Lecture 2 Flow classifications and continuity

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lecture 2 Flow classifications and continuity"

Transcription

1 Lecture 2 Flow classifications and continuity Dr Tim Gough: t.gough@bradford.ac.uk

2 General information 1 No tutorial week 3 3 rd October 2013 this Thursday. Attempt tutorial based on examples from today s lecture. As per usual, any problems t.gough@bradford.ac.uk On while here: Laboratory classes these are still being allocated. For those allocated in group 2J1 (Civil Eng.) the week 4 laboratory is postponed (tutor in Belfast). Please watch your .

3 General information 2 Is Blackboard working yet? Currently 137 students registered on e vision. If yes, good. If no, then continue to use Please also continue to watch for announcements. Questions?

4 Lecture 1 recap Elastic solids Newtonian fluids Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity

5 Lecture 1 recap Bernoulli P s is static pressure = gh is dynamic pressure Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial to viscous forces in a flow where: is density in kg/m 3 V is velocity in m/s L is a length in m is viscosity in Pa.s

6 Lecture 1 recap For pipe flow only! If Re < 2000 the flow is laminar If 2000 < Re < 4000 the flow is transitional If Re > 4000 the flow is turbulent

7 Fluid Flow

8 Fluid flow The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex. Studies of fluids at rest, or in equilibrium, are simplified by the absence of shear forces within the fluid. When a fluid flows over a surface or other boundary, whether at rest or in motion, the velocity of the fluid in contact with the boundary must be the same as that of the boundary and a velocity gradient is created at right angles to the boundary.

9 Fluid flow The resulting change of velocity from layer to layer of fluid flowing parallel to the boundary gives rise to shear stresses in the fluid. If an individual particle of fluid is coloured, or otherwise rendered visible, it will describe a pathline. A pathline is the trace showing the position of the particle at successive intervals of time from a given point. If instead of colouring an individual particle, the flow pattern is made visible by injecting a stream of dye (liquid) or smoke (gas) the result will be a streakline (or filament line) which gives an instantaneous picture of the positions of all particles that have passed through the point at which the dye (or smoke) was injected. Since the flow may change with time a pathline and a streakline need not be the same.

10 Fluid flow When choosing a dye or other tracer it is clearly very important to match the density and other physical properties as closely as possible to the carrier fluid (isokinetic). Streamlines are curves that are everywhere tangential to the velocity vector.

11 Streaklines

12 Streaklines Flow around an aerofoil very low velocity

13 Uniform and steady flows

14 Uniform and steady flows Conditions in a body of fluid can vary from point to point and, at any given point, can vary from one moment of time to the next. Flow is described as uniform if the velocity at a given instant is the same in magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid. If, at a given instant, the velocity changes from point to point, the flow is described as non uniform. A steady flow is one in which the velocity, pressure and cross section of the stream may vary from point to point but do not vary with time. If, at any given point, conditions do change with time, the flow is described as unsteady.

15 Four possible types of flow 1. Steady uniform flow Conditions do not change with position or time. The velocity and cross sectional area of the stream of fluid are the same at each cross section. Pipe flow could be laminar or turbulent

16 Four possible types of flow 2. Steady non uniform flow Conditions change from point to point but not with time. The velocity and cross sectional area of the stream may vary from crosssection to cross section but, for each cross section, they will not vary with time. Flow through tapering pipe

17 Four possible types of flow 3. Unsteady uniform flow At a given instant of time the velocity at every point is the same, but the velocity will change with time. Start up flow of molten LDPE

18 Four possible types of flow 4. Unsteady non uniform flow The cross sectional area and velocity vary from point to point and also change with time. Wave travelling along a channel

19 Viscous and inviscid flows

20 Viscous and inviscid flows When a real fluid flows past a boundary, the fluid immediately in contact with the boundary will have the same velocity as the boundary. Further away from the boundary (or wall) perpendicularly the effects of the boundary diminish. Eventually the effects of the boundary become negligible. Since the effects of the boundary are due to the viscosity of the fluid, the flow near to the boundary is known as a viscous flow. Well away from the boundary the flow can be treated as being inviscid (or non viscous). The region near to the boundary is known as the boundary layer about which more later.

21 Viscous and inviscid flows Absence of viscous forces allows the fluid to slip along the pipe wall, providing a uniform velocity profile. Velocity profiles for inviscid (non viscous) flow

22 Viscous and inviscid flows Inviscid (non viscous) flow past aerofoil

23 Viscous and inviscid flows With viscosity involved, if the velocity at the wall is zero (no slip) then we must have a velocity profile near the wall. Velocity profiles for viscous flow

24 Viscous flow over flat plate The flow away from the walls can be treated as inviscid. But near the walls the viscosity is important.

25 Viscous flow over flat plate The region where viscous effects dominate is called the boundary layer (about which more later).

