Thermodynamics: More Entropy
|
|
- Mervyn Cannon
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thermodynamics: More Entropy
2 From Warmup On a kind of spiritual note, this could possibly explain how God works some miracles. Supposing He could precisely determine which microstate occurs, He could heat, cool, transform, and manipulate matter in countless other ways while staying within the laws of the physical universe. I noticed at the canon commons a sign saying that kiwis are nutrient rich: they have more nutrients than calories. I thought you would find that funny. I really want to know their units. Well, I guess calories was measured in calories, but what about nutrients? I agree. I don t think the comparison makes sense. Isn t it kind of like saying 10 kg > 1 m?
3 From Warmup How specifically can entropy be calculated. In general it is hard. In this class we will calculate entropy two ways: 1. Explicitly count the number of microstates (using combinatorics) 2. Calculate the change in entropy using an integral Why must the second law of thermodynamics be stated in so many different ways? The Kelvin-Planck and Classius statements are really proto versions that were given before entropy was discovered. The definitive statement is that the entropy of a closed system increases.
4 Microstates vs. Macrostates Left microstate: part of the royal flush macrostate Right microstate: part of the garbage macrostate The most common macrostates are those with the most microstates.
5 From Warmup Using ideas from both the reading and from the last lecture, explain why heat flows from hot to cold when the process of energy exchange between two objects is "random". (How can you get directed motion of heat, when energy is being exchanged both ways?!) If we think of the heat as little units of heat, each unit is equally likely to be in each region. Therefore, there are more microstates for which the units are split roughly in half. Instead of thinking of heat flowing from one object to the other, think of it as the heat distributing itself evenly between the objects. Building on this idea: each unit of energy has equal probability to move between objects. Since there are more units in the hot object, it is more probable that the entire object has a net loss of energy and that the cool object will have a net gain. This is what we perceive as heat.
6 Calculating Entropy Entropy is a state variable It doesn t matter what path you use to calculate it. Always use a path that is internally (not totally) reversible This means it is a path on a P-B diagram Only really matters for adiabatic free expansion. Examples (In groups) Change in entropy for an adiabatic compression? Isothermal Compression? Isochoric process? Isobaric process?
7 From Warmup When two systems A and B can exchange energy, the entropy of system A *always* decreases when system A gives energy to system B. If that's so, why would energy ever spontaneously flow from system A to sytem B? If the total entropy of the system AB is increased while simultaneously lowering that of system A (eg. B entropy is increased more than A decreases) then energy will flow. If the entropy of B increases more than the entropy of A decreases, the energy transfer an be spontaneous. The combined entropy is increasing If the entropy is always increasing how do we get things like stars and planets and life to spontaneously form?
8 Dice You roll two dice. What are the microstates? (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3) How many microstates are there? How many microstates if we roll 5 dice? What is the most likely macrostate?
9 Many Dice You roll 10^23 dice with your left hand. How many microstates are there? You roll 10^23 dice with your right hand. How many microstates are there? How many microstates are there in the COMBINED system? This is getting ridiculous
10 Solution: Use Logarithm Entropy: S = (constant) x log (# microstates) Log = Natural Logarithm Constant has units J/K. Much more manageable numbers Log(10^23) = 53 Combining two systems: 2 nd Law: System moves to macrostates with more microstates
11 The second law of thermodynamics System in macrostate with most microstates This is a statistical law shouldn t we see unlikely stuff occassionally? Flip 10^23 coins. What is the probability of getting all heads? Do this once a second for the age for the age of the universe (10^15 sec), what is the probability of getting all heads at least once? Warmup review: What is the probability that all the molecules in a mole of gas are in the left 99% of the container?
12 Entropy and Information Theory Entropy is the number of microstates in a macrostate Entropy is how much information you would need to identify which microstate the system is in. The second law states that the lost information about the state of the universe always grows. (and can never be recovered!) Clicker Poll: Is the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics a Fundamental Law of Physics A. Yes B. No
13 Some Philosophical Questions Thermodynamics is driven by Entropy. Entropy depends on the definition of the macrostates. Who, or what, determines the macrostate? Is it entirely subjective? A matter of perspective? Could we choose different macrostates and get a different theory of thermodynamics? Defining different macrostates for the same system: Dice Sum of the numbers Difference of the numbers Number of 1 s Etc.
