather determined by that o C, and has only a local minimum at the MRF. This means the micro-cantilever does not have a good capability o selecting the resonance requency. eect Figure. Impedance o the piezoelectric micro-cantilever. (1) Thereore, or ameliorating the requency selection perormance o the beam, a requency selection network module is designed. The constant capacitor C in the electrical model was compensated by an external tunable capacitor. In an ideal situation, the output o the network should perorm as a band-pass ilter, having maximum amplitude at the mechanical resonance requency (see Figure 3).

4 Sensors 1, Figure 3. Frequency selection network module. Figure 4 shows the block diagram o the SAD circuit loop. The micro-cantilever is integrated in the module o requency selection network, which constitutes the requency determining unit o the oscillator circuit, and serves like a band-pass ilter with a central requency equal to. The output signal o the requency selection network is ampliied and then adjusted by the ollowing phase compensator. An amplitude limiting module is used to control the amplitude o the signal. Finally, as in reality the output o requency selection network cannot be reduced to zero at requencies ar away rom, a band-pass ilter is needed, to reduce the secondary mode oscillation o the beam. Figure 4. Schematic illustration o a SAD circuit. Filter Frequency selection network Ampliier Amplitude limiting Phase compensator Suppose the gain o the requency selection network is A, and its phase-requency curve is φ a, the rest o the SAD circuit loop is considered as a eedback module, with a gain o F and phase-requency curve φ b. When the SAD circuit loop working in a close-loop mode, the Barkhausen conditions should be met [15]: A( ) F( ) 1 r ( ) ( ) a r b r r ()

5 Sensors 1, Generally, the amplitude condition in () is not a crucial one, as the non-linearity in the eedback module makes the amplitude o the signal always satisy the irst equation. Thereore, the working requency is rather determined by the second Equation o (), the phase condition. Figure 5. Simulation o phase-requency curves o the SAD circuit loop, with AB and A B the linear interval. Where = 65,67 Hz and = Hz. a b a A A B B Figure 5 illustrates the phase-requency curves or requency selection network as well as the eedback module. As seen rom the igure, the eedback module shows a good linearity in its phase-requency curves. And in a neighborhood o the mechanical resonance requency, at least in the interval o ± 1 Hz, the requency selection network also shows a good linearity. Ater mass loading, mechanical resonance requency decreases, and φ a () simply has a parallel shit o, to φ a ()... Analyte Concentration Controlling The sensing system is mounted in a glass canister, with a thin glass slide as top window. Drops o liquid ethanol were jetted by a transer pipette through this window to provide deined vapor concentrations to the canister. Suppose the volume o the canister is V vessel, and liquid ethanol with a volume V analyte is jetted into the canister. When volatilized completely, the concentration o ethanol vapor ollows Equations (3) and (4) where M is the molecular weight o the analyte, and P is the ambient atmospheric pressure: C 3 { mg / m } V analyte analyte (3) V vessel

6 Sensors 1, C 3 { mg / m } C{ ppm} M 73 P.4 73T (4) For the experiments, we calculate the saturated concentration o ethanol vapor, known the ambient temperature and pressure o atmosphere. Then, an appropriate volume V analyte is chosen, to make sure that with six liquid injections, the concentration o the ethanol vapor in the canister increases at a constant pace and is inally below the saturated level. The open-loop test and the close-loop one are perormed in the same canister, with the same ambient conditions. The transer pipette has a precision o measurement o.3%, which ensures the coherence o the two tests, and the comparability o the results..3. Open-Loop Tests An Open-loop test records the variation o mechanical resonance requency o the micro-cantilever. The micro-cantilever used in this work is a probe rom a commercial Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) system supplied by the Veeco Company. It consists o a micro-machined silicon beam with a piezoelectric zinc oxide layer. The MRF o the AFM cantilever is 5, Hz, according to the speciicationz and is measured at 66,64 Hz. Polyethyleneoxide (PEO) was chosen as the sensitive material, or its good sensitivity and selectivity to ethanol vapor [16]. An aqueous solution o PEO was jetted on top o the cantilever. Ater the evaporation o the solvent, the tip o the cantilever was covered with a layer o sensitive material in the orm o granule (Figure 6), and the MRF o the cantilever decreases to 65,67 Hz accordingly. Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs o the micro-cantilever: (a) Beore the deposition o PEO sensitive material. (b) Ater the deposition o PEO sensitive material. (a) (b) The open-loop test instruments system is illustrated by Figure 7. A signal generator provides an actuating signal, and the laser beam was ocused on the ree-moving end o the coated cantilever. The laser beam delection signal was captured by a photodetector, and the amplitude o the oscillation was read out rom the screen. By sweeping the actuating signal near the mechanical resonance requency, can be detected. The Q-actor o the coated probe is near 13 at ambient conditions o standard atmospheric pressure and 93 K temperature.

7 Sensors 1, 1 75 Figure 7. Schematic drawing o the experimental setup o the open-loop tests [3]..4. Close-Loop Tests In a close-loop experiment, the system working requency r o the SAD circuit loop was detected. Schematic diagram o the test can is illustrated in Figure 4. The resolving power o the tests is approximately.5 Hz. To ensure that the SAD circuit loop works in its closed-loop mode, the ollowing two adjustments should be made. Firstly, the tunable capacitor in the requency selection network should be adjusted to compensate C, that is to say, at a requency, the output o the requency selection network is equal to. Secondly, connect the requency selection network with the eedback module, and adjust the phase compensator, to meet the phase condition in the Barkhausen conditions. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Initial Osets A pair o experimental datapoints can be observed in Figure 8. The liquid ethanol was jetted every 3 minutes in both o the tests. The set o triangle symbols represents the mechanical resonance requency in the open-loop test. The step-orm points record the working requency o the SAD circuit loop as a unction o time. As the volatilization takes place, the working requency o the circuit loop decreases and at the end o the volatilization, the working requency stabilizes gradually. As mentioned at the beginning, it is the coeicient α between the SWF shit r and the MRF shit what we exploit. It is easy to notice that in this result, the initial requency, which corresponds to a vapor concentration o, is dierent. Such an oset o the initial requency is caused the by the oset o the initial phase. During the adjustment o the phase compensator beore a close-loop test, an error o operation is inevitable as the signal superposition is depending on subjective judgment. Thereore, an oset o initial phase was introduced, noted as φ oset. The requency oset oset is thereby created. The requency oset is 38 Hz in this experiment.