26 Boundary layers over a flat plate

27 Discharge and mean velocity

28 Discharge and mean velocity The total quantity of fluid flowing in time past any particular crosssection of a stream is called the discharge or flow at that section. It can be expressed either in terms of: Mass flowrate (kg/s) or Volumetric flowrate, Q (m 3 /s) Clearly we can move between the two flowrates, for an incompressible fluid using the simple relation:

29 Discharge and mean velocity In an ideal fluid, where there is no friction, the velocity, V, would be the same at every point across the cross section. If the cross section has an area A then we can say that the volume passing would be V x A, i.e. V r r R r V a) Laminar flow b) Turbulent flow In a real fluid however the velocity at the wall is the same as that of the wall (see the no slip condition later)

30 Discharge and mean velocity V r r R r V a) Laminar flow b) Turbulent flow If V is the velocity at any radius r, the flow Q through an annular element of radius r and thickness r will be: Hence: 2 In many problems we simply assume a constant velocity equal to the mean velocity to give: /

31 Continuity of flow

32 Continuity of flow Mass of fluid entering Control volume Mass of fluid leaving Except in nuclear processes, mass is neither created nor destroyed. Thus the principle of conservation of mass can be applied to a flowing fluid. i.e. Mass of fluid entering per unit time = Mass of fluid leaving per unit time + Increase of mass of fluid in control volume per unit time

33 Continuity of flow For steady flow we can write: Mass of fluid entering per unit time = Mass of fluid leaving per unit time For a streamtube (no fluid crosses boundary): 1 2 Area = A 1 Velocity = V 1 Density = 1 Area = A 2 Velocity = V 2 Density = 2

34 Continuity of flow This is the equation of continuity for the flow of a compressible fluid through a streamtube. For flow of a real fluid through a pipe or conduit we can use the mean velocity, again: Or for an incompressible fluid where 1 = 2 this reduces to:

35 Continuity of flow example 1 Branched pipes

36 Continuity of flow example 1 Water flows from point A to point B through a pipe of 50 mm diameter. At B the pipe expands to a diameter of 75 mm until point C. At C the pipe splits into branches CD and CE. Branch E has a diameter of 30 mm. The mean velocity of the flow in BC is 2 m/s and in CD is 1.5 m/s and the flowrate in CD is twice that in CE. Assuming no frictional losses, calculate: a) The flowrates through AB, BC, CD and CE b) The velocity of the flows in AB and CE and c) The diameter of the pipe for branch CD.

37 Continuity of flow example

38 Continuity of flow example / By continuity,. / And, /

39 Continuity of flow example / / / so And, Now, / so 3. / /

40 Continuity of flow example 1 Similarly, And, so so /

41 Continuity of flow example A B Q 2 =? = 2 m/s d 2 = 75 mm C Q 3 = 2Q 4 =? = 1.5 m/s d 3 =? D Q 1 =? =? d 1 = 50 mm Q 4 = 0.5Q 3 =? =? d 4 = 30 mm E Q 1 = Q 2 = 8.84 x 10 3 m 3 /s Q 4 = 2.95 x 10 3 m 3 /s Q 3 = 5.9 x 10 3 m 3 /s V 1 = 4.51 m/s V 4 = 4.17 m/s D 3 = 7.07 cm

42 Continuity of flow example 2 Porous walls

43 Continuity of flow example 2 Water flowing through an 8 cm diameter pipe enters a porous section which allows a radial velocity through the wall surfaces for a distance of 1.2 metres. If the entrance average velocity is 12 m/s, find the exit average velocity if: a) is 15 cm/s out of the pipe walls and b) is 10 cm/s into the pipe. flow 1.2 m

44 Continuity of flow example 2 12 / By continuity, so Rearranging:

45 Continuity of flow example 2 12 / 8 a) =15 cm/s = 0.15 m/s /

46 Continuity of flow example 2 12 / 8 b) = 10 cm/s = 0.10 m/s /

47 Continuity of flow example 3 Surge tank

48 Continuity of flow example 3 A surge tank may be attached to a pressurised pipe flow in order to accommodate sudden changes in pressure. It can either absorb sudden rises in pressure or quickly provide extra fluid in case of a drop in pressure. Used in all branches of engineering. Often found on racing cars undergoing high levels of lateral acceleration to ensure that the inlet to the fuel pump is never starved of fuel. Surge tank

49 Continuity of flow example 3 The pipe flow fills a cylindrical surge tank as shown here. At time t = 0, the water depth in the tank is 30 cm. Estimate the time required to fill the remainder of the tank. flow. / d = 75 cm d = 12 cm 1 m. / Firstly calculate pipe areas,

50 Continuity of flow example / 1.9 / By continuity, So, Rearrange to find,

51 Continuity of flow example / 1.9 / / So, /

52 Continuity of flow example / To fill remainder of tank the water has to rise from 30 cm to 1 metre So time to fill remainder of tank,...