14 Maxwell s Demon o Maxwell imagined a microscopic demon that could violate the 2 nd law o Imagine a gas in a container with a partition and a door. o The demon lets fast moving molecules into the right half and vice versa. o Therefore (Maxwell concludes), the 2 nd law is a statistical consequence of our being big (macroscopic)
15 Maxwell s Demon Resolution o Maxwell s demon must process information about the speeds of approaching molecules o What does it do with this information? Record it? Erase it? o It can t record information indefinitely eventually it must erase some of its information. o Erasing information increases the entropy! o The increase in entropy caused by erasing the information is always more than the entropy decrease caused by sorting the molecules o Maxwell s demon cannot violate the second law!
16 Macro/Micro theories in Science Science is hierarchical Branches of science related as macro/micro theories Understanding the relation between macro/micro theories remains one of the fundamental problems in science. Information Physics helps explain the relationship between these fields Microtheory Kinetic/Atomic Theory String Theory Quantum Mechanics Chemistry Biology Microeconomics Weather Macrotheory Thermodynamics Quantum Field Theory Chemistry Biology Psychology Macroeconomics Climate
17 Relevance to current physics: From Science (November 2013): When we observe systems on different scales (different macrostates), there is a loss of information (entropy) about microscopic details. This is a big part of what makes science possible: If we needed to know string theory to do Newtonian physics, Newton would never have discovered his laws. The same principles hold in other branches of science.
Thermodynamics: More Entropy
Thermodynamics: More Entropy From Warmup Yay for only having to read one section! I thought the entropy statement of the second law made a lot more sense than the other two. Just probability. I haven't
More informationThermodynamics: Entropy Conclusion
Thermodynamics: Entropy Conclusion From Warmup I would like to see an overview of all the chapters covered, and if possible some of the key concepts. I would appreciate a second opinion to make sure that
More informationHeat Machines (Chapters 18.6, 19)
eat Machines (hapters 8.6, 9) eat machines eat engines eat pumps The Second Law of thermodynamics Entropy Ideal heat engines arnot cycle Other cycles: Brayton, Otto, Diesel eat Machines Description The
More informationThermodynamics: Entropy
Thermodynamics: Entropy From Warmup I've heard people say that the Entropy Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics disproves God. Why is this? What are your thoughts? The second law of thermodynamics
More informationChapter 11 Heat Engines and The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 11 Heat Engines and The Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat engines use a temperature difference involving a high temperature (T H ) and a low temperature (T C ) to do mechanical work.
More information213 Midterm coming up
213 Midterm coming up Monday April 8 @ 7 pm (conflict exam @ 5:15pm) Covers: Lectures 1-12 (not including thermal radiation) HW 1-4 Discussion 1-4 Labs 1-2 Review Session Sunday April 7, 3-5 PM, 141 Loomis
More informationClass 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
Class 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy The second law of thermodynamics The first law relates heat energy, work and the internal thermal energy of a system, and is essentially a statement
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationThermodynamics Second Law Entropy
Thermodynamics Second Law Entropy Lana Sheridan De Anza College May 9, 2018 Last time entropy (macroscopic perspective) Overview entropy (microscopic perspective) Reminder of Example from Last Lecture
More informationChapter 4 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 4 - The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it. -Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton Fall 2013 An irreversible process is a process
More informationEntropy. Physics 1425 Lecture 36. Michael Fowler, UVa
Entropy Physics 1425 Lecture 36 Michael Fowler, UVa First and Second Laws of A quick review. Thermodynamics First Law: total energy conserved in any process: joules in = joules out Second Law: heat only
More informationThermodynamics: Reversibility and Carnot
Thermodynamics: Reversibility and Carnot From Warmup It seems like this reading (for Friday) explained the homework assigned for Wednesday's lecture. Is homework based on the previous lecture, or the current
More informationChemistry 2000 Lecture 9: Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
