Nobel Laureate Anthony J Leggett: A scientometric portrait

Transcription

1 Annals f Library and Infrmatin Studies Vl. 53, December 2006, pp Nbel Laureate Anthny J Leggett: A scientmetric prtrait Mallikarjun Angadi I, M M Kganuramath2, B S KademanP, B D Kumbar4, Suresh Jange5 Ilnfrmatin Scientist, Tata Institute f Scial Sciences, V Purav Marg, PBN. 8313, Denar, Mumbai , mallikarjun@tiss.edu 2Librarian, lawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Rad, New Delhi , kganuramath@rediffmail.cm 3Scientific Officer (E), Scientific Infrmatin Resurce Divisin, BhabhaAtmic Research Centre, Trmbay, Mumbai , bskademani@yah.c.in 4Reader, Dept. f Library & Infrmatin Science, Karnataka University, Dharwad , bdkumbar@yah.cm 5Assistant Librarian, Gulbarga University Library, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga , suresh.jange@rediffmail.cm This paper attempts t analyse the publicatin prductivity f Anthny J. Leggett, the 2003 Nbel Prize winner in physics. His cntributins peaked in 1987, 1994, and 1998 with 10 papers each. He had 194 publicatins during in dmains like Superfluid 3He (65), Fundatins f Quantum Mechanics (36), Dissipative Quantum Systems (24), Atmic Alkali Gases (18), and Miscellaneus (51)which were analysed fr authrship pattern with his 70 cllabratrs. Mst active cllabratrs with Anthny J Leggett were: A. Garg with six papers and A. O. MCaldeira, D. M. Ginsberg, D. J. Vanharlingen, F. Sls, S. Takagi and D. A. Wllman with five papers each. His prductivity cefficient was 0.60 which clearly indicates that his prductivity increased after 50 percentile age. The highest degree f cllabratin (1) fr Anthny J. Leggett was fund during 1964, 1971 and Jurnals have been the mst preferred channel f cmmunicatin, where as many as 139 papers ut f 194 have been published. The cre jurnals publishing his papers were: Phys. Rev. Leu. (42), Phys. Rev. B (9), J. Lw Temp. Phys. (8), Phys. Rev. A (7), Ann. Phys. (6), Fundatins f physics (6), J. Phys.(5), Prg. Ther: Phys. (5), and Rev. Md. Phys. (5). Publicatin density was 3.02 and publicatin cncentratin was Intrductin The Ryal Swedish Academy f Sciences has awarded t Anthny J Leggett, as ne f the three recipients the Nbel Prize (2003) in Physics fr pineering cntributins t the thery f supercnductrs and superfluids. Leggett's crecipients f the 2003 Nbel Prize are Alexei A. Abriksv, Argnne Natinal Labratry Argnne, IL, USA (brn 1928), and Vitaly Ginsburg, P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Mscw, Russia (brn 1916). Srinivasan and Narayanan have briefly reviewed the wrk f three Nbel laureates n understanding the phenmena f superfluidity and supercnductivity!. Sir Anthny James Leggett (brn March 26, 1938 in Camberwell, Lndn, England), is Jhn D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Chair and Center fr Advanced Study Prfessr f Physics at the University f Illinis at Urbana Champaign. He is widely recgnized as a wrld leader in the tpery flw-temperature physics, and his pineering wrk n superfluidity was recgnized by the 2003 Nbel Prize in physics. He has shaped the theretical understanding f nrmal and superfluid helium liquids and ther strngly cupled superfluids. He set directins fr research in the quantum physics f macrscpic dissipative systems and use f cndensed systems t test the fundatins f quantum mechanics. He is a member f the Natinal Academy f Sciences, the American Philsphical Sciety, the American Academy f Arts and Sciences, the Russian Academy f Sciences (freign member), and is a Pellw f the Ryal Sciety (U.K.), the American Physical Sciety, and the American Institute f Physics. He is an Hnrary Fellw f the Institute f Physics (U.K.). He was knighted (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 2004 "fr services t physics." He hlds dual US/UK citizenship. His current research fcuses n cuprate supercnductivity, cnceptual issues in the fundatins f quantum mechanics, and superfluidity in highly degenerate atmic gases. The term 'Bi-biblimetrics' was first cined by Sen and Gan fr the quantitative and analytical methd fr