53 Continuity of flow example 4 Jet engine

54 Continuity of flow example 4 Pratt and Whitney J52 turbojet engine

55 Continuity of flow example 4 At cruise conditions, air flows into a jet engine at a steady rate of 30 kg/s. Fuel enters the engine at a steady rate of 0.3 kg/s. The average velocity of the exhaust gases is 500 m/s relative to the engine. If the engine exhaust effective cross sectional area is 0.3 m 2 estimate the density of the exhaust gases in kg/m 3. Inlet Exit Airflow Combustion A e Thrust 30 / 0.3 / 500 / 0.3

56 Continuity of flow example 4 30 / 0.3 / 500 / 0.3 By continuity, / And, Rearrange,... /

57 The End

Lecture 3 The energy equation

Lecture 3 The energy equation Lecture 3 The energy equation Dr Tim Gough: t.gough@bradford.ac.uk General information Lab groups now assigned Timetable up to week 6 published Is there anyone not yet on the list? Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

More information

FLUID MECHANICS. Gaza. Chapter CHAPTER 44. Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams. Dr. Khalil Mahmoud ALASTAL

FLUID MECHANICS. Gaza. Chapter CHAPTER 44. Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams. Dr. Khalil Mahmoud ALASTAL FLUID MECHANICS Gaza Chapter CHAPTER 44 Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams Dr. Khalil Mahmoud ALASTAL Objectives of this Chapter: Introduce concepts necessary to analyze fluids in motion. Identify differences

More information

The most common methods to identify velocity of flow are pathlines, streaklines and streamlines.

The most common methods to identify velocity of flow are pathlines, streaklines and streamlines. 4 FLUID FLOW 4.1 Introduction Many civil engineering problems in fluid mechanics are concerned with fluids in motion. The distribution of potable water, the collection of domestic sewage and storm water,

More information

6. Basic basic equations I ( )

6. Basic basic equations I ( ) 6. Basic basic equations I (4.2-4.4) Steady and uniform flows, streamline, streamtube One-, two-, and three-dimensional flow Laminar and turbulent flow Reynolds number System and control volume Continuity

More information

Principles of Convection

Principles of Convection Principles of Convection Point Conduction & convection are similar both require the presence of a material medium. But convection requires the presence of fluid motion. Heat transfer through the: Solid

More information

Fluid Mechanics. du dy

Fluid Mechanics. du dy FLUID MECHANICS Technical English - I 1 th week Fluid Mechanics FLUID STATICS FLUID DYNAMICS Fluid Statics or Hydrostatics is the study of fluids at rest. The main equation required for this is Newton's

More information

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering)

FE Fluids Review March 23, 2012 Steve Burian (Civil & Environmental Engineering) Topic: Fluid Properties 1. If 6 m 3 of oil weighs 47 kn, calculate its specific weight, density, and specific gravity. 2. 10.0 L of an incompressible liquid exert a force of 20 N at the earth s surface.

More information

Figure 3: Problem 7. (a) 0.9 m (b) 1.8 m (c) 2.7 m (d) 3.6 m

Figure 3: Problem 7. (a) 0.9 m (b) 1.8 m (c) 2.7 m (d) 3.6 m 1. For the manometer shown in figure 1, if the absolute pressure at point A is 1.013 10 5 Pa, the absolute pressure at point B is (ρ water =10 3 kg/m 3, ρ Hg =13.56 10 3 kg/m 3, ρ oil = 800kg/m 3 ): (a)

More information

Chapter (4) Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams

Chapter (4) Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams Chapter (4) Motion of Fluid Particles and Streams Read all Theoretical subjects from (slides Dr.K.AlASTAL) Patterns of Flow Reynolds Number (R e ): A dimensionless number used to identify the type of flow.

More information

ME3560 Tentative Schedule Spring 2019

ME3560 Tentative Schedule Spring 2019 ME3560 Tentative Schedule Spring 2019 Week Number Date Lecture Topics Covered Prior to Lecture Read Section Assignment Prep Problems for Prep Probs. Must be Solved by 1 Monday 1/7/2019 1 Introduction to

More information

An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department. Fluid Mechanics. Chapter 1. General Introduction

An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department. Fluid Mechanics. Chapter 1. General Introduction 1 An-Najah National University Civil Engineering Department Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1 General Introduction 2 What is Fluid Mechanics? Mechanics deals with the behavior of both stationary and moving bodies

More information

!! +! 2!! +!"!! =!! +! 2!! +!"!! +!!"!"!"

!! +! 2!! +!!! =!! +! 2!! +!!! +!!!! Homework 4 Solutions 1. (15 points) Bernoulli s equation can be adapted for use in evaluating unsteady flow conditions, such as those encountered during start- up processes. For example, consider the large

More information

ME3560 Tentative Schedule Fall 2018

ME3560 Tentative Schedule Fall 2018 ME3560 Tentative Schedule Fall 2018 Week Number 1 Wednesday 8/29/2018 1 Date Lecture Topics Covered Introduction to course, syllabus and class policies. Math Review. Differentiation. Prior to Lecture Read

More information

PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION

PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION Tue 8:54:24 AM Slide Nr. 0 of 33 Slides PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION Heat transfer through a fluid is by convection in the presence of bulk fluid motion and by conduction in the absence of it. Chapter

More information

5 ENERGY EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION

5 ENERGY EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION 5 ENERGY EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION 5.1 Introduction In order to develop the equations that describe a flow, it is assumed that fluids are subject to certain fundamental laws of physics. The pertinent laws

More information

NPTEL Quiz Hydraulics

NPTEL Quiz Hydraulics Introduction NPTEL Quiz Hydraulics 1. An ideal fluid is a. One which obeys Newton s law of viscosity b. Frictionless and incompressible c. Very viscous d. Frictionless and compressible 2. The unit of kinematic

More information

Page 1. Neatly print your name: Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.)

