GASES (Chapter 5) Temperature and Pressure, that is, 273 K and 1.00 atm or 760 Torr ) will occupy
|
|
- Rosamund Townsend
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 I. Ideal gases. A. Ideal gas law review. GASES (Chapter 5) 1. PV = nrt Ideal gases obey this equation under all conditions. It is a combination ofa. Boyle's Law: P 1/V at constant n and T b. Charles's Law: V T at constant n and P c. Avogadro's Law: equal numbers of moles of gases at the same T and P occupy the same volume or V n at constant T and P ). Note that according to this equation, 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP (Standard B. Uses. Temperature and Pressure, that is, 73 K and 1.00 atm or 760 Torr ) will occupy L atm (1.00 mol)( )(73 K) mol K =.414 L 1.00 atm This is called the molar volume at STP. The symbol for the molar volume is V 1. PV = nrt = grt/m There are five variables in this expression. If any four are known, the fifth can be calculated.. This expression can be used a. in stoichiometric calculations SEE PREVIOUS UNIT b. in molar mass calculations from gas densities. grt M = = PV V g RT RT P = d. P M d at constant T and P. c. Example: A compound was analyzed and found to contain 53.3% C, 11.1% H, and 35.6% O by mass. In another experiment it was found that a 0.503g sample of the gaseous compound occupied a volume of 697 ml at 17 C and 00 Torr pressure. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound. Steps: a. Determine the empirical formula from the analysis data. b. Determine the Molar Mass c. Deduce the molecular formula. 1
2 a. Empirical formula. 53.3g mole of C = 1.0g/mol = 4.44!!!!".0 divide by.5 mole of H = 11.1g 1.0g/mol =11.111! divide!! by!.5 " g mole of O = 16.0g/mol =.5!!!!" 1.0 divide by.5 Empirical formula C H 5 O b. Molar Mass (MM) From ideal gas law: M = grt PV = (0.503)(6.4)(400) = 90 (00)(0.697) EFM = mass of C H 5 O = (1)+5(1)+1(16) = 45 molecular formula is C 4 H 10 O 3. Mixtures of gases-dalton's Law of Partial Pressures. a. The partial pressure of a component, i, of a mixture of gases is P i. P i = n i V RT RT RT P Tot =! P i =! n i = ntot i i V V b. Partial pressure and mole fraction ( X i ) P i P Tot n = i = X n i = Mole fraction of i Tot c. Example: Suppose that a mixture of 0.80 g of He and an unknown amount of O when placed in a 3.0 L container at 500 K exerted a pressure of 3.59 atm. 1) What are the partial pressures of the two gases? n He = 0.80g = 0.0 mol 4.0g/mol atm L (0.0 mol)( mol P He = K)( 500K) 3.0 L = 3.59 atm.74 atm = 0.85 atm P O ) What is the mass of O present? =.74 atm n O = P O!n O = P O 0.85 atm n He = (0.0mol) = 0.06 mol n He P He P He.74 atm g O = (0.06mol)(3 g mol) = 1.99 g
3 4. Gas behavior and the ideal gas law can be understood using the Kinetic Molecular Theory. This is one of the most frequently used theories in Chemistry II. Kinetic Molecular Theory as Applied to Ideal Gases. A. Postulates for ideal gases. 1. Gases are composed of tiny particles ( molecules or atoms ) in constant, random, straight-line motion. On the average the particles are so far apart that the actual volumes of the particles themselves are negligible compared to the total gas volume. a. Although for real gases this assumption is not exactly correct, it is not an unreasonable assumption at moderate temperatures and pressures. For example, at STP the volume of He gas is about 99.91% empty space. b. At high pressures the assumption of point masses (zero volume for the particles) will not be valid and deviations will be expected. c. Random motion means that the gas molecules have equal probability of moving in any direction. The phenomenon of pressure is due to the bombardment of gas particles with the sides of the container. For a small contained volume of a gas, the pressure should be independent of where the pressure gauge is located ( that is, either the top or the bottom of the container ). Although this is true for small samples of a gas, gases are effected by gravity. Our gaseous atmosphere is held to the earth by gravitational attraction.. For ideal gases no forces of attraction exists between the gas particles. Because of the constant random motion, collisions will occur between the gas particles themselves and also with the sides of the container. The collisions are elastic collisions and will be totally governed by chance. a. In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of the two particles before collision is equal to the total kinetic energy after collision. There can be a transfer of kinetic energy between the two particles, but the totals before and after collision must be the same. b. In an elastic collision with the sides of the container, the speed of the gas particle before and after collision must be the same. 3. The average kinetic energy per mole of a gas (KE) is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas measured in Kelvin. It can be shown that KE = 3/RT a. For a collection of gas molecules, KE = 1 Mµ = 3 RT where M = the molar mass of the gas in kg / mol, µ = the average of the square of the speed in m / s and KE = the average kinetic energy per mole in Joules. b. At a temperature of 0 K, the average kinetic energy is zero. Since it is not possible to have negative kinetic energies, the temperature can never be lower than 0 K; this 3
