Conceptual Physics Fundamentals. Chapter 3: EQUILIBRIUM AND LINEAR MOTION

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1 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3: EQUILIBRIUM AND LINEAR MOTION

2 This lecture will help you understand: Aristotle on Motion Galileo s Concept of Inertia Mass A Measure of Inertia Net Force The Equilibrium Rule Equilibrium of Moving Things The Force of Friction Speed and Velocity Acceleration

3 Equilibrium and Linear Motion When you re over the hill, that s when you pick up speed. Jones Quincy

4 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 The force due to gravity on a body is the body s A. mass. B. weight. C. density. D. all of the above.

5 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 A kilogram is a measure of an object s A. weight. B. force. C. mass. D. gravity.

6 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 Compared with a 1-kg block of solid iron, a 2-kg block of solid iron has twice as much A. inertia. B. mass. C. volume. D. all of the above.

7 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 One object has twice as much mass as another object, and also has twice as much A. inertia. B. velocity. C. gravitational acceleration. D. volume.

8 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 When we say that 1 kilogram weighs 9.8 N, we mean that A. 1 kilogram is 9.8 N. B. it s true at Earth s surface. C. it s true everywhere. D. mass and weight are one and the same.

9 Conceptual Physics Fundamentals Chapter 3 The mass of 1 kilogram of iron A. is less on the Moon. B. is the same on the Moon. C. is greater on the Moon. D. weighs the same everywhere.

10 Natural Motion Objects have a proper place Objects seek their natural place The heavier the object, the faster it falls.

11 Violent Motion Imposed motion A Moving object must have a force acting on it.

12 Galileo Challenged The Dogma Of Natural Motion The natural motion of a body is to remain in whatever state of motion it is in unless acted upon by net external forces.

13 Galileo Challenged The Dogma Of Natural Motion with Experiments

14 Galileo s Motion Studies What causes a rolling ball to stop? FRICTION

15 Galileo s Inclined Planes If I have a long horizontal plane without friction, how far will the ball go to reach the same height?

16 Once the ball rolls down the incline, what keeps it moving?

17 Inertia The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

18 Inertia

19 Inertia

20 Inertia

21 Mass A Measure of Inertia CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When the string is pulled down slowly, the top string breaks, which best illustrates the: A. weight of the ball. B. mass of the ball. C. volume of the ball. D. density of the ball.

22 Mass A Measure of Inertia CHECK YOUR ANSWER When the string is pulled down slowly, the top string breaks, which best illustrates the: A. weight of the ball. B. mass of the ball. C. volume of the ball. D. density of the ball. Explanation: Tension in the top string is the pulling tension plus the weight of the ball, both of which break the top string.

23 Mass A Measure of Inertia CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When the string is pulled down quickly, the bottom string breaks, which best illustrates the: A. weight of the ball. B. mass of the ball. C. volume of the ball. D. density of the ball.

24 Mass A Measure of Inertia CHECK YOUR ANSWER When the string is pulled down quickly, the bottom string breaks, which best illustrates the: A. weight of the ball. B. mass of the ball. C. volume of the ball. D. density of the ball. Explanation: It is the laziness of the ball that keeps it at rest, resulting in the breaking of the bottom string.

25 Inertia Question A quick pull will break which string? A slow and steady pull will break which string?

26 The Earth Revolves around the sun at 30,000 m/sec!!! (~67,000 miles/hr) The Earth Rotates on its axis at 464 m/s (1000 miles/hr)! The Solar System moves through the Galaxy at 220,000 m/s ( 500,000 miles/hr) How come we can t feel these motions?

27 Cuz we are moving right along with it!

28 Mass is a Measure of Inertia Kilogram: KG

29 Mass & Weight Mass is how much stuff an object has inertia. Weight is due to the force of gravity and depends on the mass and the planet! F ma W mg g 9.8 m/ s 2

30 Mass & Weight W mg g 9.8 m/ s 2 Calculate your weight in N. Calculate your mass in Kg. 1 lb = 4.45 N

31 Mass on the Moon Gravity on the surface of the moon is only 1/6 as strong as on the Earth. What is the mass of a 10-kg object on the moon? What is the weight on the moon?

32 Isaac Newton ( ) 1687 Published Principia Invented Calculus 3 Laws of Motion Universal Law of Gravity

33 Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) An object will remain at rest or in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by external net forces.