Page 1. Neatly print your name: Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.) Page 1 Neatly print your name: Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.) Circle your lecture section (-1 point if not circled, or circled incorrectly): Prof. Vlachos Prof. Ardekani

More information

FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER

FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING 1 5. FLOW IN PIPES Liquid or gas flow through pipes

More information

V/ t = 0 p/ t = 0 ρ/ t = 0. V/ s = 0 p/ s = 0 ρ/ s = 0

V/ t = 0 p/ t = 0 ρ/ t = 0. V/ s = 0 p/ s = 0 ρ/ s = 0 UNIT III FLOW THROUGH PIPES 1. List the types of fluid flow. Steady and unsteady flow Uniform and non-uniform flow Laminar and Turbulent flow Compressible and incompressible flow Rotational and ir-rotational

More information

2 Internal Fluid Flow

2 Internal Fluid Flow Internal Fluid Flow.1 Definitions Fluid Dynamics The study of fluids in motion. Static Pressure The pressure at a given point exerted by the static head of the fluid present directly above that point.

More information

Rate of Flow Quantity of fluid passing through any section (area) per unit time

Rate of Flow Quantity of fluid passing through any section (area) per unit time Kinematics of Fluid Flow Kinematics is the science which deals with study of motion of liquids without considering the forces causing the motion. Rate of Flow Quantity of fluid passing through any section

More information

UNIT II Real fluids. FMM / KRG / MECH / NPRCET Page 78. Laminar and turbulent flow

UNIT II Real fluids. FMM / KRG / MECH / NPRCET Page 78. Laminar and turbulent flow UNIT II Real fluids The flow of real fluids exhibits viscous effect that is they tend to "stick" to solid surfaces and have stresses within their body. You might remember from earlier in the course Newtons

More information

LECTURE 1 THE CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

LECTURE 1 THE CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE ARE AS FOLLOWS: LECTURE 1 THE CONTENTS OF THIS LECTURE ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID AND BASIC EQUATIONS 2.0 REYNOLDS NUMBER AND CRITICAL VELOCITY 3.0 APPROACH TOWARDS REYNOLDS NUMBER REFERENCES Page 1 of

More information

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Sixth Edition Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics International Student Version BRUCE R. MUNSON DONALD F. YOUNG Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics THEODORE H. OKIISHI Department

More information

Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.)

Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.) Neatly print your name: Signature: (Note that unsigned exams will be given a score of zero.) Circle your lecture section (-1 point if not circled, or circled incorrectly): Prof. Dabiri Prof. Wassgren Prof.

More information

Part A: 1 pts each, 10 pts total, no partial credit.

Part A: 1 pts each, 10 pts total, no partial credit. Part A: 1 pts each, 10 pts total, no partial credit. 1) (Correct: 1 pt/ Wrong: -3 pts). The sum of static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures is constant when flow is steady, irrotational, incompressible,

More information

Basic Fluid Mechanics

Basic Fluid Mechanics Basic Fluid Mechanics Chapter 6A: Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 4/16/2018 C6A: Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 1 6.1 Introduction For the present chapter we will limit our study to incompressible

More information

EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER

EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENT No.1 FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER 1.1 AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter 1.2 EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Orifice meter test rig, Stopwatch 1.3 PREPARATION 1.3.1

More information

vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment about O is given:

vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment about O is given: The angular momentum A control volume analysis can be applied to the angular momentum, by letting B equal to angularmomentum vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment

More information

Fluid Mechanics Prof. T.I. Eldho Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 17 Laminar and Turbulent flows

Fluid Mechanics Prof. T.I. Eldho Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 17 Laminar and Turbulent flows Fluid Mechanics Prof. T.I. Eldho Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 17 Laminar and Turbulent flows Welcome back to the video course on fluid mechanics. In

More information

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow The specific objective of this lesson is to conduct a brief review of the fundamentals of fluid flow and present: A general equation for conservation of mass

More information

Mass of fluid leaving per unit time

Mass of fluid leaving per unit time 5 ENERGY EQUATION OF FLUID MOTION 5.1 Eulerian Approach & Control Volume In order to develop the equations that describe a flow, it is assumed that fluids are subject to certain fundamental laws of physics.