4 is absolute zero. c. Because of collisions, an individual molecule is continually changing its kinetic energy, yet the average kinetic energy per mole changes only with temperature. This means that at a particular temperature there is a fixed distribution of kinetic energies and the only way to change that distribution is to change the temperature. B. Distribution of kinetic energies. (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution) 1. The distribution can be seen by plotting the fraction of molecules having a particular kinetic energy vs. kinetic energy. The general shape of the curve is given below KE mp Fraction KE KE, kj a. In the plot, the most probable value of the kinetic energy is KE mp. Note that the distribution is not symmetric about KE mp but is skewed towards the high kinetic energy end. b. The average kinetic energy, KE, is the value of the kinetic energy such that half the molecules will have kinetic energies greater than this value and half will have values less than it (the area under the curve to the left of KE is equal to the area to the right). c. Because of the shape of the distribution, KE is always greater than KE mp.. As the temperature changes, the distribution will change. When the temperature increases, the following changes take place. a. The distribution shifts towards much higher kinetic energies so that a larger fraction of molecules will have extremely high kinetic energies. b. The distribution will tend to flatten out. 4
5 c. The curves below show these changes for temperatures of 500 K and 1000 K K Fract K Fract. Fraction KE, kj 3. The fraction of molecules having extremely high kinetic energies increases as the temperature increases. This causes the average kinetic energy per mole (KE) to increase such that KE T. Note that if the temperature in K were doubled, the kinetic energy of each particle would not double. The distribution would shift such that KE would be twice as large as before. C. Gas Dynamics. 1. Average Speed. KE = 1 Mµ = 3 RT! µ = RMS speed = 3RT M a. The letters RMS stands for Root-Mean-Square, that is, the square root of the average value of the square of a quantity. In cases where there are a number of molecules having different speeds there are several ways to express the "average" speed. 1) Suppose we have two molecules, one having a speed of 4m/s and the other having a speed of 6m/s. The mean speed µ = 4 +6 m/s = 5m/s. The square of this average µ = 5 m s. The average of the square of the speed = µ = = m = 6 s 5
6 The RMS speed = µ = 6 m s = 5.1 m/s ) Note that the two "average" speeds are slightly different. The RMS speed is the larger of the two. b. Examples. 1) Calculate the average kinetic energy per mole and the RMS speed of O at 500 C. KE = 3/RT = 3/(8.314 J/mol K)(773 K) = 9640 J/mol RMS speed = 3RT = M Kg m /s 773 K mol K 3x10-3 Kg/mol = 6.05x10 5 m /s RMS speed = 7.76x10 m/s Note that the molar mass must be expressed in the SI Unit of kg/mol. ) Calculate the same quantities for H at 500 C. KE = 9640 J/mol = KE of O at 500 C RMS speed = 3RT = M Kg m /s K mol K.0x10-3 Kg/mol = 9.64x10 6 m /s = 3.1x10 3 m/s 3) Note that RMS speed H = RMS speed O 3.1x10 3 m/s 1/x10-3 = 4.00 = 1/3x10-3 = 7.76x10 m/s 3 = 16 = 4 This is an example of Graham's Law of Diffusion ( or Effusion). Diffusion = motion of gas through space Effusion = escape of gas to a vacuum through a small opening Graham's law = relative rates of effusion ( or diffusion ) of two gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses. rate 1 = speed rate speed 1 = 3RT/M 1 = M III. Real Gases. A. Compressibility of real gases. 3RT/M M 1 6
7 1. Compressibility factor, Z = PV nrt = PV RT. a. For an ideal gas, Z = under all conditions. b. Can use experimental plots of Z vs. P at constant T to investigate the P-V-T-n relationships of real gases.. Plot of Z vs. P for some gases. H CO Z 1 ideal gas P, atm Only at very low pressures will Z = 1. At higher pressures, Z will deviate from ideal behavior. We must consider the interactions that lead to positive deviations (Z greater than 1) and negative deviations (Z less than 1) in terms of the Kinetic Molecular Theory. 3. Positive Deviations (Z > 1) a. At sufficiently high pressures all gases will show positive deviations. b. Due to the fact that real molecules have finite, nonzero volumes and there is a limit to how much a gas can be compressed. The total volume, V, can be thought of as being composed of a free volume, V f, which is the compressible volume and an excluded volume, V ex, which is incompressible. The free volume is the one that should be used in the gas equation. V f = V - V ex c. The excluded volume should be proportional to the number of moles of gas, n V ex n or V ex = bn where b is the proportionality constant. Therefore a better equation would be of the form 4. Negative deviations (Z<1). P(V - nb) = nrt. a. Is large for polar molecules and increases as the temperature decreases. 7