Chemistry 2000 Lecture 9: Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics Marc R. Roussel January 23, 2018 Marc R. Roussel Entropy and the second law January 23, 2018 1 / 29 States in thermodynamics The thermodynamic
More information12 The Laws of Thermodynamics
June 14, 1998 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics Using Thermal Energy to do Work Understanding the laws of thermodynamics allows us to use thermal energy in a practical way. The first law of thermodynamics
More informationChapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics When we previously studied the first law of thermodynamics, we observed how conservation of energy provided us with a relationship between U, Q, and W, namely
More informationPhysics 202 Homework 5
Physics 202 Homework 5 Apr 29, 2013 1. A nuclear-fueled electric power plant utilizes a so-called boiling water reac- 5.8 C tor. In this type of reactor, nuclear energy causes water under pressure to boil
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationSurvey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws
Survey of Thermodynamic Processes and First and Second Laws Please select only one of the five choices, (a)-(e) for each of the 33 questions. All temperatures T are absolute temperatures. All experiments
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationPhysics 172H Modern Mechanics
Physics 172H Modern Mechanics Instructor: Dr. Mark Haugan Office: PHYS 282 haugan@purdue.edu TAs: Alex Kryzwda John Lorenz akryzwda@purdue.edu jdlorenz@purdue.edu Lecture 22: Matter & Interactions, Ch.
More informationTHERMODINAMICS. Tóth Mónika
THERMODINAMICS Tóth Mónika 2014 monika.a.toth@aok.pte.hu Temperature Temperature: is related to the average energy of the motion of the particles of an object or system. Different temperature scales. Thermometer
More informationEntropy, free energy and equilibrium. Spontaneity Entropy Free energy and equilibrium
Entropy, free energy and equilibrium Spontaneity Entropy Free energy and equilibrium Learning objectives Discuss what is meant by spontaneity Discuss energy dispersal and its relevance to spontaneity Describe
More informationChapter 16 Thermodynamics
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 16 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Introduction Another area of physics is thermodynamics Continues with the principle of conservation of energy
More informationLecture 9 Examples and Problems
Lecture 9 Examples and Problems Counting microstates of combined systems Volume exchange between systems Definition of Entropy and its role in equilibrium The second law of thermodynamics Statistics of
More informationLecture Notes Set 3a: Probabilities, Microstates and Entropy
Lecture Notes Set 3a: Probabilities, Microstates and Entropy Thus far.. In Sections 1 and 2 of the module we ve covered a broad variety of topics at the heart of the thermal and statistical behaviour of
More informationLecture Notes 2014March 13 on Thermodynamics A. First Law: based upon conservation of energy
Dr. W. Pezzaglia Physics 8C, Spring 2014 Page 1 Lecture Notes 2014March 13 on Thermodynamics A. First Law: based upon conservation of energy 1. Work 1 Dr. W. Pezzaglia Physics 8C, Spring 2014 Page 2 (c)
More informationWorksheet for Exploration 21.1: Engine Efficiency W Q H U
Worksheet for Exploration 21.1: Engine Efficiency In this animation, N = nr (i.e., k B = 1). This, then, gives the ideal gas law as PV = NT. Assume an ideal monatomic gas. The efficiency of an engine is
More informationTHE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5 Chemical Equilibrium N 2 + 3 H 2 2 NH 3 Chemical reactions go in both directions Systems started from any initial state
More informationSpontaneity: Second law of thermodynamics CH102 General Chemistry, Spring 2012, Boston University
Spontaneity: Second law of thermodynamics CH102 General Chemistry, Spring 2012, Boston University three or four forces and, as capstone, a minimalist cosmic constitution to legislate their use: Article
More informationLecture 24 Thermodynamics: Energy, Heat and Work and The First Law
Physical Principles in Biology Biology 3550 Fall 2017 Lecture 24 Thermodynamics: Energy, Heat and Work and The First Law Wednesday, 25 October c David P. Goldenberg University of Utah goldenberg@biology.utah.edu
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 18. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 18 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 18 The Laws of Thermodynamics Units of Chapter 18 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Processes
More informationStatistical Physics. How to connect the microscopic properties -- lots of changes to the macroscopic properties -- not changing much.