More information

COURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I 3 credit hour. Basic Equations in fluid Dynamics

COURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I 3 credit hour. Basic Equations in fluid Dynamics COURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I 3 credit hour Basic Equations in fluid Dynamics Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET 1 Description of Fluid

More information

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts What is a fluid? A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form Distinction between solid and fluid? Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional to strain Fluid: deforms

More information

PIPE FLOW. General Characteristic of Pipe Flow. Some of the basic components of a typical pipe system are shown in Figure 1.

PIPE FLOW. General Characteristic of Pipe Flow. Some of the basic components of a typical pipe system are shown in Figure 1. PIPE FLOW General Characteristic of Pipe Flow Figure 1 Some of the basic components of a typical pipe system are shown in Figure 1. They include the pipes, the various fitting used to connect the individual

More information

FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER

FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER FLUID MECHANICS PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES ENGINEERING 1 5. FLOW IN PIPES 5.1.3. Pressure and Shear Stress

More information

V (r,t) = i ˆ u( x, y,z,t) + ˆ j v( x, y,z,t) + k ˆ w( x, y, z,t)

V (r,t) = i ˆ u( x, y,z,t) + ˆ j v( x, y,z,t) + k ˆ w( x, y, z,t) IV. DIFFERENTIAL RELATIONS FOR A FLUID PARTICLE This chapter presents the development and application of the basic differential equations of fluid motion. Simplifications in the general equations and common

More information

Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study

Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study Mechanical Engineering Programme of Study Fluid Mechanics Instructor: Marios M. Fyrillas Email: eng.fm@fit.ac.cy SOLVED EXAMPLES ON VISCOUS FLOW 1. Consider steady, laminar flow between two fixed parallel

More information

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS:

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS: Important Definitions: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS: Fluid: A substance that can flow is called Fluid Both liquids and gases are fluids Pressure: The normal force acting per unit area of a surface is

More information

Chapter 3 Bernoulli Equation

Chapter 3 Bernoulli Equation 1 Bernoulli Equation 3.1 Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Pathlines, Streaklines 1) A streamline, is a line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant. Examples of streamlines around

More information

10.52 Mechanics of Fluids Spring 2006 Problem Set 3

10.52 Mechanics of Fluids Spring 2006 Problem Set 3 10.52 Mechanics of Fluids Spring 2006 Problem Set 3 Problem 1 Mass transfer studies involving the transport of a solute from a gas to a liquid often involve the use of a laminar jet of liquid. The situation

More information

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts

FE Exam Fluids Review October 23, Important Concepts FE Exam Fluids Review October 3, 013 mportant Concepts Density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity (Water 1000 kg/m^3, Air 1. kg/m^3) Meaning & Symbols? Stress, Pressure, Viscosity; Meaning

More information

UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND STATICS

UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND STATICS SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code : Fluid Mechanics (16CE106) Year & Sem: II-B.Tech & I-Sem Course & Branch:

More information

2 Navier-Stokes Equations

2 Navier-Stokes Equations 1 Integral analysis 1. Water enters a pipe bend horizontally with a uniform velocity, u 1 = 5 m/s. The pipe is bended at 90 so that the water leaves it vertically downwards. The input diameter d 1 = 0.1

More information

LECTURE NOTES - III. Prof. Dr. Atıl BULU

LECTURE NOTES - III. Prof. Dr. Atıl BULU LECTURE NOTES - III «FLUID MECHANICS» Istanbul Technical University College of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Department Hydraulics Division CHAPTER KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS.. FLUID IN MOTION Fluid motion

More information

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics Overview Fluid kinematics deals with the motion of fluids without considering the forces and moments which create the motion. Items discussed in this Chapter. Material derivative and its relationship to

More information

For example an empty bucket weighs 2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the bucket weighs 8.0kg, then:

For example an empty bucket weighs 2.0kg. After 7 seconds of collecting water the bucket weighs 8.0kg, then: Hydraulic Coefficient & Flow Measurements ELEMENTARY HYDRAULICS National Certificate in Technology (Civil Engineering) Chapter 3 1. Mass flow rate If we want to measure the rate at which water is flowing

More information

2.The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors throughout the flow field are called steady flow lines. True or False A. True B.

2.The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors throughout the flow field are called steady flow lines. True or False A. True B. CHAPTER 03 1. Write Newton's second law of motion. YOUR ANSWER: F = ma 2.The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors throughout the flow field are called steady flow lines. True or False 3.Streamwise

More information

B.E/B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech : Chemical Engineering Regulation: 2016 PG Specialisation : NA Sub. Code / Sub. Name : CH16304 FLUID MECHANICS Unit : I

B.E/B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech : Chemical Engineering Regulation: 2016 PG Specialisation : NA Sub. Code / Sub. Name : CH16304 FLUID MECHANICS Unit : I Department of Chemical Engineering B.E/B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech : Chemical Engineering Regulation: 2016 PG Specialisation : NA Sub. Code / Sub. Name : CH16304 FLUID MECHANICS Unit : I LP: CH 16304 Rev. No: 00