8 b. Due to attractive forces that exist between molecules. 1) These forces should tend to make the pressure of a real gas less than that of an ideal gas. ) Therefore, must add a correction to the pressure. Since the effect of these attractive forces will be greatest during a collision when the molecules are close together, the correction should be proportional to the collisions per second between gas molecules. It can be shown that this is proportional to the square of the concentration of gas molecules. Therefore, pressure correction (n/v) or = an /V. Where a is a constant that reflects the attractive forces that exist between gas molecules. 5. Van der Waals Equation. a. A better equation of state for a gas is (P + an )(V - nb) = nrt V b. This is called the van der Waals equation. The constants a and b will differ for each gas. They can be determined experimentally by careful P-V-n-T measurements. c. There are a large number of other equations of state for gases. Each one attempts to correct for the nonzero volumes of gas molecules (repulsion forces between gases) and forces of attraction. 6.There are a large number of equations relating P, V and T for real gases. They all attempt to correct for the nonzero volume of real gases and lone range attraction between gases. The nature of these forces will be discussed later. 8
9 Problems on Gases (See problems 1 18 in the Moles and Stoichiometry Unit) 1. Suppose a particular sample of a gas occupied a volume of 500 ml at 17 C and 800 torr. a) For this gas sample, calculate 1) the volume at 4 C and 700 torr. ) the pressure that would be exerted by the gas if the volume were 300 ml at a temperature of 0 C. 3) the temperature of the gas if its pressure were 900 torr at a volume of 800 ml. 4) the volume at STP. b) If the gas had a molar mass of 30 g, what would be its density, in g/liter at STP? What would be its density, in g/liter, at 17 C and 800 torr pressure?. Consider the following gases H He CO Ne CO C H 6 under similar conditions of temperature and pressure: a) Which gas would have the highest density? b) Which gas would have the lowest density? c) Which gas would have the slowest rate of diffusion? d) Which gas would have the highest average speed? e) Compare the average kinetic energies per mole of the different gases. 3. Hydrogen reacts with PbO to give Pb and H O. What volume of H, measured at 8 C and 1.05 atm pressure, would be required to produce 8.00 g of Pb by this reaction? 4. When.0 g of He (g) and an unknown amount of H (g) are placed in a 30.8 liter container at 7 C, the total pressure is 1. atm. a) Calculate the partial pressure of He. b) Calculate the number of grams of H present. 5. A 4.68 liter box contains 0.96 g of O and 0.63 g of N at 100 C. Calculate the total pressure. N and O are both gases under the above conditions g of a gas collected over water at 7 C and a total pressure of 747 torr occupies a volume of 500 ml. On analysis the substance is found to contain 7.7 % H and 9.3 % C by weight. What is the molecular formula of the substance? 9
10 7. The RMS speed of gaseous He is found to be 00 m/s. At what temperature must the He be? 8. Under equivalent conditions the rate or diffusion of a gaseous substance is 1.41 times as fast as that of O. The substance contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. What is the molecular formula of the substance? 9. A cubical box 100 cm on an edge contains 0.30 g of the gas C H 6 at 17 C. a) How many molecules of gas are in the box? b) What is the pressure in the box? c) Calculate the RMS speed of the molecules in the box. 10. Write van der Waals equation for n moles of a real gas. For what does the van der Waals equation attempt to correct? 11. How does the ease of liquefaction of a real gas vary with the value of van der Waals constant"a"? 1. Consider a 3.5 mole sample of the gas CH 4 at 700 C. a. Calculate the average kinetic energy per mole of the gas. b. Calculate the RMS speed of the gas. c. At what temperature would the gas C H 6 have the same average kinetic energy per mole? d. At what temperature would the C H 6 have the same RMS speed as the CH 4? 13. A compound was analyzed and found to contain 9.3% C and 7.7% H by mass. In another experiment it was found that this gas had about the same rate of diffusion as did N under equivalent conditions. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound 10
11 Answers 1. a. 1) 44 ml, ) 1643 torr; 3) 447 C, 4) 359 ml b g/l; 0.96 g/l. a) CO b) H c) CO d) H e) all the same L 4. a atm b) pressure of H = 0.80 atm,.0 g of H torr 6. C 8 H K 8. CH 4 9. a) 6.0x10 1 b) moles = 1.0x10 - pressure = 50 torr c) 577 m/s 10. See Notes 11. increases as a increases 1. a) 1.1x10 4 m/s b) 1.3x10 3 m/s. c) 700 C d) 184 K 13. C H 11
Gas Laws. Gas Properties. Gas Properties. Gas Properties Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory Pressure Gas Laws
Gas Laws Gas Properties Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory Pressure Gas Laws Gas Properties 1) Gases have mass - the density of the gas is very low in comparison to solids and liquids, which make it
More informationGases: Their Properties & Behavior. Chapter 09 Slide 1
9 Gases: Their Properties & Behavior Chapter 09 Slide 1 Gas Pressure 01 Chapter 09 Slide 2 Gas Pressure 02 Units of pressure: atmosphere (atm) Pa (N/m 2, 101,325 Pa = 1 atm) Torr (760 Torr = 1 atm) bar
More informationGases and Kinetic Molecular Theory
1 Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory 1 CHAPTER GOALS 1. Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases. Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases 3. Pressure 4. Boyle s Law: The Volume-Pressure
More informationExample Problems: 1.) What is the partial pressure of: Total moles = 13.2 moles 5.0 mol A 7.0 mol B 1.2 mol C Total Pressure = 3.