Statistical Physics How to connect the microscopic properties -- lots of changes to the macroscopic properties -- not changing much. We will care about: N = # atoms T = temperature V = volume U = total
More informationToday. Work, Energy, Power loose ends Temperature Second Law of Thermodynamics
Today Announcements: HW#5 is due by 8:00 am Wed. Feb. 5th. Extra Credit Exam due by Tomorrow 8am. Work, Energy, Power loose ends Temperature Second Law of Thermodynamics ISP09s9 Lecture 11-1- Energy and
More informationLecture Notes Set 4c: Heat engines and the Carnot cycle
ecture Notes Set 4c: eat engines and the Carnot cycle Introduction to heat engines In the following sections the fundamental operating principles of the ideal heat engine, the Carnot engine, will be discussed.
More informationPhys 160 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. Lecture 8 Randomness and Probability
Phys 160 Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics Lecture 8 Randomness and Probability All life and even science provide examples of situations where we are confronted with possibilities whose outcomes we
More informationLecture 6. Statistical Processes. Irreversibility. Counting and Probability. Microstates and Macrostates. The Meaning of Equilibrium Ω(m) 9 spins
Lecture 6 Statistical Processes Irreversibility Counting and Probability Microstates and Macrostates The Meaning of Equilibrium Ω(m) 9 spins -9-7 -5-3 -1 1 3 5 7 m 9 Lecture 6, p. 1 Irreversibility Have
More informationPhysics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II
Physics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II Final Today s lecture will cover Textbook Chapter 15.6-15.9 Check Final Exam Room Assignment! Bring ID! Be sure to check your gradebook! (send me your net ID if
More informationDAY 28. Summary of Primary Topics Covered. The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics
DAY 28 Summary of Primary Topics Covered The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics says this - - Heat energy naturally flows from hotter objects to colder objects. We know this happens,
More information11/29/2017 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES. UNIT 2 Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory
11/9/017 AP PHYSICS UNIT Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory CHAPTER 13 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES The U G of the water-earth system at the
More informationIrreversible Processes
Irreversible Processes Examples: Block sliding on table comes to rest due to friction: KE converted to heat. Heat flows from hot object to cold object. Air flows into an evacuated chamber. Reverse process
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
CH. 19 PRACTICE Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) When a fixed amount of ideal gas goes through an isobaric expansion, A) its
More informationPhysics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II
Physics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II Final Today s lecture will cover Textbook Chapter 15.6-15.9 Check Final Exam Room Assignment! Bring ID! Be sure to check your gradebook! Physics 101: Lecture 28,
More informationThermodynamic system is classified into the following three systems. (ii) Closed System It exchanges only energy (not matter) with surroundings.
1 P a g e The branch of physics which deals with the study of transformation of heat energy into other forms of energy and vice-versa. A thermodynamical system is said to be in thermal equilibrium when
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Processes (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic) Reversible and Irreversible Processes Heat Engines Refrigerators and Heat Pumps The Carnot
More informationPhysics, Time and Determinism
Physics, Time and Determinism M.P. Vaughan Free will and determinism Some definitions: 1. Free will is the capacity of an agent to chose a particular outcome 2. Determinism is the notion that all events
More informationLecture 4: Classical Illustrations of Macroscopic Thermal Effects
Lecture 4: Classical Illustrations of Macroscopic Thermal Effects Heat capacity of solids & liquids Thermal conductivity Irreversibility References for this Lecture: Elements Ch 3,4A-C Reference for Lecture
More informationInformation in Biology
Lecture 3: Information in Biology Tsvi Tlusty, tsvi@unist.ac.kr Living information is carried by molecular channels Living systems I. Self-replicating information processors Environment II. III. Evolve
More informationContents. 1 Introduction and guide for this text 1. 2 Equilibrium and entropy 6. 3 Energy and how the microscopic world works 21
Preface Reference tables Table A Counting and combinatorics formulae Table B Useful integrals, expansions, and approximations Table C Extensive thermodynamic potentials Table D Intensive per-particle thermodynamic