More information

Basic Fluid Mechanics

Basic Fluid Mechanics Basic Fluid Mechanics Chapter 5: Application of Bernoulli Equation 4/16/2018 C5: Application of Bernoulli Equation 1 5.1 Introduction In this chapter we will show that the equation of motion of a particle

More information

Chapter 11. Fluids. continued

Chapter 11. Fluids. continued Chapter 11 Fluids continued 11.2 Pressure Pressure is the amount of force acting on an area: Example 2 The Force on a Swimmer P = F A SI unit: N/m 2 (1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 ) Suppose the pressure acting on the

More information

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015

Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 Detailed Outline, M E 320 Fluid Flow, Spring Semester 2015 I. Introduction (Chapters 1 and 2) A. What is Fluid Mechanics? 1. What is a fluid? 2. What is mechanics? B. Classification of Fluid Flows 1. Viscous

More information

Consider a control volume in the form of a straight section of a streamtube ABCD.

Consider a control volume in the form of a straight section of a streamtube ABCD. 6 MOMENTUM EQUATION 6.1 Momentum and Fluid Flow In mechanics, the momentum of a particle or object is defined as the product of its mass m and its velocity v: Momentum = mv The particles of a fluid stream

More information

Introduction to Aerodynamics. Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD)

Introduction to Aerodynamics. Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD) Introduction to Aerodynamics Dr. Guven Aerospace Engineer (P.hD) Aerodynamic Forces All aerodynamic forces are generated wither through pressure distribution or a shear stress distribution on a body. The

More information

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS. CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Fluid Mechanics 1.3 Units of Measurement (SI units) 1.4 Mass, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, Specific

More information

Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course

Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course Fluid Dynamics Exercises and questions for the course January 15, 2014 A two dimensional flow field characterised by the following velocity components in polar coordinates is called a free vortex: u r

More information

REE Internal Fluid Flow Sheet 2 - Solution Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

REE Internal Fluid Flow Sheet 2 - Solution Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics REE 307 - Internal Fluid Flow Sheet 2 - Solution Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics 1. Is the following flows physically possible, that is, satisfy the continuity equation? Substitute the expressions for

More information

Outlines. simple relations of fluid dynamics Boundary layer analysis. Important for basic understanding of convection heat transfer

Outlines. simple relations of fluid dynamics Boundary layer analysis. Important for basic understanding of convection heat transfer Forced Convection Outlines To examine the methods of calculating convection heat transfer (particularly, the ways of predicting the value of convection heat transfer coefficient, h) Convection heat transfer

More information

m V DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3

m V DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3 Chapter 11 Fluids 11.1 Mass Density DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: ρ m V SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3 11.1 Mass Density

More information

MYcsvtu Notes HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

MYcsvtu Notes HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION www.mycsvtunotes.in HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION CONDUCTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or fluid in the absence any fluid motion. CONVECTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in

More information

m V DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3

m V DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3 Chapter Fluids . Mass Density DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density of a substance is the mass of a substance divided by its volume: m V SI Unit of Mass Density: kg/m 3 . Mass Density . Mass Density

More information

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION. Dr. Şaziye Balku 1

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION. Dr. Şaziye Balku 1 HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION Dr. Şaziye Balku 1 CONDUCTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or fluid in the absence any fluid motion. CONVECTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the

More information

Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow.

Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow. EXPERIMENT SEVEN: FLOW VISUALIZATION AND ANALYSIS I OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Visualization of flow pattern over or around immersed objects in open channel flow. II THEORY AND EQUATION: Open channel:

More information

Chapter 5 Control Volume Approach and Continuity Equation

Chapter 5 Control Volume Approach and Continuity Equation Chapter 5 Control Volume Approach and Continuity Equation Lagrangian and Eulerian Approach To evaluate the pressure and velocities at arbitrary locations in a flow field. The flow into a sudden contraction,

More information

150A Review Session 2/13/2014 Fluid Statics. Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces

150A Review Session 2/13/2014 Fluid Statics. Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces Fluid Statics Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces or Whenever a pressure difference is the driving force, use gauge pressure o Bernoulli equation o Momentum balance with

More information

Process Fluid Mechanics

Process Fluid Mechanics Process Fluid Mechanics CENG 2220 Instructor: Francesco Ciucci, Room 2577A (Lift 27-29), Tel: 2358 7187, email: francesco.ciucci@ust.hk. Office Hours: Tuesday 17:00-18:00 or by email appointment Teaching

More information

CE 6303 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS L T P C QUESTION BANK 3 0 0 3 UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLUID STATICS PART - A 1. Define fluid and fluid mechanics. 2. Define real and ideal fluids. 3. Define mass density

More information

Fluid Mechanics. Spring 2009

Fluid Mechanics. Spring 2009 Instructor: Dr. Yang-Cheng Shih Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Spring 2009 Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1 General Remarks 1-2 Scope

More information

Approximate physical properties of selected fluids All properties are given at pressure kn/m 2 and temperature 15 C.