5.6 Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures Dalton s Law of Partial Pressure; The total pressure of a gas is the sum of all its parts. P total = P 1 + P + P 3 + P n Pressures are directly related to moles: n
More informationGases. Characteristics of Gases. Unlike liquids and solids, gases
Gases Characteristics of Gases Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to fill their containers; are highly compressible; have extremely low densities. 1 Pressure Pressure is the amount of force applied
More informationPart One: The Gas Laws. gases (low density, easy to compress)
CHAPTER FIVE: THE GASEOUS STATE Part One: The Gas Laws A. Introduction. 1. Comparison of three states of matter: fluids (flow freely) solids condensed states liquids (high density, hard to compress) gases
More informationThis should serve a s a study guide as you go on to do the problems in Sapling and take the quizzes and exams.
CHM 111 Chapter 9 Worksheet and Study Guide Purpose: This is a guide for your as you work through the chapter. The major topics are provided so that you can write notes on each topic and work the corresponding
More informationChapter 11 Gases 1 Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009
Chapter 11 Gases Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009 1 11.1 Properties of Gases The properties of a gas are almost independent of its identity. (Gas molecules behave as if no other molecules are present.) Compressible
More informationGases. A gas. Difference between gas and vapor: Why Study Gases?
Gases Chapter 5 Gases A gas Uniformly fills any container. Is easily compressed. Mixes completely with any other gas. Exerts pressure on its surroundings. Difference between gas and vapor: A gas is a substance
More informationAP Chemistry Ch 5 Gases
AP Chemistry Ch 5 Gases Barometer - invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643; uses the height of a column of mercury to measure gas pressure (especially atmospheric) Manometer- a device for measuring
More informationThe Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases kinetic-molecular theory of gases Originated with Ludwig Boltzman and James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century Explains gas behavior on the basis of the motion of individual
More informationThe Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases kinetic-molecular theory of gases Originated with Ludwig Boltzman and James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century Explains gas behavior on the basis of the motion of individual
More informationChapter Elements That Exist as Gases at 25 C, 1 atm. 5.2 Pressure basic physics. Gas Properties
5.1 Elements That Exist as Gases at 25 C, 1 atm Chapter 5 The Gaseous State YOU READ AND BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS SECTION! Gaseous compounds include CH 4, NO, NO 2, H 2 S, NH 3, HCl, etc. Gas Properties
More informationComparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
CHAPTER 8 GASES Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases The density of gases is much less than that of solids or liquids. Densities (g/ml) Solid Liquid Gas H O 0.97 0.998 0.000588 CCl 4.70.59 0.00503
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 10. Gases. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 10 James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Characteristics of Physical properties of gases are all similar. Composed mainly of nonmetallic elements with simple formulas
More informationAlthough different gasses may differ widely in their chemical properties, they share many physical properties
IV. Gases (text Chapter 9) A. Overview of Chapter 9 B. Properties of gases 1. Ideal gas law 2. Dalton s law of partial pressures, etc. C. Kinetic Theory 1. Particulate model of gases. 2. Temperature and
More informationGases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gases and the Kinetic olecular Theory Importance in atmospheric phenomena, gas phase reactions, combustion engines, etc. 5.1 The hysical States of atter The condensed states liquid and solid The gaseous
More informationChapter 10. Gases. The Gas Laws
Page 1 of 12 10.1 Characteristics of Gases. Chapter 10. Gases. All substances have three phases; solid, liquid and gas. Substances that are liquids or solids under ordinary conditions may also exist as
More informationChapter 10. Gases THREE STATES OF MATTER. Chapter 10 Problems 6/29/2012. Problems 16, 19, 26, 33, 39,49, 57, 61
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 10 John Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Chapter 10 Problems Problems
More informationGases. Chapter 5. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gases Chapter 5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Elements that exist as gases at 25 0 C and 1 atmosphere 2 3 Physical Characteristics of Gases
More informationAP Chemistry Unit 5 - Gases
Common Gases at Room Temperature AP Chemistry Unit 5 - Gases Know these! HCN toxic slight odor of almonds HS toxic odor of rotten eggs CO toxic odorless CO odorless CH4 methane odorless, flammable CH4
More informationC H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 5 GASES INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH
C H E M 1 CHEM 101-GENERAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 5 GASES 0 1 INSTR : FİLİZ ALSHANABLEH CHAPTER 5 GASES Properties of Gases Pressure History and Application of the Gas Laws Partial Pressure Stoichiometry of
More informationB 2, C 2, N 2. O 2, F 2, Ne 2. Energy order of the p 2p and s 2p orbitals changes across the period.