More informationThermodynamics. Fill in the blank (1pt)
Fill in the blank (1pt) Thermodynamics 1. The Newton temperature scale is made up of different points 2. When Antonine Lavoisier began his study of combustion, he noticed that metals would in weight upon
More informationChapter 12 Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 Thermodynamics 12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes System: definite quantity of matter with real or imaginary boundaries If heat transfer is impossible, the system is thermally
More informationChapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 20 Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian First Law of Thermodynamics Review Review: The first law states that a change in internal energy in a system can
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, Physics 121. April 24, Course Information
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationMurray Gell-Mann, The Quark and the Jaguar, 1995
Although [complex systems] differ widely in their physical attributes, they resemble one another in the way they handle information. That common feature is perhaps the best starting point for exploring
More informationLecture 13. The Second Law
MIT 3.00 Fall 2002 c W.C Carter 88 Lecture 13 The Second Law Last Time Consequences of an Ideal Gas Internal Energy a Function of T Only A New State Function for Any System: Enthalpy H = U + PV A New State
More informationInformation in Biology
Information in Biology CRI - Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, Paris May 2012 Information processing is an essential part of Life. Thinking about it in quantitative terms may is useful. 1 Living
More informationChapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter
Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter To understand the mole and Avogadro's number. To understand equations of state. To study the kinetic theory of ideal gas. To understand heat capacity. To learn and
More informationPhysics 9 Wednesday, February 29, 2012
Physics 9 Wednesday, February 29, 2012 learningcatalytics.com class session ID: 410176 Today: heat pumps, engines, etc. Aim to cover everything you need to know to do HW #8. Friday: start electricity (lots
More informationThe four laws of Thermodynamics. WOD are underlined.
The four laws of Thermodynamics WOD are underlined. The four laws of Thermodynamics The 0 th Law (discovered 4 th ) The 1 st Law (discovered 2 nd ) The 2 nd Law (discovered 1 st ) The 3 rd Law (discovered
More informationT s change via collisions at boundary (not mechanical interaction)
Lecture 14 Interaction of 2 systems at different temperatures Irreversible processes: 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Heat Engines and Refrigerators Thermal interactions T s change via collisions
More informationThermodynamics: Entropy
Thermodynamics: Entropy From Warmup I still do not understand the benefit of using a reversible process to calculate data when it is not possible to achieve. What makes a reversible process so useful?
More informationPhysics 9 Friday, November 2, 2018
Physics 9 Friday, November 2, 2018 Turn in HW07. Pick up handout for HW08, due next Friday. For Monday, read Eric Mazur s chapter 22 (Electric Interactions) PDF on Canvas. I have a large number of supplemental
More information18.13 Review & Summary
5/2/10 10:04 PM Print this page 18.13 Review & Summary Temperature; Thermometers Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains
More informationUniversity Physics (Prof. David Flory) Chapt_21 Monday, November 26, 2007 Page 1
University Physics (Prof. David Flory) Chapt_21 Monday, November 26, 2007 Page 1 Name: Date: 1. Let k be the Boltzmann constant. If the configuration of the molecules in a gas changes so that the multiplicity
More information(prev) (top) (next) (Throughout, we will assume the processes involve an ideal gas with constant n.)
1 of 9 8/22/12 9:51 PM (prev) (top) (next) Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamic processes can be: 2 isothermal processes, ΔT = 0 (so P ~ 1 / V); isobaric processes, ΔP = 0 (so T ~ V); isovolumetric or isochoric
More informationThermodynamics: The Laws
Thermodynamics: The Laws Resources: Serway The Laws of Thermodynamics: 12 AP Physics B Videos Physics B Lesson 29: Laws of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of heat and thermal
More informationEntropy. Entropy Changes for an Ideal Gas
Entropy and Entropy Changes for an Ideal Gas Ron Reifenberger Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University March 28, 2012 Lecture 10 1 Recall that we discussed an idealized process called reversible A
More informationIrreversibility. Have you ever seen this happen? (when you weren t asleep or on medication) Which stage never happens?