8 Sensors 1, Figure 8. Typical raw data o the requency shit o a SAD circuit loop and the internal micro-cantilever. To improve the visibility o the data points, the data are sampled with a time step o 4 seconds. The abscissa is time and each unit represents 4 seconds. oset injection o ethanol As φ oset is the phase oset at = in an open-loop adjustment, rom () we have: When the system works in a close-loop mode, we also have: Developing (6) at =, using a Taylor development: a( ) b( ) oset (5) a( oset ) b( oset ) (6) a( ) 1 a( ) a ( ) oset... oset! b( ) 1 b( ) b ( ) oset... oset! As the linearity shown in Figure 4, in the interval o this development, the high order derivatives are ar less than the irst order derivative. Thus: ( ) ( ) ( ) a b a oset b( ) oset (7) From (5) and (7), we have: oset oset a( ) b( ) (8)

9 Sensors 1, 1 75 It is seen rom (8) how φ oset causes oset, the oset o the initial requency in experimental results. The literature expression o α later on will show that this coeicient will not be aected by the initial requency oset. 3.. Dierences between MRF Shits and SWF Shits Figure 9 shows the MRF and the SWF as a unction o gas concentration. Ater six sequential ethanol injections o equal quantity, the MRF decreases rom 65,67 Hz to 65,455 Hz, and the SWF decreases rom 65,78 Hz to 65,498 Hz. A result o simulation o SWF calculated rom the MRF measured is also presented or comparison. Figure 9. Frequency shit in response to the injection o ethanol. (a) MRF o the micro-cantilever in open-loop test [ ]. (b) SWF in close-loop test [ ]. (c) Simulation results o SWF [ ]. It is the ratio o the slope o two experimental curves that represents the coeicient α. The linear expression is obtained by interpolating the curves using the least-square principle. As the close-loop has a higher resolution power, its data shows a better correlation: : : r : r simulate y x R ,.9966 y x R ,.9999 y x R ,.9969 Both experimental result and simulation result demonstrate the existence o a coeicient α which makes r = α. The value o α is also calculated: α real =.9666, α simulate =.964.

10 Sensors 1, We are going to explore this a little bit urther. As a requency oset oset is observed, we are going to demonstrate it has no inluence to α. Suppose that the SWF o the SAD circuit loop decreases rom r to r, when the MRF decreases orm to. Transorm the deinition r r ( ) to: (1 )( ) oset oset (9) Ater mass loading, at the new resonance requency, a new phase oset From the discussion o Figure 4, there is: oset exists: a ( ) b( ) oset (1) a( ) a( ) (11) A deduction ollows the routine o (8), we have: oset oset a( ) b( ) (1) For the irst term o the denominator, use (11), we have: a ( ) a ( ) a ( ) b ( ) For the second term o the denominator, develop using Taylor development at 3 b( ) b( ) 1 b( ) 1 b( ) 3...! 3! : (13) (14) Notice the linearity o ( ), we have: b b( ) b( ) Substitute the denominator o (1) by (13) and (15), using (8), we have: oset oset oset oset a( ) b( ) (15) (16) Using (5) and (1), we have: ( ) b oset oset (17) Thus: b ( ) oset oset a( ) b( ) (18)

11 Sensors 1, From (18) can be written as: a ( ) a( ) b( ) (19) The literature expression shows that is independent with φ oset. It is the phase-requency curve o requency selection network and o eedback module that determine the coeicient. As shown in Figure 5, at the point o, the slope o the phase-requency curve φ a () is much larger than that o φ b (), thereby the coeicient α has a value close to 1. Figure 1. Experimental phase-requency curves in compare with simulation results at MRF = 65,67 Hz and SWF r = 65,78 Hz. (a) Simulation results or SAD[ ], eedback module[ ] and requency selection network[ ]. (b) Experimental measurements o SAD[ ], eedback module[ ] and requency selection network[ ]. b a a b To calculate the coeicient α rom Equation (19), we draw the phase-requency curves in Figure 1, where the experimental data is presented together with the simulation one. For the requency selection network, both the results rom experiment and simulation show a good linearity at the neighborhood o, whereas at the point ar away rom, the slopes o the two curves deviate. The deviation is likely to be a result o non-ideal properties o the micro-cantilever. As or the eedback module, both two curves show a good linearity, and an approximate slope. Based on literature result in (19), the coeicient α can be determined rom the slopes o the phase-requency curves: α real =.9659, α simulate =.964. These results conirm our indings in gas experiments. Furthermore, as the coeicient α is related to the phase-requency curves o the

12 Sensors 1, requency selection network and o the eedback module, it is a typical value or each realization o a SAD circuit loop. 4. Conclusions Gas experiments have been perormed on a MEMS gas sensing system. The system is based on a silicon beam with a piezoelectric zinc oxide layer, and a SAD circuit loop is built to actuate the cantilever and detect its requency shits. The experimental results conirm, as predicted by another paper, the existence o a coeicient α, relating the mechanical resonance requency shit and system working requency shit. It was also discussed the relation between this coeicient and the phase-requency curves o the SAD circuit loop. As analyzed in this paper, the mass loading o the micro-cantilever modiies its MRF as well as the phase-requency curves o the SAD circuit loop, and thereore the SWF shits to meet the phase condition o Formula () so that the SAD circuit loop could continue its close-loop working. This paper shows that the SWF shit observed in operations is not an appropriate indicator o the gas concentration. To characterize the concentration o analyte, the SWF shit should be revised with a coeicient, to trace the MRF shit. And as such a coeicient is derived rom the Barkhausen conditions, it should be taken into account in all kinds o sensing system working with an actuating-detecting circuit loop. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support by National 863 Project o China and Science Fund o China Post Doctoral Scientists. Reerences 1. Zougagh, M.; Rios, A.; Micro-electromechanical sensors in the analytical ield. Analyst 9, 134, Lange, D.; Hagleitner, C. Complementary metal oxide Semiconductor cantilever arrays on a single chip: mass-sensitive detection o volatile organic compounds. Anal. Chem, 74, Zhou, Q. Study on MEMS chemical gas sensor based on resonating microcantilever. M.S. thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Li, P; Zhao, J. Resonating requency o a SAD circuit loop and inner micro-cantilever in a gas sensor. IEEE Sens. J. (In press). 5. Datar, R.; Kim, S.; Jeon, S.; Hesketh, P.; Manalis, S.; Boisen, A.; Thundat, T. Cantilever sensors: Nanomechanical tools or diagnostics. MRS Bull. 9, 34, Finot, E.; Passian, A.; Thundat, T. Measurement o mechanical properties o cantilever shaped materials. Sensors 8, 8, Fadel, L.; Lochon, F. Chemical sensing: millimeter size resonant microcantilever perormance. J. Micromech. Microeng. 4, 14, S3-S3.