Approximate physical properties of selected fluids All properties are given at pressure kn/m 2 and temperature 15 C. Appendix FLUID MECHANICS Approximate physical properties of selected fluids All properties are given at pressure 101. kn/m and temperature 15 C. Liquids Density (kg/m ) Dynamic viscosity (N s/m ) Surface

More information

CHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

CHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS NOOR ALIZA AHMAD CHAPTER 3 BASIC EQUATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS 1 INTRODUCTION Flow often referred as an ideal fluid. We presume that such a fluid has no viscosity. However, this is an idealized situation that does not exist.

More information

FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT

FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT University of Leicester Engineering Department FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES EXPERIMENT Page 1 FORMAL LABORATORY REPORT Name of the experiment: FLOW MEASUREMENT IN PIPES Author: Apollin nana chaazou Partner

More information

MULTIPLE-CHOICE PROBLEMS:(Two marks per answer) (Circle the Letter Beside the Most Correct Answer in the Questions Below.)

MULTIPLE-CHOICE PROBLEMS:(Two marks per answer) (Circle the Letter Beside the Most Correct Answer in the Questions Below.) MULTIPLE-CHOICE PROLEMS:(Two marks per answer) (Circle the Letter eside the Most Correct Answer in the Questions elow.) 1. The absolute viscosity µ of a fluid is primarily a function of: a. Density. b.

More information

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK : AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING.

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING QUESTION BANK : AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING. Course Name Course Code Class Branch INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING Dundigal, Hyderabad - 00 0 AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING : Mechanics of Fluids : A00 : II-I- B. Tech Year : 0 0 Course Coordinator

More information

Lecture-4. Flow Past Immersed Bodies

Lecture-4. Flow Past Immersed Bodies Lecture-4 Flow Past Immersed Bodies Learning objectives After completing this lecture, you should be able to: Identify and discuss the features of external flow Explain the fundamental characteristics

More information

BERNOULLI EQUATION. The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex.

BERNOULLI EQUATION. The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex. BERNOULLI EQUATION The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex. The study of a fluid at rest, or in relative equilibrium, was simplified by the absence of shear stress, but when a fluid flows over

More information

MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE. Review: Last time, we derived the Reynolds Transport Theorem: Chapter 6. where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass),

MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE. Review: Last time, we derived the Reynolds Transport Theorem: Chapter 6. where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass), Chapter 6 MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE Review: Last time, we derived the Reynolds Transport Theorem: where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass), and b is the corresponding intensive property (B / m

More information

Objectives. Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation

Objectives. Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation Objectives Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass Mass, like energy, is a conserved

More information

Fluid Mechanics Theory I

Fluid Mechanics Theory I Fluid Mechanics Theory I Last Class: 1. Introduction 2. MicroTAS or Lab on a Chip 3. Microfluidics Length Scale 4. Fundamentals 5. Different Aspects of Microfluidcs Today s Contents: 1. Introduction to

More information

Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients

Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients Levicky 1 Friction Factors and Drag Coefficients Several equations that we have seen have included terms to represent dissipation of energy due to the viscous nature of fluid flow. For example, in the

More information

In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as time passes.

In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as time passes. Chapter 10 Fluids Fluids in Motion In steady flow the velocity of the fluid particles at any point is constant as time passes. Unsteady flow exists whenever the velocity of the fluid particles at a point

More information

PIPE FLOWS: LECTURE /04/2017. Yesterday, for the example problem Δp = f(v, ρ, μ, L, D) We came up with the non dimensional relation

PIPE FLOWS: LECTURE /04/2017. Yesterday, for the example problem Δp = f(v, ρ, μ, L, D) We came up with the non dimensional relation /04/07 ECTURE 4 PIPE FOWS: Yesterday, for the example problem Δp = f(v, ρ, μ,, ) We came up with the non dimensional relation f (, ) 3 V or, p f(, ) You can plot π versus π with π 3 as a parameter. Or,

More information

11.1 Mass Density. Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an

11.1 Mass Density. Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an Chapter 11 Fluids 11.1 Mass Density Fluids are materials that can flow, and they include both gases and liquids. The mass density of a liquid or gas is an important factor that determines its behavior

More information

Benha University College of Engineering at Benha Questions For Corrective Final Examination Subject: Fluid Mechanics M 201 May 24/ 2016

Benha University College of Engineering at Benha Questions For Corrective Final Examination Subject: Fluid Mechanics M 201 May 24/ 2016 Benha University College of Engineering at Benha Questions For Corrective Final Examination Subject: Fluid Mechanics M 01 May 4/ 016 Second year Mech. Time :180 min. Examiner:Dr.Mohamed Elsharnoby Attempt

More information

Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Engineering Fluid Mechanics Engineering Fluid Mechanics Eighth Edition Clayton T. Crowe WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN Donald F. Elger UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, MOSCOW John A. Roberson WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, PULLMAN WILEY

More information

Fluid Mechanics c) Orificemeter a) Viscous force, Turbulence force, Compressible force a) Turbulence force c) Integration d) The flow is rotational