Lecture 5: Statistical Processes Random Walk and Particle Diffusion Counting and Probability Microstates and Macrostates The meaning of equilibrium 0.10 0.08 Reading: Elements Ch. 5 Probability (N 1, N
More informationThermal Physics. Topics to be covered. Slide 2 / 105. Slide 1 / 105. Slide 3 / 105. Slide 4 / 105. Slide 5 / 105. Slide 6 / 105.
Slide 1 / 105 Slide 2 / 105 Topics to be covered Thermal Physics Temperature and Thermal quilibrium Gas Laws Internal nergy Heat Work Laws of Thermodynamics Heat ngines Slide 3 / 105 Thermodynamics System
More informationChapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics
Chapter 19 Chemical Thermodynamics Spontaneous Processes Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions Gibbs Free Energy Free
More informationLecture 8. The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Energy Exchange
Lecture 8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Energy Exchange The second law of thermodynamics Statistics of energy exchange General definition of temperature Why heat flows from hot to cold Reading for
More informationTuesday April 18 Topics for this Lecture: Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas Law Laws of Thermodynamics PV diagrams & state transitions
Tuesday April 18 Topics for this Lecture: Thermodynamics Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas Law Laws of Thermodynamics PV diagrams & state transitions Assignment 14 due Friday Pre-class due 15min before class The
More informationPHYS 1101 Practice problem set 6, Chapter 19: 7, 12, 19, 30, 37, 44, 53, 61, 69
PYS 0 Practice problem set 6, hapter 9: 7,, 9, 0, 7, 44,, 6, 69 9.7. Solve: (a) he heat extracted from the cold reservoir is calculated as follows: (b) he heat exhausted to the hot reservoir is K 4.0 00
More informationOctober 18, 2011 Carnot cycle - 1
Carnot Cycle In 1824, Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) published a short book, eflections on the Motive Power of Fire (The book is now free online You should try it out) To construct an engine, Carnot noted, at
More informationLet s start by reviewing what we learned last time. Here is the basic line of reasoning for Einstein Solids
Chapter 5 In this chapter we want to review the concept of irreversibility in more detail and see how it comes from the multiplicity of states. In addition, we want to introduce the following new topics:
More informationStatistical Mechanics
42 My God, He Plays Dice! Statistical Mechanics Statistical Mechanics 43 Statistical Mechanics Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics are nineteenthcentury classical physics, but they contain the seeds
More informationLecture 5. PHYC 161 Fall 2016
Lecture 5 PHYC 161 Fall 2016 Ch. 19 First Law of Thermodynamics In a thermodynamic process, changes occur in the state of the system. Careful of signs! Q is positive when heat flows into a system. W is
More informationExamples. Fire Piston (demo) Example (Comparison of processes)
Examples Fire Piston (demo) Fire Piston istory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fire_piston Example 19.68 (Comparison of processes) Fire piston calculations http://complex.gmu.edu/www-phys/phys262/soln/fire_piston.pdf
More informationPhysics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II
Physics 101: Lecture 28 Thermodynamics II Final Today s lecture will cover Textbook Chapter 15.6-15.9 Check Final Exam Room Assignment! Bring ID! Be sure to check your gradebook! Physics 101: Lecture 28,
More informationI think really just going over all the equations for each section and the basic theories. An equation sheet would be AWESOME!
Review From Warmup I think really just going over all the equations for each section and the basic theories. An equation sheet would be AWESOME! (Hasn t looked at the course website all semester.) This
More informationLecture 10: Heat Engines and Reversible Processes
Lecture 10: Heat Engines and Reversible Processes Last time we started discussing cyclic heat engines these are devices that convert heat energy into mechanical work We found that in general, heat engines
More informationA few comments on relativity
Review A few comments on relativity Relativity is a theory about the geometry of space and time Minkowski space (whiteboard) What happens in the barn paradox if the doors remain closed? Physics, not geometry.
