Neutron Generators for Detection of Explosives and Illicit Materials
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1 Neutron Generators for Detection of Explosives and Illicit Materials J. Reijonen Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Vienna June 13 16, 2005 IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 1
2 Outline Characteristics of the compact neutron generators D-D, D-T and T-T fusion reaction and neutron generation using compact accelerators Plasma generation using RF-induction discharge Beam loaded target Latest neutron generator development at Axial, high voltage shielded, single beam neutron generator for educational and Special Nuclear Material (SNM) detection Co-axial, high neutron yield, multi-beam neutron generator for medical application Point neutron generator for luggage and cargo screening IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 2
3 Neutron Generation with Deuterium and Tritium Fusion Processes 2 H(d,n) 3 He E n = 2.5 MeV 2 H(t,n) 4 He E n = 14 MeV 3 H(t,n) 4 He E n = MeV [1] J.D. Seagrave, E.R. Graves, S.J. Hipwood, C.J. McDole, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report LAMS-2162, (1958) [2] S. I. Warshaw, LLNL Report #UCRL-ID (2001) IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 3
4 Operation Principle of Compact Neutron Generator n n n n n n Deuterium/Tritium plasma Deuterium/Tritium ions impinging on the target Target High voltage insulator IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 4
5 Plasma Generation of the Neutron Generators Using RF-Induction Discharge Neutron generators designed in using RF-induction discharge Three advantages: High atomic, deuterium/tritium ion species High plasma density high output current Long life operation Actively cooled discharge chamber with water Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) plasma chamber External RFantenna induction coil j [ma/cm 2 ] P RF [W] IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 5 Beam Species Fraction 100% 98% 96% 94% 92% 90% 88% 86% 84% P RF [W] H+
6 Beam Loaded Target Target is constantly replenished with deuterium/tritium by the incoming ion beam Target material; explosively bonded titanium on aluminum or thin vacuum deposited titanium layer Ti Explosively bonded titanium on aluminum Al IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 6
7 Neutron Generators Developed in Plasma and Ion Source Technology Group Axial, single beam neutron generator for vacuum pumped or semi-sealed operation D-D yields in the order of 10 9 n/s Sectioned insulator D-D neutron generator for SNM detection (LANL) High voltage shielded design for educational purposes at UCB s Nuclear Engineering Department Co-axial, multi-beam neutron generator Designed to operate at 120 kv and 350 ma D-D yields up to n/s Delivered on November 2004 for a hospital/university consortium in Turin, Italy IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 7
8 Neutron Generators Developed in Plasma and Ion Source Technology Group Point neutron source for luggage and air-cargo screening Based on PFNTS (Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy) technique developed by Tensor Technology Inc. Unique features: 5 ns beam pulsing 1 A of total beam current during pulse 100% tritium operation IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 8
9 Axial Neutron Generator for SNM Detection Application 0.8 Neutron Yield [10 8 n/s] P_RF = 2 kw (0.8 ma) U acc [kv] Neutron yield as a function of beam current and energy Accelerator electrodes Target Axial neutron generator at the test stand Puller electrode Actively water-cooled external antenna ion source from Al 2 O 3 IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 9
10 Axial Neutron Generator Ion Source Actively cooled secondary electron beam dump Al 2 O 3 plasma chamber External RFinduction antenna Extraction aperture RF-feed-through IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 10
11 Co-axial Neutron Generator Concept IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 11
12 Co-axial Neutron Generator (8.5x10 9 n/s) HV Insulator Target Plasma Source RF Antenna IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 12
13 Typical Run with the Co-axial Neutron Generator kV Flux [10 8 n/s] kV 90kV Time [min] IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 13
14 Typical Run with the Co-axial Neutron Generator 6 Target Loading 5 Flux [10 8 n/s] Time [min] IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 14
15 High Yield Coaxial D-D Neutron Generator for NCT (Neutron Capture Therapy) Application High Voltage Shield Target Water Manifold Al 2 O 3 High Voltage Insulator Target Cylinder Secondary Electron Filter Electrode Ion Source Vacuum Chamber RF-Antenna Guide RF-Induction Antenna Vacuum Pump IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 15