13 Sensors 1, Bedair, S.; Fedder, G. CMOS MEMS oscillator or gas chemical detection. Proc. IEEE 4,, Vancura, C.; Ruegg, M. Magnetically actuated complementary metal oxide semiconductor resonant cantilever gas sensor systems. Anal. Chem. 5, 77, Li, Y.; Vancura, C. Monolithic CMOS multi-tranducer gas sensor microsystem or organic and inorganic analytes. Sens. Actuat. 7, B16, Lu, J.; Ikehara, T. Characterization and improvement on quality actor o microcantilevers with sel-actuation and sel-sensing capability. Microelectron. Eng. 9, 86, Mutyala, M.S.K.; Bandhanadham, D. Mechanical and electronic approaches to improve the sensitivity o microcantilever sensors. Acta Mech. Sin. 9, 5, Yu, H.; Li, X. Resonant-cantilever bio/chemical sensors with an integrated heater or both resonance exciting optimization and sensing repeatability enhancement. J. Micromech. Microeng. 9, 19, Rogers, B.; Manning, L.; Jones, M.; Sulchek, T.; Murray, K.; Beneschott, B.; Adames, J.D.; Hu, Z.; Thundat, T.; Cavazos, H.; Minne, S.C. Mercury vapor detection with a sel-sensing, resonating piezoelectric cantilever. Rev. Sci. Instr. 3, 74, Feng, G. Resonant sensing theory and devices; Tsinghua University Publishing House: Beijing, China, 8; pp Gao, W. Study on resonant MEMS gas sensor based on thermally excited micro cantilever. M.S. Thesis, Tsinghua University: Beijing, China, 8. 1 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions o the Creative Commons Attribution license (

Novel Thermal Analysis Model of the Foot-Shoe Sole Interface during Gait Motion

Novel Thermal Analysis Model of the Foot-Shoe Sole Interface during Gait Motion Proceedings Novel Thermal Analysis Model o the Foot-Shoe Sole Interace during Gait Motion Yasuhiro Shimazaki * and Kazutoshi Aisaka Department o Human Inormation Engineering, Okayama Preectural University,

More information

APPLICATION OF A SCANNING VIBROMETER FOR THE PERIODIC CALIBRATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS

APPLICATION OF A SCANNING VIBROMETER FOR THE PERIODIC CALIBRATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS XX IMEKO World Congress Metrology or Green Growth September 9 14, 01, Busan, Republic o Korea APPLICATION OF A SCANNING VIBROMETER FOR THE PERIODIC CALIBRATION OF FORCE TRANSDUCERS Christian Schlegel,

More information

Open Access Dynamic Parameters Identification for the Feeding System of Commercial Numerical Control Machine

Open Access Dynamic Parameters Identification for the Feeding System of Commercial Numerical Control Machine Send Orders or Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net The Open Automation and Control Systems Journal, 13, 5, 161-166 161 Open Access Dynamic Parameters Identiication or the Feeding System o Commercial

More information

A Systematic Approach to Frequency Compensation of the Voltage Loop in Boost PFC Pre- regulators.

A Systematic Approach to Frequency Compensation of the Voltage Loop in Boost PFC Pre- regulators. A Systematic Approach to Frequency Compensation o the Voltage Loop in oost PFC Pre- regulators. Claudio Adragna, STMicroelectronics, Italy Abstract Venable s -actor method is a systematic procedure that

More information

UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF SINUSOIDAL FORCE MEASUREMENT

UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF SINUSOIDAL FORCE MEASUREMENT XXI IMEKO World Congress Measurement in Research and Industry August 30 eptember 4, 05, Prague, Czech Republic UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF INUOIDAL FORCE MEAUREMENT Christian chlegel, Gabriela Kiekenap,Rol

More information

Analog Computing Technique

Analog Computing Technique Analog Computing Technique by obert Paz Chapter Programming Principles and Techniques. Analog Computers and Simulation An analog computer can be used to solve various types o problems. It solves them in

More information

TFY4102 Exam Fall 2015

TFY4102 Exam Fall 2015 FY40 Eam Fall 05 Short answer (4 points each) ) Bernoulli's equation relating luid low and pressure is based on a) conservation o momentum b) conservation o energy c) conservation o mass along the low

More information

Technical Report PZT-Silicon Cantilever Benders

Technical Report PZT-Silicon Cantilever Benders Radiant Technologies, Inc. 2021 Girard SE Albuquerque, NM 876 Tel: 505-842-8007 Fax: 505-842-0366 Technical Report PZT-Silicon Cantilever Benders Subject: Displacement Measurements of Silicon Cantilevers

More information

Vibration Studying of AFM Piezoelectric Microcantilever Subjected to Tip-Nanoparticle Interaction

Vibration Studying of AFM Piezoelectric Microcantilever Subjected to Tip-Nanoparticle Interaction Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org 2013 JNAS Journal-2013-2-S/806-811 ISSN 2322-5149 2013 JNAS Vibration Studying of AFM Piezoelectric Microcantilever Subjected to Tip-Nanoparticle

More information

Random Error Analysis of Inertial Sensors output Based on Allan Variance Shaochen Li1, a, Xiaojing Du2,b and Junyi Zhai3,c

Random Error Analysis of Inertial Sensors output Based on Allan Variance Shaochen Li1, a, Xiaojing Du2,b and Junyi Zhai3,c International Conerence on Civil, Transportation and Environment (ICCTE 06) Random Error Analysis o Inertial Sensors output Based on Allan Variance Shaochen Li, a, Xiaojing Du, and Junyi Zhai3,c School

More information

Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Communication and Electronics Engineering

Philadelphia University Faculty of Engineering Communication and Electronics Engineering Module: Electronics II Module Number: 6503 Philadelphia University Faculty o Engineering Communication and Electronics Engineering Ampliier Circuits-II BJT and FET Frequency Response Characteristics: -

More information

RESOLUTION MSC.362(92) (Adopted on 14 June 2013) REVISED RECOMMENDATION ON A STANDARD METHOD FOR EVALUATING CROSS-FLOODING ARRANGEMENTS

RESOLUTION MSC.362(92) (Adopted on 14 June 2013) REVISED RECOMMENDATION ON A STANDARD METHOD FOR EVALUATING CROSS-FLOODING ARRANGEMENTS (Adopted on 4 June 203) (Adopted on 4 June 203) ANNEX 8 (Adopted on 4 June 203) MSC 92/26/Add. Annex 8, page THE MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE, RECALLING Article 28(b) o the Convention on the International

