Diagnostic Systems for High Brightness Electron Injectors
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1 Diagnostic Systems for High Brightness Electron Injectors Henrik Loos 48 th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources SLAC Henrik Loos
2 LCLS Injector Injector Diagnostics Characterize high brightness low energy electron beam generated by RF gun Characterize parameters of mid range energy electron beam prior to bunch compression 2 2 Henrik Loos
3 Outline Gun Beam Diagnostics Cathode imaging Spectrometer Longitudinal phase space Emittance Injector Beam Diagnostics Transverse beam profile Temporal profile Slice emittance Longitudinal phase space Coherence diagnostics limits 3 3 Henrik Loos
4 LCLS OTR/YAG Diagnostics Common design 100um YAG crystal 1um OTR foil (Al) Fixed magnification ~10 20 mm FOV 10 um resolution (OTR) CCD Camera Mega pixel 12 bit Insertable filters Actuator Screen Optics Box 4 4 Henrik Loos
5 Profile Monitor YAGS:IN20: Jun :38:30 Gun Emission Imaging 5 y (mm) 0-5 Daily cathode imaging check with Automated routine Profile Monitor YAGS:IN20: Nov :12: x (mm) High resolution of quantum efficiency structure on cathode Extreme example after Laser Cleaning Few pc charge Laser spot 2mm iris y (mm) x (mm) 5 5 Henrik Loos
6 Gun Spectrometer Diagnostics nc 31-Jul :39: nc 31-Jul :39:36 Energy (MeV) Q ~ 250 pc Laser Phase (degree) Energy Spread (kev) Laser Phase (degree) y (mm) Profile Monitor YAGS:IN20: Jul :26: x 50 mm YAG crystal x (mm) 6 6 Henrik Loos
7 Longitudinal Phase Space Energy scale from beam in spectrometer Signal from Cherenkov radiator Time scale with streak camera Technique requires light transport to streak camera Dispersion effects need to be considered PITZ Test Facility J. Rönsch, DIPAC Henrik Loos
8 Slit Mask Emittance Measurement Q = 100 pc, 5.6 MeV Low energy beam space charge dominated Quad scan measurement of entire beam not accurate Measure emittance of beamlets Obtain phase space directly SPARC Emittance Meter A. Cianchi, EPAC Henrik Loos
9 Injector Transverse Deflector Cavity RF Cavity Screen e S-band 0.67 m V(t) RF streak σ y V 0 > 1.2 MV f RF = 2856 MHz E S = 130 MeV σ z β d ψ 90 β s σ 2 y k ev 2 2 RF 0 = σ y0 + βd βsσ z sin ψ cosφ Es 2 from 1960 s Map time axis onto transverse coordinate Simple calibration by scan of cavity phase Typical calibration factor ~1 from z y 9 9 Henrik Loos
10 Injector TCAV Bunch Length Transverse deflector provides enough resolution for 10s of slices Beam Size (µm) TCAV bunch length on OTRS:IN20: Jul :18:21 Super σ y = 54.01±13.12 µm σ z = ±8.518 µm cal = ±0.010 µm/µm Q = 250 pc -90 off 90 TCAV Phase (degree) Counts () Counts () x 104 Profile OTRS:IN20: Jul :18:21 Position Super (µm) at Profile 27-Jul :18:21 Super at um rms 60 um rms Profile OTRS:IN20: Jul :18:21 Position Super (µm) at Counts () um rms OTRS:IN20:571 Position (µm) Henrik Loos
11 Injector Longitudinal Phase Space YAGS2 RF deflector ON energy time Laser OFF σ E /E < 12 kev YAGS2 Dec. 10, 2008 YAGS2 Laser heater effect on slice energy spread can be studied Laser: 40 µj σ E /E 45 kev Timing between heater laser & electron beam adjusted Laser: 230 µj σ E /E 120 kev Henrik Loos
12 Low Charge Time Slice Emittance Individual Slice Fit Lower limit on OTR slice emittance ~10pC Q E σ z I γε x = 20 pc = 135 MeV = 400 μm = 5 A = 0.14 μm Norm. Emittance ( µm) Emittance Current Laser Spot Ø 0.6 mm Time (ps) Henrik Loos
13 OTRS:IN20:541 OTRS:IN20:541 Laser Heater Effect on Diagnostics Heater induced microbunching should become energy spread Observe peak at 760 nm in OTR spectrum at first screen after heater chicane Beam replica visible in first order of grating Spectrum not measured on DS screens, but small effect on intensity noticible y (Pixel) x (Pixel) x (Pixel) OTRS:IN20:541 LH off LH < 1uJ LH 37uJ OTR x (Pixel) Henrik Loos
14 COTR Mitigation COTR affects intensity and observed beam size in visible range Effect appears after bend magnet, uncompressed Still present if range limited to nm x Beam Size (µm) Correlation Plot 14-Nov :03:39 OTRS:LI21:291:XRMS Q = 250 pc Dogleg Quad Strength (kg) OTR12 L0 L1X gun L1S wire scanner DL1 BC1 L 135 MeV 250 MeV Henrik Loos
15 YAG Screen Saturation YAG screen not suitable for focused high brightness beam Saturation limits beam size nc 125 um at 250 pc Injector emittance screens have ~ um beam size CCD Counts x Correlation Plot 14-Nov :26:46 YAGS:IN20:921:TMIT Electron density (1/µm 2 ) x Henrik Loos
16 Summary Well established suite of diagnostics available for gun & injector beam parameters Provides projected and time resolved measurements with deflector cavity Semi-invasive wire scanners for routine measurements and as a reference to compare with YAG/OTR screens. YAG screens good for large beam size, saturation effect limits to non-focused beams OTR useful prior to any R56, coherence observed in visible and UV w/o compression Henrik Loos
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