16 Coaxial D-D Neutron Generator for EUROSIA in Turin, Italy D-D neutron output n/s 120 kv of acceleration voltage 350 ma of extracted D + current Coaxial design with multi extraction slits Delivered to the University of Turin, Italy in November 2004 for NCT studies IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 16
17 Point Neutron Generator Requirements for PFNTS Luggage and Airline Cargo Screening Point neutron source with ultra short pulses Multiple beamlets striking a centrally located target 20 extractor slits with total area of 20 cm 2 1 A of total beam current Nanosecond beam pulsing Beam swept across an aperture using fast high voltage switches 5 ns beam pulses by simultaneously switching 20 parallel plate beam sweepers Wide neutron energy spectrum T-T fusion reaction, energy spectrum from 0 9 MeV Necessary for PFNTS method IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 17
18 Prototype Point Neutron Generator Co-axial electrodes for extraction and beam sweeping 40 cm Torroidal-shaped plasma generator Target tube with water cooling Target insulator IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators SIMION and PBGUNS simulations of the beam transport and sweeping across the collimator aperture Slide 18
19 Point Neutron Generator Specifications Total Beam Current 1A Pulse Width < 5 ns Duty Cycle 0.25 % Accelerator Voltage 120 kv Number of Extractor Slits 20 Current Density 50 ma/cm 2 Extractor Slit Size 3 mm x 30 mm IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 19
20 Prototype Beam Pulser System The experimental data validated the simulations and the operation of the beam pulser. Voltage (kv) Chopper electrode 1 Chopper electrode 2 Time (s) E E E E E E E-06 Ion current (Arb. Units) 5.00E E E E E E E E E E ns FWHM H + H 2 + H E E E E E E E E E E E-04 0 Time (s) N +, O +, H 2 O IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 20
21 Ion Extraction and Transport Simulations of the Point Neutron Generator PBGUNS ion extraction and beam transport simulation SIMION 3D parallel-plate beam sweeper simulation without space charge forces KOBRA 3D simulation of the extraction and the beam sweeping with full space charge force of the beam. IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 21
22 Specifications for the Beam Sweeper Two high-speed high-voltage pulsers are needed to drive parallel plates for ion beam pulsing. Two pulsers with symmetric outputs Voltage amplitude ±1500 V or V Rise and fall time <10 ns Duty cycle 50% Pulse width 800 ns Pulse rate 625 khz Capacitive load, capacitance to ground about 100 pf IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 22
23 Prototype Plasma Generator Design Relatively simple plasma chamber design with multiple feed-throughs for pressure measurements, operation gas and plasma uniformity evaluation. Plasma chamber Extraction system Windows, gas and pressure ports Antenna feedtrough IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 23
24 Prototype Plasma Generator in the Test- Stand Prototype plasma generator in the test stand Hydrogen plasma Gas line Pressure measurement IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 24
25 Prototype Plasma Generator Extracted Current 2 MHz Loop mtorr 120 Current Density [ma/cm 2 ] RF Power [kw] IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 25
26 Prototype Plasma Generator Hydrogen Current Sweeps 2 MHz Loop Antenna - 9 mtorr - 6 kv Species [%] 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% RF Power [kw] H+ H2+ H3+ IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 26
27 Prototype Beam Extraction and Sweeper System 360 o source Full set of electrodes 50 Ohm impedance matched faraday cup IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 27
28 Redefined PWNG Systems Design Neutron generator fits within a box of 50cm x 50cm x 100cm All utilities come out from the same side: Ease of maintenance and manipulations Integrity of moderator and neutron beam port Target HV RF feed-through 6 channels for the collimator water-cooling Electrode feedthroughs Feed-through for chopper electrodes IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 28
29 Point Neutron Generator Design 40 cm diameter Target support, 120 kg Target high voltage feed 100 kv insulator Source floating at 20 kv RF-antenna feedthrough 40 kv insulator for ion source IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 29
30 Plasma and Ion Source Technology Group (Neutron Generator and Ion Source Development) Ka-Ngo Leung, group leader/senior scientist Sami Hahto, post doc Tak-Pui Lou, post doc Frederic Gicquel, engineer Michael King, graduate student Taneli Kalvas, visiting scholar Hannes Vainionpaa, visiting scholar IAEA Technical Meeting on Neutron Generators Slide 30
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