34 Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) F 0 An object will remain at rest or in a constant state of motion unless acted upon by net external forces.

35 The unit is a Newton (N) Push or a Pull

36

37 Net force is Net Force the combination of all forces that change an object s state of motion. example: If you pull on a box with 10 N and a friend pulls oppositely with 5 N, the net force is 5 N in the direction you are pulling.

38 Net Force CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A cart is pushed to the right with a force of 15 N while being pulled to the left with a force of 20 N. The net force on the cart is A. 5 N to the left. B. 5 N to the right. C. 25 N to the left. D. 25 N to the right.

39 Net Force CHECK YOUR ANSWER A cart is pushed to the right with a force of 15 N while being pulled to the left with a force of 20 N. The net force on the cart is A. 5 N to the left. B. 5 N to the right. C. 25 N to the left. D. 25 N to the right.

40 Net Force Vector quantity a quantity whose description requires both magnitude (how much) and direction (which way) can be represented by arrows drawn to scale, called vectors length of arrow represents magnitude and arrowhead shows direction examples: force, velocity, acceleration

41 The Equilibrium Rule The equilibrium rule the vector sum of forces acting on a nonaccelerating object equals zero in equation form: F = 0

42 The Equilibrium Rule example: a string holding up a bag of flour two forces act on the bag of flour: tension force acts upward weight acts downward equal in magnitude and opposite in direction when added, cancel to zero bag of flour remains at rest

43 The Equilibrium Rule CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The equilibrium rule, F = 0, applies to A. vector quantities. B. scalar quantities. C. both of the above. D. neither of the above.

44 The Equilibrium Rule CHECK YOUR ANSWER The equilibrium rule, F = 0, applies to A. vector quantities. B. scalar quantities. C. both of the above. D. neither of the above. Explanation: Vector addition takes into account + and - quantities that can cancel to zero. Two forces (vectors) can add to zero, but there is no way that two masses (scalars) can add to zero.

45 Support Force Support force (normal force) is an upward force on an object that is opposite to the force of gravity. example: a book on table a compresses atoms in the table, and the compressed atoms produce the support force

46 The Support Force CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When you stand on two bathroom scales with one foot on each scale and with your weight evenly distributed, each scale will read A. your weight. B. half your weight. C. zero. D. more than your weight.

47 The Support Force CHECK YOUR ANSWER When you stand on two bathroom scales, with one foot on each scale and with your weight evenly distributed, each scale will read A. your weight. B. half your weight. C. zero. D. more than your weight. Explanation: You are at rest on the scales, so F = 0. The sum of the two upward support forces is equal to your weight.

48 Contact Forces

49 Tension Forces

50 Support Forces

51 Friction Forces

52 Net Force Direction of applied forces matters!!! Opposite forces cancel!

53 F Net Forces 0 Forces up equal the forces down. Forces sideways cancel too. T 1 T 2 W

54 F Static Equilibrium 0 If the Net Force is zero, then the object remains at rest in static equilibrium. T 1 T 2 W

55 Dynamic Equilibrium F 0 If the Net Force is zero, then the object moves at a constant speed in dynamic equilibrium. W

56 Newton s First Law If F 0 => No Change in Motion Dynamic Equilibrium Static Equilibrium

57 Net Force Question The person weighs 250 N and the tension in each rope is 200N. What is the weight of the staging? a) 50 N b) 100 N c) 150 N d) 200 N

58 Do Workbook page 5

59 Equilibrium of Moving Things Equilibrium a state of no change with no net force acting static equilibrium example: hockey puck at rest on slippery ice dynamic equilibrium example: hockey puck sliding at constant speed on slippery ice

60 Equilibrium of Moving Things Equilibrium test whether something undergoes changes in motion example: A refrigerator at rest is in static equilibrium. If it is moved at a steady speed across a floor, it is in dynamic equilibrium.

61 Equilibrium of Moving Things CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A bowling ball is in equilibrium when it A. is at rest. B. moves steadily in a straight-line path. C. both of the above D. none of the above

62 Equilibrium of Moving Things CHECK YOUR ANSWER A bowling ball is in equilibrium when it A. is at rest. B. moves steadily in a straight-line path. C. both of the above D. none of the above

63 The Force of Friction Friction occurs when objects rub against one another applies to solids, liquids, and gases acts in a direction to oppose motion example: When an object falls down through air, the force of friction (air resistance) acts upward.