More information

Asymptote. 2 Problems 2 Methods

Asymptote. 2 Problems 2 Methods Asymptote Problems Methods Problems Assume we have the ollowing transer unction which has a zero at =, a pole at = and a pole at =. We are going to look at two problems: problem is where >> and problem

More information

Separations: Chromatography of M&M and Ink Dyes

Separations: Chromatography of M&M and Ink Dyes Separations: Chromatography o M&M and Ink Dyes Almost all substances we come into contact with on a daily basis are impure; that is, they are mixtures. Similarly, compounds synthesized in the chemical

More information

CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE SQUARED DIFFERENCE SURFACES

CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE SQUARED DIFFERENCE SURFACES CAPTER 8 ANALYSS O AVERAGE SQUARED DERENCE SURACES n Chapters 5, 6, and 7, the Spectral it algorithm was used to estimate both scatterer size and total attenuation rom the backscattered waveorms by minimizing

More information

Thu June 16 Lecture Notes: Lattice Exercises I

Thu June 16 Lecture Notes: Lattice Exercises I Thu June 6 ecture Notes: attice Exercises I T. Satogata: June USPAS Accelerator Physics Most o these notes ollow the treatment in the class text, Conte and MacKay, Chapter 6 on attice Exercises. The portions

More information

Design and Simulation of Comb Drive Capacitive Accelerometer by Using MEMS Intellisuite Design Tool

Design and Simulation of Comb Drive Capacitive Accelerometer by Using MEMS Intellisuite Design Tool Design and Simulation of Comb Drive Capacitive Accelerometer by Using MEMS Intellisuite Design Tool Gireesh K C 1, Harisha M 2, Karthick Raj M 3, Karthikkumar M 4, Thenmoli M 5 UG Students, Department

More information

FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON H ANALYSIS

FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON H ANALYSIS 271 FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON H ANALYSIS Eduardo J. Adam * and Jacinto L. Marchetti Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET)

More information

) t 0(q+ t ) dt n t( t) dt ( rre i dq t 0 u = = t l C t) t) a i( ( q tric c le E

) t 0(q+ t ) dt n t( t) dt ( rre i dq t 0 u = = t l C t) t) a i( ( q tric c le E EE70 eview Electrical Current i ( t ) dq ( t ) dt t q ( t ) i ( t ) dt + t 0 q ( t 0 ) Circuit Elements An electrical circuit consists o circuit elements such as voltage sources, resistances, inductances

More information

ROBUST STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF UNSTABLE PROCESS WITH DEAD TIME USING Mu SYNTHESIS

ROBUST STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF UNSTABLE PROCESS WITH DEAD TIME USING Mu SYNTHESIS ROBUST STABILITY AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF UNSTABLE PROCESS WITH DEAD TIME USING Mu SYNTHESIS I. Thirunavukkarasu 1, V. I. George 1, G. Saravana Kumar 1 and A. Ramakalyan 2 1 Department o Instrumentation

More information

Feedback Linearization

Feedback Linearization Feedback Linearization Peter Al Hokayem and Eduardo Gallestey May 14, 2015 1 Introduction Consider a class o single-input-single-output (SISO) nonlinear systems o the orm ẋ = (x) + g(x)u (1) y = h(x) (2)

More information

GIMC-based Fault Detection and Its Application to Magnetic Suspension System

GIMC-based Fault Detection and Its Application to Magnetic Suspension System Proceedings o the 7th World Congress The International Federation o Automatic Control Seoul, Korea, Jul 6-, 28 GIC-based Fault Detection and Its Application to agnetic Suspension Sstem Yujiro Nakaso Toru

More information

Material properties and vibration isolation Technical information

Material properties and vibration isolation Technical information Material properties and vibration isolation Technical inormation General inormation on Sylomer Sylomer is a special PUR elastomer manuactured by Getzner, which eatures a cellular, compact orm and is used

More information

Application of Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima in Raman Distributed Temperature Sensors

Application of Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima in Raman Distributed Temperature Sensors PHOTONIC SENSORS / Vol. 4, No. 2, 2014: 142 146 Application o Wavelet Transorm Modulus Maxima in Raman Distributed Temperature Sensors Zongliang WANG, Jun CHANG *, Sasa ZHANG, Sha LUO, Cuanwu JIA, Boning

More information

How Does a Microcantilever Work?

How Does a Microcantilever Work? How Does a Cantilever Work? Participant Guide Description and Estimated Time to Complete The microcantilever is a widely used component in microsystems devices or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

More information

774. Tribological adhesion of particles in acoustic field

774. Tribological adhesion of particles in acoustic field 774. Tribological adhesion o particles in acoustic ield Vladas Vekteris 1 Vytautas Striška Vadim Mokšin 3 Darius Ozarovskis 4 Rolandas Zaremba 5 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Department o Machine

More information

New method for two-point nonuniformity correction of microbolometer detectors

New method for two-point nonuniformity correction of microbolometer detectors 10 th International Conerence on Quantitative InraRed Thermography July 27-30, 2010, Québec (Canada) New method or two-point nonuniormity correction o microbolometer detectors by R. Olbrycht*, B. Wiecek*,

More information

Vector blood velocity estimation in medical ultrasound

Vector blood velocity estimation in medical ultrasound Vector blood velocity estimation in medical ultrasound Jørgen Arendt Jensen, Fredrik Gran Ørsted DTU, Building 348, Technical University o Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Jesper Udesen, Michael Bachmann

More information

Introduction. Methods of vibration control

Introduction. Methods of vibration control ISSN: 394-3696 VOLUME 1, ISSUE DEC-014 Identiication o coulomb, viscous and particle damping parameters rom the response o SDOF harmonically orced linear oscillator Mr.U.L.Anuse. Department o Mechanical

More information

Feasibility of a Multi-Pass Thomson Scattering System with Confocal Spherical Mirrors

Feasibility of a Multi-Pass Thomson Scattering System with Confocal Spherical Mirrors Plasma and Fusion Research: Letters Volume 5, 044 200) Feasibility o a Multi-Pass Thomson Scattering System with Conocal Spherical Mirrors Junichi HIRATSUKA, Akira EJIRI, Yuichi TAKASE and Takashi YAMAGUCHI

More information

Design of a Shock Immune MEMS Acceleration Sensor and Optimization by Genetic Algorithm