2 204 ANN. LIB. INF. STU., DECEMBER 2006 discvering and establishing functinal relatinships between bi-data and bibli-data elements2. There are many bi-biblimetric studies, but have hardly used the term 'bi-biblimetrics' in the titles f the papers3. Recently the term 'Bi-biblimetrics' is being used by Stapley and Benit fr a methd f retrieving and visualizing bilgical infrmatin that uses cccurrence f gene naming terms in Medical Sciences t generate semantic links between genes4 Therefre, it is suggested that 'Scientmetric prtrait' is the apprpriate phrase fr the studies n scientists, and 'Infrmetric prtrait' fr the studies n researchers in ther disciplines such as arts, humanities, and scial sciences. A few scientmetric studies n Nbellaureates5-19and thers20-51have been published. Kademani et al have studied the publicatin prductivity, cllabratin and authrship trend amng eight Nbel laureates f past and present52. Presently, individual scientists including the Nbel laureates, are becming the fcus f scientmetric studies. Nbel prize is regarded as the mst hnurific recgnitin f scientific achievement. The prestige f Nbel prize is s great that it enhances the standing f natins and institutins as well as reputatin f its "laureates" Garfield and his clleagues have cntinuusly published many studies inspired by the Nbel prize and ther awards56.the earliest is a paper presented at the Office f Naval Research Cnference n Research Prductivity in 1965 in which Sher and Garfield have demnstrated with data, the key characteristics f Nbel prize winners. It has been nticed that they publish five times mre number f papers than the average scientist and their papers are cited 50 times mre than the average57. There are many papers by Garfield frecasting f Nbel Prize winners There are als many studies cnducted by ther nted schlars 63-66in this area f scientmetrics. Objectives Anthny J Leggett has been taken as a case study fr the present scientmetric analysis. The detailed bigraphical details and his brief resume can be fund at ( Leggett/). This study highlights A J Leggett's: dmain wise cntributins dmainwise authrships prminent cllabratrs use f channels f cmmunicatins, and dcumentatin f keywrds frm titles f the papers. The main cncept f wrking n individual scientists especially n Nbel laureates is t prvide an example f 'Rle Mdel Scientist' fr the yunger generatin t emulate and create scientific temper amng them. Success f thers may teach many things t fllw their path. Knwledge is valuable fr its wn sake and research has cultural values. Narrating success stries will always have an encuraging effect n the yunger generatin wh aspire t be scientists. Methdlgy Present study is limited t the 194 papers by AJ Leggett ( ). A list f publicatins was btained frm Prf. A J Leggett. The database f publicatins f A J Leggett was created using CDS - ISIS sftware and the data was analysed as per the requirements f the study. The bibligraphic fields were analysed by nrmal cunt prcedure. Full credit was given t each authr regardless f whether he happens t be the first authr r the last authr. Similarly ne scre was alltted t subject, jurnal, and keywrd etc. Results and discussin Dmainwise cntributins A J Leggett had research cmmunicatins in the fllwing dmains: A = Superfluid 3He B = Fundatins f Quantum Mechanics C = Dissipative Quantum Systems D = Atmic Alkali Gases E = Miscellaneus Dmainwise and Decennial distributin f publicatins by Leggett is presented in Table 1.