Chapter 11 Gases Energy order of the p p and s p orbitals changes across the period. Due to lower nuclear charge of B, C & N there is no s-p orbitals interaction Due to high nuclear charge of O, F& Ne
More informationChapter 5 The Gaseous State
Chapter 5 The Gaseous State Contents and Concepts Gas Laws We will investigate the quantitative relationships that describe the behavior of gases. 1. Gas Pressure and Its Measurement 2. Empirical Gas Laws
More informationCHAPTER 12 GASES AND KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY
. Pressure CHAPER GASES AND KINEIC-MOLECULAR HEORY. Boyle s Law: he -P Relationship 3. Charles Law: he - Relationship 4. Standard &P 5. he Combined Gas Law Equation 6. Avogadro s Law and the Standard Molar
More informationA Gas Uniformly fills any container. Easily compressed. Mixes completely with any other gas. Exerts pressure on its surroundings.
Chapter 5 Gases Chapter 5 A Gas Uniformly fills any container. Easily compressed. Mixes completely with any other gas. Exerts pressure on its surroundings. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved
More informationGases and Kinetic Theory
Gases and Kinetic Theory Chemistry 35 Fall 2000 Gases One of the four states of matter Simplest to understand both physically and chemically Gas Properties Low density Fluid Can be defined by their: 1.
More informationThe Gaseous State of Matter
The Gaseous State of Matter Chapter 12 Hein and Arena Version 1.1 Dr. Eugene Passer Chemistry Department Bronx Community 1 College John Wiley and Company The Kinetic- Molecular Theory 2 The Kinetic-Molecular
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 10. Gases. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education
Lecture Presentation Chapter 10 2015 Pearson Education James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Characteristics of Physical properties of gases are all similar. Composed mainly of nonmetallic elements
More informationvapors: gases of substances that are normally liquids or solids 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = kpa = bar
Gases A Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: Basics on Gases composition of the atmosphere: properties of gases: vapors: gases of substances that are normally liquids or solids Equation for pressure: 1 atm
More informationWhy study gases? A Gas 10/17/2017. An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works.
Kinetic Theory and the Behavior of Ideal & Real Gases Why study gases? n understanding of real world phenomena. n understanding of how science works. Gas Uniformly fills any container. Mixes completely
More informationGases Over View. Schweitzer
Gases Over View Schweitzer Collision theory Describing Ideal gases Particles are very far apart relative to their size. Particles are traveling very fast Particles are traveling in straight lines Collisions
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 10. Gases. John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 10 John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Characteristics of Unlike liquids and solids, gases Expand to fill their containers. Are highly compressible.
More informationChapter 10 Gases. Measurement of pressure: Barometer Manometer Units. Relationship of pressure and volume (Boyle s Law)
Chapter 10 Gases Conditions of ideal gases: Ideal gases have no attractive forces between the molecules. the atoms volume taken into account when looking at the volume a gas occupies. Low pressure and
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change. Chapter 13: Gases
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Chapter 13: Gases CHAPTER 13 Table Of Contents Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3 The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding
More informationChapter 6: The States of Matter
Spencer L. Seager Michael R. Slabaugh www.cengage.com/chemistry/seager Chapter 6: The States of Matter PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER All three states of matter have certain properties that help distinguish
More informationExercises. Pressure. CHAPTER 5 GASES Assigned Problems
For Review 7. a. At constant temperature, the average kinetic energy of the He gas sample will equal the average kinetic energy of the Cl 2 gas sample. In order for the average kinetic energies to be the
More informationEngr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico Chemical Engineering Department
GASEOUS STATE Engr. Yvonne Ligaya F. Musico Chemical Engineering Department TOPICS Objective Properties of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Gas Laws OBJECTIVES Determine how volume, pressure and
More information9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
502 Chapter 9 Gases Figure 9.30 In a diffuser, gaseous UF 6 is pumped through a porous barrier, which partially separates 235 UF 6 from 238 UF 6 The UF 6 must pass through many large diffuser units to
More informationGases. Which elements exist as gases at ordinary temperature and pressure? Gases: Have simple molecular formulas. Chapter 10 part 1: Ideal Gases
Chapter 10 part 1: Ideal Gases Read: BLB 10.1 5 HW: BLB 10.2,19a,b, 23, 26, 30, 39, 41, 45, 49 Sup 10:1 6 Know: What is pressure? Gases Which elements exist as gases at ordinary temperature and pressure?
More informationLecture 3. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Lecture 3. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases THE IDEAL GAS LAW: A purely empirical law solely the consequence of experimental observations Explains the behavior of gases over a limited range of conditions
More information= mol NO 2 1 mol Cu Now we use the ideal gas law: atm V = mol L atm/mol K 304 K
CHEM 101A ARMSTRONG SOLUTIONS TO TOPIC C PROBLEMS 1) This problem is a straightforward application of the combined gas law. In this case, the temperature remains the same, so we can eliminate it from the
More informationChapter 10 Gases Characteristics of Gases Elements that exist as gases: Noble gases, O 2, N 2,H 2, F 2 and Cl 2. (For compounds see table 10.