64 The Force of Friction depends on the kinds of material and how much they are pressed together is due to tiny surface bumps and to stickiness of the atoms on a material s surface example: friction between a crate on a smooth wooden floor is less than that on a rough floor

65 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The force of friction can occur A. with sliding objects. B. in water. C. in air. D. all of the above

66 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR ANSWER The force of friction can occur A. with sliding objects. B. in water. C. in air. D. all of the above Comment: Friction can also occur for objects at rest. If you push horizontally on your book and it doesn t move, then friction between the book and the table is equal and opposite to your push.

67 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When Josh pushes a refrigerator across a kitchen floor at a constant speed, the force of friction between the refrigerator and the floor is A. less than Josh s push. B. equal to Josh s push. C. equal and opposite to Josh s push. D. more than Josh s push.

68 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR ANSWER When Josh pushes a refrigerator across a kitchen floor at a constant speed, the force of friction between the refrigerator and the floor is A. less than Josh s push. B. equal to Josh s push. C. equal and opposite to Josh s push. D. more than Josh s push.

69 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When Josh pushes a refrigerator across a kitchen floor at an increasing speed, the amount of friction between the refrigerator and the floor is A. less than Josh s push. B. equal to Josh s push. C. equal and opposite to Josh s push. D. more than Josh s push.

70 The Force of Friction CHECK YOUR ANSWER When Josh pushes a refrigerator across a kitchen floor at an increasing speed, the amount of friction between the refrigerator and the floor is A. less than Josh s push. B. equal to Josh s push. C. equal and opposite to Josh s push. D. more than Josh s push. Explanation: The increasing speed indicates a net force greater than zero. The refrigerator is not in equilibrium.

71 Do Workbook page 6 #4

72 Speed & Velocity How fast How far is changing. The rate at which an object moves. distance

73 Velocity Velocity is a vector. It has both magnitude (speed) and direction. Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at any instant. distance

74 Speed & Velocity Average Speed = total distance traveled total time d t m s speed, distance m Speed: Scalar (magnitude) Velocity: Vector (magnitude AND direction) Unit is m/s s and v often interchanged..

75 Speed Question A motorcycle travels 1000 m in 2 minutes. What is its average speed? Average Speed = total distance traveled total time

76 Distance Average Speed = total distance traveled total time Average Speed x total time= total distance traveled d vaveraget If you travel an average of 80 km/hr for 15 minutes, how far have you traveled in that time?

77 Acceleration How fast How fast is changing. The rate at which the speed is changing. a change in velocity change in time v t Speeding up Slowing down Speeding up or slowing down?

78 Velocity from Acceleration a change in velocity change in time v t v a t v at If you start from rest and accelerate at a rate of 5m/s every second (5 m/s 2 ) for 10 seconds, what will be your final speed?

79 Acceleration and velocity do not have to be in the same direction.

80 Hill Question a) b) c) On which of these hills does the ball roll down with increasing speed and decreasing acceleration? a) b) c)

81 Tracks Question Two balls are released simultaneously from rest at the left end of equal length tracks A and B as shown. Which ball reaches the end of its track first?

82 Free Fall In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall due to the force of gravity with an acceleration g : 2 2 g 9.8 m/ s ~10 m/ s

83 Free Fall In a vacuum, all objects fall with the same acceleration due to gravity: 10 m/s 2.

84 Free Fall Speed a g 10 m/ s 2 v at v 10t d 5t 2 Do Work Book page10

85 Free Fall: Throwing UP What is the speed at the top of the path?(assume g = 10m/s 2 ) +y ZERO! What is the acceleration at the top? g=10m/s 2 What is the speed at the same height on the way down? -30 m/s

86 Free Fall Symmetry Which ball has the greatest speed when it hits the ground? SAME! The gravitational field is symmetric (in the absence of air resistance.)

87 Free Fall Summary For an object without an initial velocity and without air resistance. a g 10 m/ s 2 v 10t d 5t 2 If there is an initial velocity, then add it! v( t) v 10t d( t) v t 5t 2 i Do Aunt Minnie problems in the Practice Book. i

88 Do Workbook page 9

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