FTN Novi Sad Katedra za motore i vozila. Drumska vozila Uputstvo za izradu vučnog proračuna motornog vozila. 1. Ulazni podaci IZVOR:
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1 1. Ulazni podaci IZVOR:
2 1. Ulazni podaci Masa / težina vozila Osovinske reakcije Raspodela težine napred / nazad Dimenzije pneumatika Čeona površina Koeficijent otpora vazduha Brzinska karakteristika motora Prenosni odnosi menjačkog i glavnog prenosnika Koncepcija transmisije
3 1. Ulazni podaci Težina vozila i osovinske reakcije G = (N) proračunska težina vozila G = m g, g 10m/s 2 m masa vozila MASS AS TESTED T G u h T l P l Z G P G Z Primer: raspodela težine prednja osovina / zadnja osovina = 54,6 % / 45,4 % G P = 0,546 G G Z = 0,454 G FRONT/REAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
4 1. Ulazni podaci TYRE SIZE SERIES
5 1. Ulazni podaci Dimenzije pneumatika Primer: 225/55 R 16 Dinamički radijus: r D = 0,318m IZ KATALOGA PNEUMATIKA r D = O 2π OBIM KOTRLJANJA SLUČAJ: OBIM KOTRLJANJA ZADAT KAO REVS PER MILE O = 1602 REVS_PER_MILE OBIM KOTRLJANJA [m]
6 1. Ulazni podaci Katalog pneumatika primer IZVOR:
7 1. Ulazni podaci Čeona površina A= (m 2 ) FRONTAL AREA Koeficijent otpora vazduha c W = (-) DRAG COEFFICIENT (Cd)
8 1. Ulazni podaci Brzinska karakteristika motora POWER AND TORQUE M (Nm) P (kw) Snaga uvek ima maksimum na većem broju obrtaja nego moment!
9 1. Ulazni podaci Brzinska karakteristika motora MAX. TORQUE MAX. POWER TORQUE PEAK POWER PEAK
10 1. Ulazni podaci Brzinska karakteristika motora Očitavanje brzinske karakteristike motora SUS sa dijagrama KARAKTERISTIČNE TAČKE: n MIN minimalni broj obrtaja motora n MIN broj obrtaja motora pri maks. obrtnom momentu n Mmax maksimalni obrtni moment M MAX broj obrtaja motora pri maksimalnoj snazi n Pmax maksimalna snaga P MAX maksimalni broj obrtaja motora n MAX DIMENZIJE: n (o/min) M (Nm) P (kw)
11 1. Ulazni podaci Brzinska karakteristika motora Očitavanje brzinske karakteristike motora SUS sa dijagrama n (o/min) M (Nm) P (kw) P(n) = M(n) n / 9554 (kw)
12 1. Ulazni podaci Brzinska karakteristika motora Grafički prikaz i poređenje sa izvorom (provera tačnosti) M (Nm) M (Nm) 30 P (kw) P (kw) n (o/min)
13 1. Ulazni podaci Prenosni odnosi u transmisiji i m, i GP M,n M - motor i m M m,n m m - menjač i GP M GP,n GP GP glavni prenosnik FINAL DRIVE - 1. stepen prenosa: i m = i I - 2. stepen prenosa: i m = i II - 3. stepen prenosa: i m = i III - 4. stepen prenosa: i m = i IV - 5. stepen prenosa: i m = i V LOW GEAR 2nd GEAR 3rd GEAR 4th GEAR TOP GEAR Primer: 2nd gear 2,158 to 1 Znači: i II = 2,158 PRIMER: MENJAČ SA 5 STEPENI PRENOSA
14 2. Stepen korisnosti transmisije M m+gp POGON NAPRED M m POGON NAZAD KP M m GP R KP 4X4 GP GP 1. η TR = η m η GP 2. η TR = η m η GP 3. η TR = η m η 2 GP η R η KP η KP ~ 0,93 ~ 0,9 ~ 0,87
15 3. Otpori kretanja 3.1 Otpor kotrljanja F f = f G ZA HORIZONTALNU PODLOGU UTICAJ BRZINE NA KOEFICIJENT f (EMPIRIJSKI): f = f 0 +C 1 v+c 2 v 4, v (km/h) f 0 = 0,01 C 1 = 5, C 2 = 1,
16 3. Otpori kretanja 3.2 Otpor vazduha F W 2 ρ v = c W A SILA OTPORA VAZDUHA 2 C W koeficijent oblika A čeona površina ρ v 2 2 DINAMIČKI PRITISAK
17 3. Otpori kretanja 3.2 Otpor vazduha Pri standardnom pritisku i 15 o C: ρ = 1,225 kg/m 3 Za v u km/h: F W = 0,0473 C W A v 2
18 3. Otpori kretanja Sila otpora kotrljanja F f = f G, F f (N), G (N), f(-) Sila otpora vazduha F W = 0,0473 C W A v 2, v (km/h), A(m 2 ), F(N) Snaga otpora kotrljanja Snaga otpora vazduha P f = F f v / 3600, P W = F W v / 3600, v (km/h), F(N), P(kW) v (km/h), F(N), P(kW) v f 0,012 0, , , , ,0168 0, , , , ,0312 0, Ff , , , , ,6 274, , , , ,4 510,864 Fw 0 12, , , , , , , , , , ,895 Ff+Fw , , , , , , , , , , ,759 Pf 0 0, , ,3176 4, , , , , , , ,21947 Pw 0 0, , , , ,987 15, , , , ,896 95,69358 Pf+Pw 0 1, , , , , , , , , , ,913
19 3. Otpori kretanja F(N) F f + F W F W F f V(km/h)
20 3. Otpori kretanja 140 P(kW) P f + P W P W V(km/h) P f
21 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika Raspoloživa vučna sila na točku u funkciji brzine kretanja vozila M,n M m,n m M GP,n GP GP glavni prenosnik M - motor m - menjač M(n) F O,v M,n M T,n T F O,v M T,n T n i TR,η TR r D NAPOMENA: M T osovinski moment; moment na pojedinačnom točku = M GP / 2
22 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika Idealna hiperbola vuče F Oid = 3600 P v MAX η TR F Oid (v) v Stvarne krive vuče u pojedinim stepenima prenosa: F O = M i m i r GP D η TR M M(n) F O F O (v) v = 0,377 r i i m GP D n n i m = const v
23 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika Zavisnost vučne sile na točku i brzine kretanja vozila od broja obrtaja motora i stepena prenosa F O i m = i I M i m = i II i m = i III n i m = i IV VUČNO - BRZINSKA KARAKTERISTIKA VUČNI DIJAGRAM v
24 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika Hiperbola vuče Idealna hiperbola (mogućnost potpunog iskorišćenja raspoložive snage motora - P max ) F Oid =(3600 P max η tr ) / v, P(kW), v(km/h) V(km/h) v max F Oid (N)
25 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika F O (N) F Oid F O = (M(n) i m i GP η tr ) / r D v = (0,377 r D n) / i m i GP i m =i I F OI F OII i m =i II F OIII F OIV i m =i III i m =i IV i m =i V F O V F OTP = F f + F W v MAX Hiperbola vuče VUČNI DIJAGRAM v (km/h)
26 4. Vučno-brzinska karakteristika Grafičko određivanje maksimalne brzine v MAX STVARNA VREDNOST v MAX TEORIJSKA VREDNOST v (km/h)
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