Chapter 10 Gases 10.1 Characteristics of Gases Elements that exist as gases: Noble gases, O 2, N 2,H 2, F 2 and Cl 2. (For compounds see table 10.1) Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to fill their
More informationStandard T & P (STP) At STP, 1 mol of any ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. The standard temperature and pressure for gases is:
Standard T & P (STP) The standard temperature and pressure for gases is: At STP, 1 mol of any ideal gas occupies 22.4 L T = 273 K (0 o C) P = 1 atm = 101.325 kpa = 1.01325 bar 22.4 L Using STP in problems
More informationChapter 13. Kinetic Theory (Kinetikos- Moving ) Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion
Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory (Kinetikos- Moving ) Based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion The motion has consequences Behavior of Gases Physical Properties of Gases Ideal Gas an imaginary
More information10/16/2018. Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works.
10/16/018 Kinetic Theory and the Behavior of Ideal & Real Gases Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works. 1 10/16/018 A Gas Uniformly fills any container.
More informationChapter 10 Notes: Gases
Chapter 10 Notes: Gases Watch Bozeman Videos & other videos on my website for additional help: Big Idea 2: Gases 10.1 Characteristics of Gases Read p. 398-401. Answer the Study Guide questions 1. Earth
More informationChapter Ten- Gases. STUDY GUIDE AP Chemistry
STUDY GUIDE AP Chemistry Chapter Ten- Gases Lecture Notes 10.1 Characteristics of Gases All substances have three phases: solid, liquid and gas. Substances that are liquids or solids under ordinary conditions
More informationChapter 5. The Gas Laws
Chapter 5 The Gas Laws 1 Pressure Force per unit area. Gas molecules fill container. Molecules move around and hit sides. Collisions are the force. Container has the area. Measured with a barometer. 2
More informationExam 1. Remember to refer to the Periodic Table handout that is separate from this exam copy.
001 version last name first name signature McCord CH301 unique: 49885 TTh 9:30 am - 11 am Exam 1 Sep 17, 2018 Monday 7:30-9:00 PM A - Mi in BUR 106 Mo - Z in JES A121A Remember to refer to the Periodic
More informationMixture of gases. Mix 5 moles of CO 2 V = 40L 2 moles of N 2 T = 0 C 1 mole of Cl 2 What is P? Mary J. Bojan Chem 110
Mixture of gases Mix 5 moles of CO 2 V = 40L 2 moles of N 2 T = 0 C 1 mole of Cl 2 What is P? 1 Partial Pressure Partial pressure: the pressure a gas would have if it was the only gas in the container.
More informationChapter 10. Gases. Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 10 John Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice Hall, Inc.
More informationChemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten. Chapter 10. Gases.
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 10 Characteristics of Unlike liquids and solids, they Expand to fill their containers.
More informationChapter 5 The Gaseous State
Chapter 5 The Gaseous State Contents and Concepts Gas Laws We will investigate the quantitative relationships that describe the behavior of gases. 1. Gas Pressure and Its Measurement 2. Empirical Gas Laws
More informationUNIT 10.
UNIT 10 Pressure: F/A http://chemlab.truman.edu/chem130labs/calorimetryfiles/thermobackground.asp There are four variable needed to define the physical state of a gas. They are: o Temperature o Pressure
More informationUnit Outline. I. Introduction II. Gas Pressure III. Gas Laws IV. Gas Law Problems V. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases VI.
Unit 10: Gases Unit Outline I. Introduction II. Gas Pressure III. Gas Laws IV. Gas Law Problems V. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases VI. Real Gases I. Opening thoughts Have you ever: Seen a hot air balloon?
More informationChapter 11. Molecular Composition of Gases
Chapter 11 Molecular Composition of Gases PART 1 Volume-Mass Relationships of Gases Avogadro s Law Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Recall
More informationChapter 5 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Chapter 5 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Name (Formula) Methane (CH 4 ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) Origin and Use natural deposits; domestic fuel from N
More informationChapter 5 Gases. A Gas- Uniformly fills any container Mixes completely with any other gas Can easily be compressed Exerts pressure on its surroundings
Chapter 5 Gases A Gas- Uniformly fills any container Mixes completely with any other gas Can easily be compressed Exerts pressure on its surroundings The properties of a gas depends upon four variables-
More information1. What is the value of the quantity PV for one mole of an ideal gas at 25.0 C and one atm?
Real Gases Thought Question: How does the volume of one mole of methane gas (CH4) at 300 Torr and 298 K compare to the volume of one mole of an ideal gas at 300 Torr and 298 K? a) the volume of methane
More informationGases. Section 13.1 The Gas Laws Section 13.2 The Ideal Gas Law Section 13.3 Gas Stoichiometry
Gases Section 13.1 The Gas Laws Section 13.2 The Ideal Gas Law Section 13.3 Gas Stoichiometry Click a hyperlink or folder tab to view the corresponding slides. Exit Section 13.1 The Gas Laws State the
More informationGases. Chapter 5. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gases Chapter 5 1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere 2 3 Physical Characteristics of Gases
More informationkpa = 760 mm Hg? mm Hg P = kpa
Chapter : Gasses. The atmospheric pressure of 768. mm Hg. Expressed in kilopascals (kpa) what would the value be the pressure? ( atm = 035 Pa = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg) a. 778.4 kpa b. 0.4 kpa c. 00.3 kpa
More informationChemistry 11. Unit 11 Ideal Gas Law (Special Topic)
Chemistry 11 Unit 11 Ideal Gas Law (Special Topic) 2 1. States of substances It has been studied in Unit 3 that there exist 3 states of matter in nature: gas, liquid and solid. (Technically there is the
More informationGases! n Properties! n Kinetic Molecular Theory! n Variables! n The Atmosphere! n Gas Laws!