3 ANGADI Met. al: NOBEL LAUREATE ANTHONY J LEGGETT: A SCIENTOMETRIC PORTRAIT w 100 SO > 0~ ~ X >- l- f= ()< e- SUPERFLUID 3He -0- FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS -4- DISSIPATIVE QUANTUM SYSTEMS -v- ATOMIC ALKALI GASES MISCELLANEOUS 220 w~ z g ~ 100 <D ~ 140 ~ ~ 120 a: ~ 100 ~ z M M ~ S 40 ~ ~ m () 0.5 ~ a: 0.0 ~ 1.0 i5 0 <Ḍ....J...J () LL UJ UJ a:"uj YEAR PERIOD Figure 1 - Dmainwise activity index in decennial blcks Figure 2 - Grwth pattern f single-authred and multi-authred papers and degree f cllabratin f papers f A J Leggett A+B+C+D+E Table 15(176)31(171) 69124)4(55) D18-44 CB 14(192) 19(174) 2(-0) 2(55) 2(23) (0)4(56) (78) 36 1(18) 114(90) -2(20) E5\ 3(60) Dmainwise 59 and decennialttal distributin f publicatins f A J Leggett Perid Dmains % \ Ttal Figures within parenthesis indicate Activity Index ( AI ) Dmain wise cntributin f Leggett's utput has been gruped int fur distinct perids ( , , , and ). The highest publicatin utput was (69) in the last blck ( ) clsely fllwed by the third blck ( ) with 59 publicatins. The dmain Superfluid 3He has tpped the list with 18 and 25 papers during the first and secnd perid respectively. During the third perid maximum 19 papers were published in the dmain Fundatins f Quantum Mechanics. The dmain Miscellaneus tpped during the furth perid with 31 papers. Activity Index (AI)67 was calculated fr Leggetts's papers in fur ten year blcks in different dmains. Fig. 1 gives the graphical representatin f AI. In the first and secnd blcks, maximum emphasis was n dmain A (Superfluid 3He), while in the third blck the emphasis has shifted t dmains B (Fundatins f Quantum Mechanics) and C (Dissipative Quantum Systems). In the last blck the emphasis was n dmains D (Atmic Alkali Gases) and E (Miscellaneus). Cllabratrship Dmainwise authrship pattern and number f publicatins and au'thrships in each dmain are presented in Table 2. Anthny J Leggett..had 122 single - authred (62.88%) papers in varius dmains such as Superfluid 3He (45), Fundatins f Quantum Mechanics (28), Miscellaneus (25), Dissipative Quantum Systems (13) and Atmic Alkali Gases (11). Year - wise cllabratin trend f Anthny J Leggett is shwn in Fig. 2. " T measure the cllaberative research pattem,a simple indicatr calleddegree f Cllabratin is used68.11he degree f cllabratin in a"discipline 'was definedas' the rati f the number. f cllabrativeresearch papers'

4 206 ANN. LIB. INF. STD., DECEMBER 2006 Table 2 - Dmainwise prductivity f number f papers and authrship pattern f the Nbel Laureate A J Leggett ( ) Authrships N f ED B II papers f 325 1I5 4C % % Authrships Miscellaneus Ttal Dmains N. chanics, C = Dissipative Quantum Systems, D = Atmic Alkali Gases, E t the ttal number f research papers published in the discipline during a certain perid f time. This definitin f cllabratin can be expressed as fllws: C=Nm/Nm+Ns Where C = Degree f Cllabratin, Nm = Number f Multi-authred research papers in the discipline published during a year, Ns = Number f Single-authred research papers in the discipline published during the same year. The highest degree f cllabratin (1.00) fr Anthny J Leggett was fund in 1964, 1971 and The prductivity cefficient was btained by the simple frmula - 50 percentile age per ttal prductivity age69 The prductivity cefficient was 0.60 which clearly indicates that Leggett's prductivity increased after 50 percentile age. He had published highest (10) number f papers in 1987, 1994 and He did nt publish any paper in the year Dmainwise Authrships quantum systems (40), Atmic Alkali gases (28) and Miscellaneus (117). Prminent Cllabratrs Researchers and their authrships in cllabratin with A J Leggett in chrnlgical rder f their assciatin are dcumented in Fig. 3. Mst active researchers having number f publicatins with Anthny J Leggett were: A. Garg (6); A. G.Caldeira (5); D. M. Ginsberg (5); D. J. Vanharlingen (5); F. Sls (5); S. Takagi (5) and D. A. Wllman (5). Tw scientists having cllabratin in fur papers each were: Yu, C C and Lee, W C. Five scientists had cllabratin in three papers each. Sixteen scientists had cllabratin in tw 0 w~ w ~ m ~ z 0 5 < =~ ~ ~ m L 1~ ~ ~ 1~ ~ 1m 0 A J LEGGETT (MENTOR) A GARG D M GINSBERG D J VAN HARLINGEN Table 2 shws dmain wise authrship pattern and distributin f papers in varius dmains. The research grup f A J Leggett had the credit as' number f authrships in varius dmains: Superfluid 3He (91), Fundatins f quantum mechanics (49), Dissipative COLLABORATOR NUMBER Figure 3 - Authrship credits t cllabratrs with A J Leggett