Design of a Shock Immune MEMS Acceleration Sensor and Optimization by Genetic Algorithm 2012, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal o Basic and Applied Scientiic Research www.textroad.com Design o a Shock Immune MEMS Acceleration Sensor and Optimization by Genetic Algorithm Hamid Reza

More information

Available online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 83 (2015 ) Václav Dvo ák a *, Tomáš Vít a

Available online at   ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 83 (2015 ) Václav Dvo ák a *, Tomáš Vít a Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 83 (205 ) 34 349 7th International Conerence on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings Numerical investigation o counter low plate

More information

Least-Squares Spectral Analysis Theory Summary

Least-Squares Spectral Analysis Theory Summary Least-Squares Spectral Analysis Theory Summary Reerence: Mtamakaya, J. D. (2012). Assessment o Atmospheric Pressure Loading on the International GNSS REPRO1 Solutions Periodic Signatures. Ph.D. dissertation,

More information

Scattering of Solitons of Modified KdV Equation with Self-consistent Sources

Scattering of Solitons of Modified KdV Equation with Self-consistent Sources Commun. Theor. Phys. Beijing, China 49 8 pp. 89 84 c Chinese Physical Society Vol. 49, No. 4, April 5, 8 Scattering o Solitons o Modiied KdV Equation with Sel-consistent Sources ZHANG Da-Jun and WU Hua

More information

Intrinsic Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit of GaAs MESFET s

Intrinsic Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit of GaAs MESFET s Intrinsic Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit o GaAs MESFET s M KAMECHE *, M FEHAM M MELIANI, N BENAHMED, S DALI * National Centre o Space Techniques, Algeria Telecom Laboratory, University o Tlemcen, Algeria

More information

Proceedings MEMS Inertial Switch for Military Applications

Proceedings MEMS Inertial Switch for Military Applications Proceedings MEMS Inertial Switch for Military Applications Hyo-Nam Lee 1, Seung-Gyo Jang 1, *, Sungryeol Lee 2, Jeong-Sun Lee 2 and Young-Suk Hwang 2 1 Agency for Defence Development, Daejeon, Korea; lhn4577@add.re.kr

More information

ME 328 Machine Design Vibration handout (vibrations is not covered in text)

ME 328 Machine Design Vibration handout (vibrations is not covered in text) ME 38 Machine Design Vibration handout (vibrations is not covered in text) The ollowing are two good textbooks or vibrations (any edition). There are numerous other texts o equal quality. M. L. James,

More information

AH 2700A. Attenuator Pair Ratio for C vs Frequency. Option-E 50 Hz-20 khz Ultra-precision Capacitance/Loss Bridge

AH 2700A. Attenuator Pair Ratio for C vs Frequency. Option-E 50 Hz-20 khz Ultra-precision Capacitance/Loss Bridge 0 E ttenuator Pair Ratio or vs requency NEEN-ERLN 700 Option-E 0-0 k Ultra-precision apacitance/loss ridge ttenuator Ratio Pair Uncertainty o in ppm or ll Usable Pairs o Taps 0 0 0. 0. 0. 07/08/0 E E E

More information

( 1) ( 2) ( 1) nan integer, since the potential is no longer simple harmonic.

( 1) ( 2) ( 1) nan integer, since the potential is no longer simple harmonic. . Anharmonic Oscillators Michael Fowler Landau (para 8) considers a simple harmonic oscillator with added small potential energy terms mα + mβ. We ll simpliy slightly by dropping the term, to give an equation

More information

Definition: Let f(x) be a function of one variable with continuous derivatives of all orders at a the point x 0, then the series.

Definition: Let f(x) be a function of one variable with continuous derivatives of all orders at a the point x 0, then the series. 2.4 Local properties o unctions o several variables In this section we will learn how to address three kinds o problems which are o great importance in the ield o applied mathematics: how to obtain the

More information

Supporting Information for: Flexible Energy Conversion

Supporting Information for: Flexible Energy Conversion Supporting Inormation or: Piezoelectric Nanoribbons Printed onto Rubber or Flexible Energy Conversion Yi Qi, Noah T. Jaeris, Kenneth Lyons, Jr., Christine M. Lee, Habib Ahmad, Michael C. McAlpine *, Department

More information

TLT-5200/5206 COMMUNICATION THEORY, Exercise 3, Fall TLT-5200/5206 COMMUNICATION THEORY, Exercise 3, Fall Problem 1.

TLT-5200/5206 COMMUNICATION THEORY, Exercise 3, Fall TLT-5200/5206 COMMUNICATION THEORY, Exercise 3, Fall Problem 1. TLT-5/56 COMMUNICATION THEORY, Exercise 3, Fall Problem. The "random walk" was modelled as a random sequence [ n] where W[i] are binary i.i.d. random variables with P[W[i] = s] = p (orward step with probability

More information

Acoustic forcing of flexural waves and acoustic fields for a thin plate in a fluid

Acoustic forcing of flexural waves and acoustic fields for a thin plate in a fluid Acoustic orcing o leural waves and acoustic ields or a thin plate in a luid Darryl MCMAHON Maritime Division, Deence Science and Technology Organisation, HMAS Stirling, WA Australia ABSTACT Consistency

More information

3. Several Random Variables

3. Several Random Variables . Several Random Variables. Two Random Variables. Conditional Probabilit--Revisited. Statistical Independence.4 Correlation between Random Variables. Densit unction o the Sum o Two Random Variables. Probabilit

More information

X-ray Diffraction. Interaction of Waves Reciprocal Lattice and Diffraction X-ray Scattering by Atoms The Integrated Intensity

X-ray Diffraction. Interaction of Waves Reciprocal Lattice and Diffraction X-ray Scattering by Atoms The Integrated Intensity X-ray Diraction Interaction o Waves Reciprocal Lattice and Diraction X-ray Scattering by Atoms The Integrated Intensity Basic Principles o Interaction o Waves Periodic waves characteristic: Frequency :

More information

Two-photon absorption coefficient determination with a differential F-scan technique

Two-photon absorption coefficient determination with a differential F-scan technique Two-photon absorption coeicient determination with a dierential F-scan technique E RUEDA, 1 J H SERNA, A HAMAD AND H GARCIA 3,* 1 Grupo de Óptica y Fotónica, Instituto de Física, U de A, Calle 70 No. 5-1,

More information

between electron energy levels. Using the spectrum of electron energy (1) and the law of energy-momentum conservation for photon absorption:

between electron energy levels. Using the spectrum of electron energy (1) and the law of energy-momentum conservation for photon absorption: ENERGY MEASUREMENT O RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS USING RESONANCE ABSORPTION O LASER LIGHT BY ELECTRONS IN A MAGNETIC IELD R.A. Melikian Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan ABSTRACT The possibility o a precise