Gases n Properties n Kinetic Molecular Theory n Variables n The Atmosphere n Gas Laws Properties of a Gas n No definite shape or volume n Gases expand to fill any container n Thus they take the shape of
More informationPreparation of the standard solution. Exp 5: Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company.All
Preparation of the standard solution Exp 5: Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company.All 1 1 Mass of KHP: 5.2 5.5 g Volume of volumetric flask: 250.0 cm Molarity of standard (KHP) solution: M = n/v Copyright
More information10/15/2015. Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works.
0/5/05 Kinetic Theory and the Behavior of Ideal & Real Gases Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works. 0/5/05 A Gas fills any container. completely
More informationChapter 10. Chapter 10 Gases
Chapter 10 Gases Earth is surrounded by a layer of gaseous molecules - the atmosphere - extending out to about 50 km. 10.1 Characteristics of Gases Gases low density; compressible volume and shape of container
More informationCHEM 101A EXAM 1 SOLUTIONS TO VERSION 1
CHEM 101A EXAM 1 SOLUTIONS TO VERSION 1 Multiple-choice questions (3 points each): Write the letter of the best answer on the line beside the question. Give only one answer for each question. B 1) If 0.1
More informationWarning!! Chapter 5 Gases. Chapter Objectives. Chapter Objectives. Chapter Objectives. Air Pollution
Warning!! Larry Brown Tom Holme www.cengage.com/chemistry/brown Chapter 5 Gases These slides contains visual aids for learning BUT they are NOT the actual lecture notes! Failure to attend to lectures most
More informationGeneral Properties of Gases
Page III-9-1 / Chapter Nine Lecture Notes Gases and Their Properties Chapter 9 Importance of Gases Chemistry 222 Professor Michael Russell Airbags fill with N 2 gas in an accident. Gas is generated by
More information(Type of intermolecular force) dipole interaction
Q. Match column-i with column-ii No. Column A (Pair of molecules) Column B (Type of intermolecular force) Two molecules of Hydrogen bonding HCI Two propane Dipole induced molecules dipole interaction 3
More informationD g << D R < D s. Chapter 10 Gases & Kinetic Molecular Theory. I) Gases, Liquids, Solids Gases Liquids Solids. Particles far apart
Chapter 10 Gases & Kinetic Molecular Theory I) Gases, Liquids, Solids Gases Liquids Solids Particles far apart Particles touching Particles closely packed very compressible slightly comp. Incomp. D g
More informationGas Density. Standard T & P (STP) 10/29/2011. At STP, 1 mol of any ideal gas occupies 22.4 L. T = 273 K (0 o C) P = 1 atm = kpa = 1.
Standard T & P (STP) T = 73 K (0 o C) P = 1 atm = 101.35 kpa = 1.0135 bar At STP, 1 mol of any ideal gas occupies.4 L.4 L Gas Density We can use PV = nrt to determine the density of gases. What are the
More informationQuick Review 1. Properties of gases. 2. Methods of measuring pressure of gases. 3. Boyle s Law, Charles Law, Avogadro s Law. 4. Ideal gas law.
Quick Review 1. Properties of gases. 2. Methods of measuring pressure of gases. 3. Boyle s Law, Charles Law, Avogadro s Law. 4. Ideal gas law. 5. Dalton s law of partial pressures. Kinetic Molecular Theory
More informationGases. Chapter 5. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gases Chapter 5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Elements that exist as gases at 25 0 C and 1 atmosphere 2 3 Physical Characteristics of Gases
More informationTest Bank for Chemistry 9th Edition by Zumdahl
Test Bank for Chemistry 9th Edition by Zumdahl 1. Gases generally have A) low density B) high density C) closely packed particles D) no increase in volume when temperature is increased E) no decrease in
More informationGaseous States of Matter
Gaseous States of Matter Semester-1 : ICY-101: CHEMISTRY-I, Unit III Dr. Tapta Kanchan Roy Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry & Chemical Sciences Central University of Jammu 1 The simplest state
More informationdensity (in g/l) = molar mass in grams / molar volume in liters (i.e., 22.4 L)
Unit 9: The Gas Laws 9.5 1. Write the formula for the density of any gas at STP. Name: KEY Text Questions from Corwin density (in g/l) = molar mass in grams / molar volume in liters (i.e., 22.4 L) Ch.