5 0.777Canada England 0.794USA 2.188Japan Japan India Netherlands 0.910Netherlands 0.601USA USA England 20480England USA USA 3.316Germany 0.024England 0.688Sweden USA USA USA USA USA England 1.026USA 1.543England 1.180Netherlands lab 2.589USA USA2 IF 1.171USA USA6 Science Nature Can. Chemphyschem Phys.Bull. Endeavr Ann. NewJ. Md. Nihn Fund. PhysicaA Phil. Rev. Inti. Cmments Cllective lilt.. Cn Current Channel App. Stat. Supercnd. Lw Magn Netherlands 1.192Netherlands 1.303Switzerland Synth. Others Prc. Prg. Phy Netherlal)ds FPY-LPY Cuntry temp. J. Schl Md. Scientist Lett. Mag.B Surf Scr. Rev. Nat. Them: Lw Tday Ther. Buturi Met. Md. ANGADI in Temp. Phys TY 13 Sci. B I Cnd Chem. C 1Fenn. f Magn. Bks, Phys. Phenmena & Acad. BSlid Cnd.Matt.Physics Temp. ASci. England Netherlands USA Singapre Finland cmmunicatin Lett. Lw Phys. CGakkai Sl. Stat. Temp. Sci. Cnf/Sem., Met. Phys. Suppl. Si al: Phys NOBEL N. etc flaureate papers Cumul- ANTHONY J LEGGETT: A SCIENTOMETRIC 2003) N. Year, TY = Ttal Years, and IF=Impact Factrs taken frm Jurnal Citatin Reprts - PORTRAIT 207