Fluid Mechanics c) Orificemeter a) Viscous force, Turbulence force, Compressible force a) Turbulence force c) Integration d) The flow is rotational Fluid Mechanics 1. Which is the cheapest device for measuring flow / discharge rate. a) Venturimeter b) Pitot tube c) Orificemeter d) None of the mentioned 2. Which forces are neglected to obtain Euler

More information

FLUID MECHANICS. Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies

FLUID MECHANICS. Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies FLUID MECHANICS Chapter 9 Flow over Immersed Bodies CHAP 9. FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES CONTENTS 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 9.3 Drag 9.4 Lift 9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 9.1.1

More information

Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics

Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics Shell Balances in Fluid Mechanics R. Shankar Subramanian Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Clarkson University When fluid flow occurs in a single direction everywhere in a system, shell

More information

MASS, MOMENTUM, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS

MASS, MOMENTUM, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS MASS, MOMENTUM, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS This chapter deals with four equations commonly used in fluid mechanics: the mass, Bernoulli, Momentum and energy equations. The mass equation is an expression of the

More information

Differential relations for fluid flow

Differential relations for fluid flow Differential relations for fluid flow In this approach, we apply basic conservation laws to an infinitesimally small control volume. The differential approach provides point by point details of a flow

More information

SPC Aerodynamics Course Assignment Due Date Monday 28 May 2018 at 11:30

SPC Aerodynamics Course Assignment Due Date Monday 28 May 2018 at 11:30 SPC 307 - Aerodynamics Course Assignment Due Date Monday 28 May 2018 at 11:30 1. The maximum velocity at which an aircraft can cruise occurs when the thrust available with the engines operating with the

More information

What we know about Fluid Mechanics. What we know about Fluid Mechanics

What we know about Fluid Mechanics. What we know about Fluid Mechanics What we know about Fluid Mechanics 1. Survey says. 3. Image from: www.axs.com 4. 5. 6. 1 What we know about Fluid Mechanics 1. MEB (single input, single output, steady, incompressible, no rxn, no phase

More information

Physics 3 Summer 1990 Lab 7 - Hydrodynamics

Physics 3 Summer 1990 Lab 7 - Hydrodynamics Physics 3 Summer 1990 Lab 7 - Hydrodynamics Theory Consider an ideal liquid, one which is incompressible and which has no internal friction, flowing through pipe of varying cross section as shown in figure

More information

Chapter 4 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW

Chapter 4 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW Faculty Of Engineering at Shobra nd Year Civil - 016 Chapter 4 DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW 4-1 Types of Energy 4- Euler s Equation 4-3 Bernoulli s Equation 4-4 Total Energy Line (TEL) and Hydraulic Grade Line

More information

The Design of Gating System 3. Theoretical considerations in gating design

The Design of Gating System 3. Theoretical considerations in gating design MME 345 Lecture 16 The Design of Gating System 3. Theoretical considerations in gating design Ref: [1] ASM Metal Handbook, Vol. 15: Casting, ASM International [] Taylor, Flemings, and Wulff. Foundry engineering,

More information

7. Basics of Turbulent Flow Figure 1.

7. Basics of Turbulent Flow Figure 1. 1 7. Basics of Turbulent Flow Whether a flow is laminar or turbulent depends of the relative importance of fluid friction (viscosity) and flow inertia. The ratio of inertial to viscous forces is the Reynolds

More information

Chapter Four fluid flow mass, energy, Bernoulli and momentum

Chapter Four fluid flow mass, energy, Bernoulli and momentum 4-1Conservation of Mass Principle Consider a control volume of arbitrary shape, as shown in Fig (4-1). Figure (4-1): the differential control volume and differential control volume (Total mass entering

More information

Hydraulics. B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II. Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow. Tutorial 1

Hydraulics. B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II. Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow. Tutorial 1 Hydraulics B.E. (Civil), Year/Part: II/II Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow Tutorial 1 -by Dr. K.N. Dulal Laminar flow 1. A pipe 200mm in diameter and 20km long conveys oil of density 900 kg/m 3 and viscosity

More information

Study fluid dynamics. Understanding Bernoulli s Equation.

Study fluid dynamics. Understanding Bernoulli s Equation. Chapter Objectives Study fluid dynamics. Understanding Bernoulli s Equation. Chapter Outline 1. Fluid Flow. Bernoulli s Equation 3. Viscosity and Turbulence 1. Fluid Flow An ideal fluid is a fluid that

More information

1. Introduction, tensors, kinematics

1. Introduction, tensors, kinematics 1. Introduction, tensors, kinematics Content: Introduction to fluids, Cartesian tensors, vector algebra using tensor notation, operators in tensor form, Eulerian and Lagrangian description of scalar and

More information

Unit operations of chemical engineering

Unit operations of chemical engineering 1 Unit operations of chemical engineering Fourth year Chemical Engineering Department College of Engineering AL-Qadesyia University Lecturer: 2 3 Syllabus 1) Boundary layer theory 2) Transfer of heat,

More information