More informationUNIT 5 States of matter I. Questions carrying one mark
UNIT 5 States of matter I. Questions carrying one mark 5. What are van der Waals forces? 5.2 What type of van der Waals force exists between HCl molecules? 5.3 Between which type of molecules does dipole
More informationChapter 10. Gases. Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 10 John Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Characteristics of Unlike
More informationChapter 10. Gases. Characteristics of Gases. Units of Pressure. Pressure. Manometer. Units of Pressure 27/07/2014 P = F A
7/07/014 Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Characteristics of Chapter 10 Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to fill their containers;
More informationKINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES 1) Gases are highly compressible An external force compresses the gas sample and decreases its volume, removing the external force allows the
More informationGases. Chapter 5. Elements that exist as gases at 25 0 C and 1 atmosphere
Gases Chapter 5 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Elements that exist as gases at 25 0 C and 1 atmosphere 2 3 1 Physical Characteristics of Gases
More information4. 1 mole = 22.4 L at STP mole/volume interconversions at STP
Ch. 10 Gases and the Ideal Gas Law(s) Chem 210 Jasperse Ch. 10 Handouts 1 10.1 The Atmosphere 1. Earth surrounded by gas 2. Major components: Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Miscellaneous: All
More informationCHEMISTRY XL-14A GASES. August 6, 2011 Robert Iafe
CHEMISTRY XL-14A GASES August 6, 2011 Robert Iafe Chemistry in the News 2 Polymer nicotine trap is composed of a porphyrin derivative (black), in which amide pincers (green) are attached to the zinc (violet)
More informationImportance of Gases Airbags fill with N gas in an accident. Gas is generated by the decomposition of sodium azide, NaN.
Gas Laws Importance of Gases Airbags fill with N 2 gas in an accident. Gas is generated by the decomposition of sodium azide, NaN 3. 2 NaN 3 (s) 2 Na (s) + 3 N 2 (g) 2 Importance of Gases C 6 H 12 O 6
More informationGases. Measuring Temperature Fahrenheit ( o F): Exceptions to the Ideal Gas Law. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Ideal gas: a gas in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic (no energy lost) there are no intermolecular attractive forces Think of an ideal gas as a collection of perfectly
More informationSection Using Gas Laws to Solve Problems
Gases and Gas Laws Section 13.2 Using Gas Laws to Solve Problems Kinetic Molecular Theory Particles of matter are ALWAYS in motion Volume of individual particles is zero. Consists of large number of particles
More informationVideos 1. Crash course Partial pressures: YuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr 2. Crash couse Effusion/Diffusion:
Videos 1. Crash course Partial pressures: https://youtu.be/jbqtqcunyza?list=pl8dpuualjxtphzz YuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr 2. Crash couse Effusion/Diffusion: https://youtu.be/tlrzafu_9kg?list=pl8dpuualjxtph zzyuwy6fyeax9mqq8ogr
More informationChapter 5. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Chapter 5 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory Macroscopic vs. Microscopic Representation Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 1. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions. Collisions among
More informationChapter 10 Gases. Dr. Ayman Nafady. Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E.
Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 10 Gases Dr. Ayman Nafady 2009, Prentice-Hall, 10.1. Characteristics of Gases Unlike liquids
More informationChapter 5. The Properties of Gases. Gases and Their Properties. Why Study Gases? Gas Pressure. some very common elements exist in a gaseous state
Chapter 5 Gases and Their Properties Why Study Gases? some very common elements exist in a gaseous state our gaseous atmosphere provides one means of transferring energy and material throughout the globe
More informationPressure. Pressure Units. Molecular Speed and Energy. Molecular Speed and Energy
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Pressure Pressure is measured with a device called a barometer. A mercury barometer uses the weight of a column of Hg to determine the pressure of gas pushing
More informationChapter 6 The States of Matter. Examples of Physical Properties of Three States of Matter
Chapter 6 The States of Matter Examples of Physical Properties of Three States of Matter 1 Three States of Matter Solids: Fixed shape, fixed volume, particles are held rigidly in place. Liquids: Variable
More informationApparatus for Studying the Relationship Between Pressure and Volume of a Gas
The Gas Laws Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between Pressure and Volume of a Gas As P (h) increases V decreases Boyle s Law P x V = constant P 1 x V 1 = P 2 x V 2 Constant temperature Constant
More informationProperties of Gases. Properties of Gases. Pressure. Three phases of matter. Definite shape and volume. solid. Definite volume, shape of container
Properties of Gases Properties of Gases Three phases of matter solid Definite shape and volume liquid Definite volume, shape of container gas Shape and volume of container Properties of Gases A gas is
More informationCHAPTER III: Kinetic Theory of Gases [5%]
CHAPTER III: Kinetic Theory of Gases [5%] Introduction The kinetic theory of gases (also known as kinetic-molecular theory) is a law that explains the behavior of a hypothetical ideal gas. According to
More informationChapter 5 Gases. Chapter 5: Phenomena. Properties of Gases. Properties of Gases. Pressure. Pressure
Chapter 5: Phenomena Phenomena: To determine the properties of gases scientists recorded various observations/measurements about different gases. Analyze the table below looking for patterns between the
More informationChapter 5: Phenomena. Chapter 5: Gases. Molar Mass. Volume (L) Amount (mol) Pressure (atm) Temperature ( C) Odor
Chapter 5: Phenomena Phenomena: To determine the properties of gases scientists recorded various observations/measurements about different gases. Analyze the table below looking for patterns between the
More information