More informationCARNOT CYCLE = T = S ( U,V )
hermodynamics CANO CYCE Do not trouble students with history In 1824, Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) published a short book, eflections on the Motive Power of Fire (he book is now free online You should try it
More informationChapter 17. Free Energy and Thermodynamics. Chapter 17 Lecture Lecture Presentation. Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University
Chapter 17 Lecture Lecture Presentation Chapter 17 Free Energy and Thermodynamics Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University First Law of Thermodynamics You can t win! The first law of thermodynamics
More informationSniffing out new laws... Question
Sniffing out new laws... How can dimensional analysis help us figure out what new laws might be? (Why is math important not just for calculating, but even just for understanding?) (And a roundabout way
More informationThermodynamics. 1.1 Introduction. Thermodynamics is a phenomenological description of properties of macroscopic systems in thermal equilibrium.
1 hermodynamics 1.1 Introduction hermodynamics is a phenomenological description of properties of macroscopic systems in thermal equilibrium. Imagine yourself as a post-newtonian physicist intent on understanding
More informationEntropy in Macroscopic Systems
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Review Entropy in Macroscopic Systems
More information10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes
10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes I. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A. SYSTEMS AND SURROUNDING B. PV DIAGRAMS AND WORK DONE V -1 Source: Physics for the IB Diploma Study
More informationLecture 8. The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Energy Exchange
Lecture 8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Energy Exchange The second law of thermodynamics Statistics of energy exchange General definition of temperature Why heat flows from hot to cold Reading for
More informationThermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes
Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes A thermodynamic system is described by an equation of state, such as the ideal gas law. The location of the state can be plotted on a p V diagram,
More informationStatistical Physics. The Second Law. Most macroscopic processes are irreversible in everyday life.
Statistical Physics he Second Law ime s Arrow Most macroscopic processes are irreversible in everyday life. Glass breaks but does not reform. Coffee cools to room temperature but does not spontaneously
More informationHeat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics lass Notes 8, Phyx I. INTRODUTION The science of thermodynamics was born from the realization that microscopic energy (such as the internal kinetic energy
More informationClassical Physics I. PHY131 Lecture 36 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Lecture 36 1
Classical Physics I PHY131 Lecture 36 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Lecture 36 1 Recap: (Ir)reversible( Processes Reversible processes are processes that occur under quasi-equilibrium conditions:
More informationΔU = Q W. Tue Dec 1. Assign 13/14 Friday Final: Fri Dec 11 2:30PM WALTER 145. Thermodynamics 1st Law. 2 nd Law. Heat Engines and Refrigerators
Tue Dec 1 Thermodynamics 1st Law ΔU = Q W 2 nd Law SYS Heat Engines and Refrigerators Isobaric: W = PΔV Isochoric: W = 0 Isothermal: ΔU = 0 Adiabatic: Q = 0 Assign 13/14 Friday Final: Fri Dec 11 2:30PM
More informationThe need for something else: Entropy
Lecture 27 Goals: Ch. 18 ualitatively understand 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Ch. 19 Understand the relationship between work and heat in a cycling process Follow the physics of basic heat engines and refrigerators.
More informationIntroduction to Aerospace Propulsion. Prof. Bhaskar Roy. Prof. A. M. Pradeep. Department of Aerospace Engineering
Introduction to Aerospace Propulsion Prof. Bhaskar Roy Prof. A. M. Pradeep Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 11 Reversible and irreversible
More informationSparks CH301. THERMODYNAMICS and ENTROPY. UNIT 4 Day 5
Sparks CH301 THERMODYNAMICS and ENTROPY UNIT 4 Day 5 What are we going to learn today? Heats of Formation, Hess s Law, and Bond Energies Second Law of Thermodynamics Concept of Entropy QUIZ: iclicker Question
More informationEfficiency of the Carnot Cycle at Maximum Power Output. Introduction. Module 3, Lesson 2
Module 3, Lesson 2 Efficiency of the Carnot Cycle at Maximum Power Output Objective: Be the end of this lesson you will be able to identify and describe some of the basic thermodynamic processes. To facilitate
More informationAgenda. Chapter 10, Problem 26. All matter is made of atoms. Atomic Structure 4/8/14. What is the structure of matter? Atomic Terminology
Agenda Today: HW Quiz, Thermal physics (i.e., heat) Thursday: Finish thermal physics, atomic structure (lots of review from chemistry!) Chapter 10, Problem 26 A boy reaches out of a window and tosses a
More information