6 208 ANN. LIB. INF. STD., DECEMBER On-line access 16 E:Jlnternet services mcd-rom Offline.Electrnic Data transmissin milelectrnic Bulletin '" 14 OJ I: 12!:l..., $ e 6 ::l Z 4 2 Im[uct Factr Range Figure 4 - Bradfrd - Zipf Bibligraph fr A J Leggett Figure 5 - Distributin f jurnals as per Impact Factr papers each. Frty scientists culd cllabrate in nly ne paper each. Ttal number f authrs in the research grup were 71 and ttal number f authrshipswere 325. Use f Channels f Cmmunicatin Distributin f Anthny J Leggett's 194 publicatins were spread ver 139 jurnal articles, 26 cnference papers, 26 edited bks and 3 translatins. Channelwise scattering f publicatins f Anthny J Leggett is prvided in Table-3 and Fig.4. He has published 42 papers in Phys. Rev. Lett. ( ), 9 papers in Phys. Rev. B ( ), 8 papers in J. Lw Temp. Phys. ( ), 7. papers in Phys. Rev. A ( ), 6 papers each in Ann. Phys. ( ) and Fundatins fphy$i{j.fs ), and 5 papers each in J. Phys. ( (')~)YPrg. Ther. Phys. ( , ), and Rev. Md. PliYf:( ). Mre than 50 per cent f the publicatins were published in the jurnals with impact factrs ranging frm 0.0 t 0.49 and.,rest were published in the jurnals having impact factrs ranging frm 0.50 t The,distributin f jurnals as per impact factrs is given in Fig.5. Publicatin density was 3.02 and publicatin cncentratin was Publicatin'Density is defidetlas the rati f ttal number f papers published t the ttal number f jurnals in which the papers were published and publicatin cncentratin is the rati in percentage f theehannels having ha1f f the papers published t the ttal number f jurnals in which thse papers were published70 Cuntry-wise Distributin f Jurnals The publicatins have been spread ver 46 jurnals published in 11 cuntries. Fig.6 gives the cuntry-wise distributin f jurnals. The largest numbers f jurnals are frm USA with 96 publicatins in 16 jurnals, fllwed by England with 18 publicatins in 11jurnals, Netherlands with 8 publicatins in 8 jurnals and Japan with 7 publicatins in 3 jurnals. Distributin f A J Leggett's Publicatins in Different Types f Cmmunicatin Channels It is clearly evident frm the Table-3 that his percentage f publicatins were published in scientific jurnals fllwed by percentage f publicatins in cnferences, bks, translatins etc. Keywrd Tmgraphy Titles f publicatins cnvey precisely the thught cntents f the papers. The ptency f infrmatin cncentratin n the titles f the papers is mre than the rest f the sectins f the papers. Therefre, if a wrd ccurs mre frequently than expected t ccur, then it reflects the emphasis given by the authr abut the dmain f his research. These imprtant wrds called 'keywrds' are ne f the best indicatrs t understand and t grasp instantaneusly the thught cntent f the papers, methdlgies ilsed' and areas f research addressed t. The keywrd frequencies appeared in the titles f the papers is prvided in Table-4.

7 ANGADI Met. al: NOBEL LAUREATE ANTHONY J LEGGETT: A SCIENTOMETRIC PORTRAIT 209 z <l: "0>- C "0c: "0ctl "0U) Ql Ql 0, Ql ;;: ~ ctl u::: () Ql E c: 0 en ctl (f) Ol (f).~ Q; Cuntry f Publicatin f the Jurnals Ttal Number f Jurnals D Ttal Number f Publicatins Figure 6 - Cuntry-wise distributin f jurnals Cnclusin A J Leggett has published 194 papers during He published his first paper in 1964 when he was.26 years f age. The percentage f cllabrative wrk (37.12) f the scientist was fund t be lw thugh he had as many as 71 cllabratrs whm he guided as a mentr. The percentage f sl research papers (62.88) has been fund t be very high. His highest degree f cllabratin 1.0 was fund during 1964, 1971 and A J Leggett wrked in highly specialised fields such as Superfluid 3He, Fundatins f Quantum Systems, Dissipative quantum systems and Atmic Alkali gases. He has received several prfessinal awards and hnurs which is indicative f his highly specialized and riginal wrk in his field. His prductivity cefficient was 0.60 which is a clear indicatin that his prductivity increased after 50 percentile age. His papers have been scattered r ;2 Table 4 - Keywrd frequency frm the titles f publicatins by A J Leggett during ~. ~~;,:fr!~)tw-state!l)il,ll.i,iybco-pb :;:, system23 -Superfll.lidphase Twftuid Bse Cndensed Csmic-ray Klemm Helium Dissipatin cndensates Frequency matter effect physics Keywrds High Measurement 25 Metals Nzieres.24 4 Spindiffusin R ialism Quasiparticles Orientatinal Quantum Orbital Philippe-Feenberg systems prblem paradx 3 2 model,,.,supercnducting energy dynamics many-bdy measurement dynamics Supere.nductivity pairing state Anistrpic superfluid

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