More information

Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy

Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy Micromechanics Ass.Prof. Priv.-Doz. DI Dr. Harald Plank a,b a Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz

More information

Ultra Fast Calculation of Temperature Profiles of VLSI ICs in Thermal Packages Considering Parameter Variations

Ultra Fast Calculation of Temperature Profiles of VLSI ICs in Thermal Packages Considering Parameter Variations Ultra Fast Calculation o Temperature Proiles o VLSI ICs in Thermal Packages Considering Parameter Variations Je-Hyoung Park, Virginia Martín Hériz, Ali Shakouri, and Sung-Mo Kang Dept. o Electrical Engineering,

More information

Digital processing of multi-mode nano-mechanical cantilever data

Digital processing of multi-mode nano-mechanical cantilever data IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference Series 61 (2007) 341 345 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/61/1/069 International Conference on Nanoscience and Technology (ICN&T 2006) Digital processing of multi-mode

More information

Chapter 4 Imaging. Lecture 21. d (110) Chem 793, Fall 2011, L. Ma

Chapter 4 Imaging. Lecture 21. d (110) Chem 793, Fall 2011, L. Ma Chapter 4 Imaging Lecture 21 d (110) Imaging Imaging in the TEM Diraction Contrast in TEM Image HRTEM (High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy) Imaging or phase contrast imaging STEM imaging a

More information

10 Measurement of Acceleration, Vibration and Shock Transducers

10 Measurement of Acceleration, Vibration and Shock Transducers Chapter 10: Acceleration, Vibration and Shock Measurement Dr. Lufti Al-Sharif (Revision 1.0, 25/5/2008) 1. Introduction This chapter examines the measurement of acceleration, vibration and shock. It starts

More information

Open Access Establishment of Mathematical Model and Sensitivity Analysis of Plugging Capacity of Multi-Component Foam Flooding

Open Access Establishment of Mathematical Model and Sensitivity Analysis of Plugging Capacity of Multi-Component Foam Flooding Send Orders or Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.ae 84 The Open Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 9, 84-89 Open Access Establishment o Mathematical Model and Sensitivity Analysis o Plugging Capacity

More information

The Ascent Trajectory Optimization of Two-Stage-To-Orbit Aerospace Plane Based on Pseudospectral Method

The Ascent Trajectory Optimization of Two-Stage-To-Orbit Aerospace Plane Based on Pseudospectral Method Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 00 (014) 000 000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia APISAT014, 014 Asia-Paciic International Symposium on Aerospace Technology,

More information

Pre-AP Physics Chapter 1 Notes Yockers JHS 2008

Pre-AP Physics Chapter 1 Notes Yockers JHS 2008 Pre-AP Physics Chapter 1 Notes Yockers JHS 2008 Standards o Length, Mass, and Time ( - length quantities) - mass - time Derived Quantities: Examples Dimensional Analysis useul to check equations and to

More information

Filtration. Praktikum Mechanical Engineering. Spring semester ML F16 Tel.:

Filtration. Praktikum Mechanical Engineering. Spring semester ML F16 Tel.: Praktikum Mechanical Engineering Spring semester 2018 Filtration Supervisor: Davide Stucchi ML F16 stucchid@ptl.mavt.ethz.ch Tel.: 044 632 25 05 1 1 Table o Contents 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS... 2 2 INTRODUCTION...

More information

CHAPTER 8 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

CHAPTER 8 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS CHAPTER 8 UNSYMMETRCAL FAULTS The sequence circuits and the sequence networks developed in the previous chapter will now be used or inding out ult current during unsymmetrical ults. Speciically we are

More information

ScienceDirect. Heat transfer and fluid transport of supercritical CO 2 in enhanced geothermal system with local thermal non-equilibrium model

ScienceDirect. Heat transfer and fluid transport of supercritical CO 2 in enhanced geothermal system with local thermal non-equilibrium model Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 63 (2014 ) 7644 7650 GHGT-12 Heat transer and luid transport o supercritical CO 2 in enhanced geothermal system with local thermal

More information

Experiment on Frictional Characteristics of Brushes Using Toothbrushes

Experiment on Frictional Characteristics of Brushes Using Toothbrushes Mem. Muroran Inst. Tech., 62(2012) 41~45 特 集 Experiment on Frictional Characteristics o Brushes Using Toothbrushes Toshiharu KAZAMA* and Yukihito NARITA* (Received 29 March 2012, Accepted 17 January 2013)

More information

A New Kind of k-quantum Nonlinear Coherent States: Their Generation and Physical Meaning

A New Kind of k-quantum Nonlinear Coherent States: Their Generation and Physical Meaning Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beiing, China) 41 (2004) pp. 935 940 c International Academic Publishers Vol. 41, No. 6, June 15, 2004 A New Kind o -Quantum Nonlinear Coherent States: Their Generation and Physical

More information

Solutions for Homework #8. Landing gear

Solutions for Homework #8. Landing gear Solutions or Homewor #8 PROBEM. (P. 9 on page 78 in the note) An airplane is modeled as a beam with masses as shown below: m m m m π [rad/sec] anding gear m m.5 Find the stiness and mass matrices. Find

More information

8.4 Inverse Functions

8.4 Inverse Functions Section 8. Inverse Functions 803 8. Inverse Functions As we saw in the last section, in order to solve application problems involving eponential unctions, we will need to be able to solve eponential equations

More information

Module 26: Atomic Force Microscopy. Lecture 40: Atomic Force Microscopy 3: Additional Modes of AFM

Module 26: Atomic Force Microscopy. Lecture 40: Atomic Force Microscopy 3: Additional Modes of AFM Module 26: Atomic Force Microscopy Lecture 40: Atomic Force Microscopy 3: Additional Modes of AFM 1 The AFM apart from generating the information about the topography of the sample features can be used

More information

Presenters. Time Domain and Statistical Model Development, Simulation and Correlation Methods for High Speed SerDes

Presenters. Time Domain and Statistical Model Development, Simulation and Correlation Methods for High Speed SerDes JANUARY 28-31, 2013 SANTA CLARA CONVENTION CENTER Time Domain and Statistical Model Development, Simulation and Correlation Methods or High Speed SerDes Presenters Xingdong Dai Fangyi Rao Shiva Prasad

More information

Sakura Pascarelli European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

Sakura Pascarelli European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY: FUNDAMENTALS AND SIMPLE MODEL OF EXAFS Sakura Pascarelli European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France Part I: Fundamentals o X-ray Absorption Fine Structure:

More information

RESEARCH ON BENZENE VAPOR DETECTION USING POROUS SILICON

RESEARCH ON BENZENE VAPOR DETECTION USING POROUS SILICON Section Micro and Nano Technologies RESEARCH ON BENZENE VAPOR DETECTION USING POROUS SILICON Assoc. Prof. Ersin Kayahan 1,2,3 1 Kocaeli University, Electro-optic and Sys. Eng. Umuttepe, 41380, Kocaeli-Turkey

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 1.138/NPHYS2549 Electrically tunable transverse magnetic ocusing in graphene Supplementary Inormation Thiti Taychatanapat 1,2, Kenji Watanabe 3, Takashi Taniguchi 3, Pablo Jarillo-Herrero 2 1 Department

More information

Analysis of cosmic ray neutron-induced single-event phenomena

Analysis of cosmic ray neutron-induced single-event phenomena Analysis o cosmic ray neutron-induced single-event phenomena Yasuyuki TUKAMOTO Yukinobu WATANABE and Hideki NAKASHIMA Department o Advanced Energy Engineering Science Kyushu University Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580

More information

Design and Analysis of Various Microcantilever Shapes for MEMS Based Sensing

Design and Analysis of Various Microcantilever Shapes for MEMS Based Sensing ScieTech 014 Journal of Physics: Conference Series 495 (014) 01045 doi:10.1088/174-6596/495/1/01045 Design and Analysis of Various Microcantilever Shapes for MEMS Based Sensing H. F. Hawari, Y. Wahab,

More information

Research of Influence of Vibration Impact of the Basis in the Micromechanical Gyroscope

Research of Influence of Vibration Impact of the Basis in the Micromechanical Gyroscope Research o Inluence o Vibration Impact o the Basis in the Micromechanical Gyroscope GALINA VAVILOVA OLGA GALTSEVA INNA PLOTNIKOVA Institute o Non-Destructive Testing National Research Tomsk Polytechnic

More information

MODELING OF T-SHAPED MICROCANTILEVER RESONATORS. Margarita Narducci, Eduard Figueras, Isabel Gràcia, Luis Fonseca, Joaquin Santander, Carles Cané

MODELING OF T-SHAPED MICROCANTILEVER RESONATORS. Margarita Narducci, Eduard Figueras, Isabel Gràcia, Luis Fonseca, Joaquin Santander, Carles Cané Stresa, Italy, 5-7 April 007 MODELING OF T-SHAPED MICROCANTILEVER RESONATORS Margarita Narducci, Eduard Figueras, Isabel Gràcia, Luis Fonseca, Joaquin Santander, Carles Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica

More information

An Alternative Poincaré Section for Steady-State Responses and Bifurcations of a Duffing-Van der Pol Oscillator

An Alternative Poincaré Section for Steady-State Responses and Bifurcations of a Duffing-Van der Pol Oscillator An Alternative Poincaré Section or Steady-State Responses and Biurcations o a Duing-Van der Pol Oscillator Jang-Der Jeng, Yuan Kang *, Yeon-Pun Chang Department o Mechanical Engineering, National United

More information

Basic mathematics of economic models. 3. Maximization

Basic mathematics of economic models. 3. Maximization John Riley 1 January 16 Basic mathematics o economic models 3 Maimization 31 Single variable maimization 1 3 Multi variable maimization 6 33 Concave unctions 9 34 Maimization with non-negativity constraints

More information

Physics 5153 Classical Mechanics. Solution by Quadrature-1

Physics 5153 Classical Mechanics. Solution by Quadrature-1 October 14, 003 11:47:49 1 Introduction Physics 5153 Classical Mechanics Solution by Quadrature In the previous lectures, we have reduced the number o eective degrees o reedom that are needed to solve

More information

Objectives. By the time the student is finished with this section of the workbook, he/she should be able

Objectives. By the time the student is finished with this section of the workbook, he/she should be able FUNCTIONS Quadratic Functions......8 Absolute Value Functions.....48 Translations o Functions..57 Radical Functions...61 Eponential Functions...7 Logarithmic Functions......8 Cubic Functions......91 Piece-Wise

More information

A STUDY OF SHOСK WAVE PROCESSES IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND THE ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE KNOCK INTENSITY BASED ON ION CURRENT SIGNAL ANALYSIS

A STUDY OF SHOСK WAVE PROCESSES IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND THE ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE KNOCK INTENSITY BASED ON ION CURRENT SIGNAL ANALYSIS A STUDY OF SHOСK WAVE PROCESSES IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND THE ESTIMATION METHOD OF THE KNOCK INTENSITY BASED ON ION CURRENT SIGNAL ANALYSIS Artem Yurevich Budko, Anatolij Sergeevich Nazarkin and Mikhail

More information

The achievable limits of operational modal analysis. * Siu-Kui Au 1)

The achievable limits of operational modal analysis. * Siu-Kui Au 1) The achievable limits o operational modal analysis * Siu-Kui Au 1) 1) Center or Engineering Dynamics and Institute or Risk and Uncertainty, University o Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom 1)

More information

AUGMENTED POLYNOMIAL GUIDANCE FOR TERMINAL VELOCITY CONSTRAINTS

AUGMENTED POLYNOMIAL GUIDANCE FOR TERMINAL VELOCITY CONSTRAINTS AUGMENTED POLYNOMIAL GUIDANCE FOR TERMINAL VELOCITY CONSTRAINTS Gun-Hee Moon*, Sang-Woo Shim*, and Min-Jea Tah* *Korea Advanced Institute Science and Technology Keywords: Polynomial guidance, terminal

More information

Additional exercises in Stationary Stochastic Processes

Additional exercises in Stationary Stochastic Processes Mathematical Statistics, Centre or Mathematical Sciences Lund University Additional exercises 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

More information

SIO 211B, Rudnick. We start with a definition of the Fourier transform! ĝ f of a time series! ( )

SIO 211B, Rudnick. We start with a definition of the Fourier transform! ĝ f of a time series! ( ) SIO B, Rudnick! XVIII.Wavelets The goal o a wavelet transorm is a description o a time series that is both requency and time selective. The wavelet transorm can be contrasted with the well-known and very

More information

OBSERVER/KALMAN AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UBC BENCHMARK STRUCTURAL MODEL

OBSERVER/KALMAN AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UBC BENCHMARK STRUCTURAL MODEL OBSERVER/KALMAN AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UBC BENCHMARK STRUCTURAL MODEL Dionisio Bernal, Burcu Gunes Associate Proessor, Graduate Student Department o Civil and Environmental Engineering, 7 Snell

