Scintillation Detectors
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1 Scintillation Detectors Introduction Components Scintillator Light Guides Photomultiplier Tubes Formalism/Electronics Timing Resolution Elton Smith JLab 2009 Detecto Summer Lecture Series
2 Experiment basics B field ~ 5/3 T p = 0.3 B R = 1.5 GeV/c β π = p/ p 2 +m π 2 = L = ½ π R = 4.71 m β Κ = p/ p 2 +m Κ 2 = R = 3m t π = L/β π c = ns t Κ = L/β Κ c = ns Δt πk = 0.76 ns Particle Identification by time-of-flight (TOF) requires Measurements with accuracies of ~ 0.1 ns
3 Measure the Flight Time between two Scintillators Particle Trajectory Stop Start Disc Disc TDC
4 Propagation velocities c = 30 cm/ns v scint = c/n = 20 cm/ns Δt ~ 0.1 ns Δx ~ 3 cm v eff = 16 cm/ns v pmt = 0.6 cm/ns v cable = 20 cm/ns
5 TOF scintillators stacked for shipment
6 CLAS detector with FC pulled apart
7 Start counter assembly
8 Scintillator types Organic Inorganic Liquid Economical messy Solid Fast decay time long attenuation length Emission spectra Anthracene Unused standard NaI, CsI Excellent γ resolution Slow decay time BGO High density, compact
9 Photocathode spectral response
10 Scintillator thickness Minimizing material vs. signal/background CLAS TOF: 5 cm thick Penetrating particles (e.g. pions) loose 10 MeV Start counter: 0.3 cm thick Penetrating particles loose 0.6 MeV Photons, e + e backgrounds ~ 1MeV contribute substantially to count rate Thresholds may eliminate these in TOF
11 Light guides Goals Match (rectangular) scintillator to (circular) pmt Optimize light collection for applications Types Plastic Air None Winston shapes
12 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 acrylic PMT glass n = 1.5
13 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 Air with reflective boundary PMT glass n = 1.5 R air = 1 n 1+ n 2 4 5% (reflectance at normal incidence)
14 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 air PMT glass n = 1.5
15 Reflective/Refractive boundaries Scintillator n = 1.58 acrylic PMT glass n = 1.5 Large-angle ray lost Acceptance of incident rays at fixed angle depends on position at the exit face of the scintillator
16 Winston Cones - geometry
17 Winston Cone - acceptance
18 Photomultiplier tube, sensitive light meter Gain ~ V αn ~ Electrodes Anode γ e Photocathode N Dynodes 56 AVP pmt
19 Voltage Dividers k g Equal Steps Max Gain d 1 d 2 d 3 d N-2 d N-1 d N a HV Progressive HV R L R L Timing 44 Intermediate Linearity R L 21
20 Voltage Divider Capacitors for increased linearity in pulsed applications Active components to minimize changes to timing and rate capability with HV
21 High voltage Positive (cathode at ground) low noise, capacitative coupling Negative Anode at ground (no HV on signal) No (high) voltage Cockcroft-Walton bases
22 Effect of magnetic field on pmt
23 Housing
24 Compact UNH divider design
25 Signal for passing tracks
26 Single photoelectron signal
27 Dark counts Solid : Sea level Dashed: 30 m underground After-pulsing and Glass radioactivity Thermal Noise Cosmic rays
28 Electronics anode dynode trigger Measure pulse height Measure time
29 Formalism: Measure time and position P L P R T L X=0 X X= L/2 T R X=+L/2 T L = T L 0 + x /v eff T ave = 1 2 (T L + T R ) = 1 2 (T L 0 + T R 0 ) T R = T R 0 x /v eff Mean is independent of x! [ ] v eff x = v eff 2 (T T ) (T 0 L R L T 0 R ) 2 (T L T R )
30 Measure the Flight Time between two Scintillators Particle Trajectory Stop Start Disc Disc TDC
31 From single-photoelectron timing to counter resolution The uncertainty in determining the passage of a particle through a scintillator has a statistical component, depending on the number of photoelectrons N pe that create the pulse. σ TOF (ns) = σ σ (σ p L /2) 2 N pe exp( L /2λ) N pe 1000 Single Photoelectron Response } σ 0 = ns σ 1 = 2.1 ns σ p = ns/cm Intrinsic timing of electronic circuits Combined scintillator and pmt response Average path length variations in scintillator λ =134cm L λ = 430 cm (15cm wide) (22cm wide) Note: Parameters for CLAS
32 Formalism: Measure energy loss P L P R T L X=0 X X= L/2 P L = P L 0 e x / λ T R X=+L/2 P R = P R 0 e +x / λ Energy = P L P R = P L 0 P R 0 Geometric mean is independent of x!
33 Energy deposited in scintillator
34 Velocity vs. momentum π + K + p
35 Example: Kaon and pion time differences Momentum P = 1 GeV Flight path d = 500 cm E = m 2 + P 2 pions m π = 0.140GeV GeV Kaons m K = 0.495GeV GeV β = P E γ = E m d t = β c ns ns t K t π = 1.76 ns Difference observable with δt~0.15 ns
36 Summary Scintillator counters have a few simple components Systems are built out of these counters Fast response allows for accurate timing The time resolution required for particle identification is the result of the time response of individual components scaled by N pe
37 Backup slides
38 CLAS detector open for repairs
39 Window Transmittance
40 Voltage dividers Equal voltage steps Maximum gain Progressive, higher voltage near anode Excellent linearity, limited gain Time optimized, higher voltage at cathode Good gain, fast response Zeners Stabilize voltages independent of gain Decoupling capacitors reservoirs of charge during pulsed operation
41 Electrostatics near cathode at HV Stable performance with negative high voltage is achieved by Eliminating potential gradients in the vicinity of the photocathode. The electrostatic shielding and the can of the crystal are both Maintained at cathode potential by this arrangement.
42 Pulse distortion in cable
43 Time-walk corrections
44 Average time resolution CLAS in Hall B
45 Example: Kaon mass resolution by TOF P K =1GeV E K = m K 2 + P K 2 = =1.116 GeV β K = P K E K = γ K = E K m K = 2.26 For a flight path of d = 500 cm, Assume δt = 0.15ns 500 cm t K = =18.6 ns cm /ns δ p p = 0.01 Note: δm m δm m = ( 0.01) 2 = δm K 21 MeV ( for p, fixed δβ β )
46 Uncertainties Timing Assume that one pmt measures a time with uncertainty δt δt ave = 1 2 δt 2 L + δt 2 R δt 2 Mass Resolution m = E γ δ x = v eff 2 δt L 2 + δt R 2 v eff m 2 = (1 β 2 )E 2 = 1 β 2 p 2 β 2 δt 2 δm m 2 δβ = γ 4 β 2 + δ p p 2
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