More information

o0, and since the period of vibration of the scale is related to the mass,

o0, and since the period of vibration of the scale is related to the mass, 459 THE USE OF RESONATING DEVICES TO MAKE SMALL MASS MEASUREMENTS* W. H. KING, JR. Esso Research and Engineering Company Linden, N.J. W^i THEN we wish to weigh something most of us think of a scale or

More information

Probabilistic Model of Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid

Probabilistic Model of Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid Probabilistic Model o Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid Antoine Méler John A. Ruiz-Hernandez James L. Crowley INRIA Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes 655 avenue de l Europe 38 334 Saint Ismier Cedex

More information

ON AN ESTIMATION OF THE DAMPING PROPERTIES OF WOVEN FABRIC COMPOSITES

ON AN ESTIMATION OF THE DAMPING PROPERTIES OF WOVEN FABRIC COMPOSITES ON AN ESTIMATION OF THE DAMPING PROPERTIES OF WOVEN FABRIC COMPOSITES Masaru Zao 1, Tetsusei Kurashii 1, Yasumasa Naanishi 2 and Kin ya Matsumoto 2 1 Department o Management o Industry and Technology,

More information

Reliability assessment on maximum crack width of GFRPreinforced

Reliability assessment on maximum crack width of GFRPreinforced Fourth International Conerence on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008) 22-24July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland Reliability assessment on maximum crack width o GFRPreinorced concrete beams Z. He and

More information

Time of Flight Sensor with a Flow Parallel Wire

Time of Flight Sensor with a Flow Parallel Wire Micromachines 2012, 3, 325-330; doi:10.3390/mi3020325 Article OPEN ACCESS micromachines ISSN 2072-666X www.mdpi.com/journal/micromachines Time of Flight Sensor with a Flow Parallel Wire Christof Gerhardy

More information

Intermittent-Contact Mode Force Microscopy & Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM)

Intermittent-Contact Mode Force Microscopy & Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) WORKSHOP Nanoscience on the Tip Intermittent-Contact Mode Force Microscopy & Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) Table of Contents: 1. Motivation... 1. Simple Harmonic Motion... 1 3. AC-Mode Imaging...

More information

Microstructure cantilever beam for current measurement

Microstructure cantilever beam for current measurement 264 South African Journal of Science 105 July/August 2009 Research Articles Microstructure cantilever beam for current measurement HAB Mustafa and MTE Khan* Most microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors

More information

SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]

SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM] G01Q SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM] Scanning probes, i.e. devices having at least a tip of nanometre sized dimensions

More information

Numerical calculation of the electron mobility in ZnS and ZnSe semiconductors using the iterative method

Numerical calculation of the electron mobility in ZnS and ZnSe semiconductors using the iterative method International Journal o the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(11), pp. 1752-1756, 18 September, 21 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ijps ISSN 1992-195 21 Academic Journals Full Length Research

More information

( x) f = where P and Q are polynomials.

( x) f = where P and Q are polynomials. 9.8 Graphing Rational Functions Lets begin with a deinition. Deinition: Rational Function A rational unction is a unction o the orm ( ) ( ) ( ) P where P and Q are polynomials. Q An eample o a simple rational

More information

One-Dimensional Motion Review IMPORTANT QUANTITIES Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Time t Seconds Velocity v m/s

One-Dimensional Motion Review IMPORTANT QUANTITIES Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Time t Seconds Velocity v m/s One-Dimensional Motion Review IMPORTANT QUANTITIES Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Name Symbol Units Basic Equation Time t Seconds Velocity v m/s v x t Position x Meters Speed v m/s v t Length l Meters

More information

Part I: Thin Converging Lens

Part I: Thin Converging Lens Laboratory 1 PHY431 Fall 011 Part I: Thin Converging Lens This eperiment is a classic eercise in geometric optics. The goal is to measure the radius o curvature and ocal length o a single converging lens

More information

Heat-fluid Coupling Simulation of Wet Friction Clutch

Heat-fluid Coupling Simulation of Wet Friction Clutch 3rd International Conerence on Mechatronics, Robotics and Automation (ICMRA 2015) Heat-luid Coupling Simulation o Wet Friction Clutch Tengjiao Lin 1,a *, Qing Wang 1, b, Quancheng Peng 1,c and Yan Xie

More information

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 112. Homework #4. Benjamin Stahl. February 2, 2015

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 112. Homework #4. Benjamin Stahl. February 2, 2015 UIERSIY OF CALIFORIA - SAA CRUZ DEPARME OF PHYSICS PHYS Homework #4 Benjamin Stahl February, 05 PROBLEM It is given that the heat absorbed by a mole o ideal gas in a uasi-static process in which both its

More information

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION

OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION Xu Bei, Yeo Jun Yoon and Ali Abur Teas A&M University College Station, Teas, U.S.A. abur@ee.tamu.edu Abstract This paper presents

More information

Analytical expressions for field astigmatism in decentered two mirror telescopes and application to the collimation of the ESO VLT

Analytical expressions for field astigmatism in decentered two mirror telescopes and application to the collimation of the ESO VLT ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS MAY II 000, PAGE 57 SUPPLEMENT SERIES Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 44, 57 67 000) Analytical expressions or ield astigmatism in decentered two mirror telescopes and application

More information

Slow and Fast Charge Transport Processes in PPy/NO 3 Films

Slow and Fast Charge Transport Processes in PPy/NO 3 Films Journal o The Electrochemical Society, 147 (11) 4239-4246 (2000) 4239 Slow and Fast Charge Transport Processes in PPy/NO 3 Films Haesik Yang, a, * Hochun Lee, b Youn Tae Kim, a and Juhyoun Kwak b, *,z

More information

The influence of hydraulic fracturing on microseismic propagation

The influence of hydraulic fracturing on microseismic propagation The inluence o hydraulic racturing on microseismic propagation Xiaolin Zhang 1, Feng Zhang 1, Xiang-Yang Li 1, 1 CPC Geophysical Key Lab, China University o Petroleum, Changping, Beijing, China, 1049 Email:

More information

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE MICRO- ACCELEROMETER USING PIEZOELECTRIC THIN FILMS

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE MICRO- ACCELEROMETER USING PIEZOELECTRIC THIN FILMS DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF THE MICRO- ACCELEROMETER USING PIEZOELECTRIC THIN FILMS JYH-CHENG YU and FU-HSIN LAI Department of Mechanical Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

More information