Response of thin foil Faraday Cup lost alpha particle detector in intense neutron and gamma ray radiation fields
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1 Response of thin foil Faraday Cup lost alpha particle detector in intense neutron and gamma ray radiation fields F.E. Cecil 1, V. Kiptily 2, D. Darrow 3, A. Horton 2, K. Fullard 2, K. Lawson 2, G. Matthews 2, A. Murari 2, and G. Sergienko 2, and JET-EFDA EFDA contributors* 1 Colorado School of Mines, Golden Colorado, USA 2 JET-EFDA, EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, United Kingdom 3 Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, New Jersey, USA supported in part by USDOE *See the Appendix of F. Romanelli et al., Proceedings of the 22nd d IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Geneva, Switzerland,
2 Measured and calculated responses of a set of thin Faraday foils as a lost alpha particle diagnostic for high yield d-t plasmas to 1) Fast neutrons 2) Energetic gamma rays 3) X-rays 4) UV radiation 5) ICRH 6) Time varying magnetic field and plasma current 7) Beam heating effects In addition: we will present recent observations on JET of lost alpha particles / deuterons with energies up to about 7 MeV generated during ICRH heated 4He plasmas. 2
3 JET Lost Alpha Diagnostic KA-2; um x 25 mm x 75 mm Ni foil MeV alphas MeV p, d, t MeV alphas MeV p, d, t MeV alphas MeV p, d, t MeV alphas 0.5 MeV p, d, t 58Ni(n,p) 2.5 um x 25 mm x 75 mm mica foil Amp Amp Amp Amp Darrow et al.;fus. Eng. and Design, 74, 853, (2005) 3
4 Energy resolution Cecil et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum, 70, 1149 (1999 Current fraction in each foil Alpha energy (MeV) Foil number Concept tested with monoenergetic particle beams from linear accelerators
5 Schematic diagram of poloidal distribution of 5 sets of foils Beam Plasma Faraday cup modules Pylon 5
6 Installation of KA-2; May
7 Response to fast neutrons: calculated Cross sections for 58Ni + n Cross section (b) (n,p) (n,a) Energy (M ev) neuts = 6 E13 /cm2 - s; sig = 6 E-25 cm2; tgts = 2.1 E 19 /cm2; Rxns = neuts sig tgts = 7.4 E 8 /cm2-s = na/cm2 7
8 8
9 Summary of measurements of fast neutron induced currents (per cm 2 target) Machine Flux(n/cm2/s) Msd current Pred current TFTR(95) a 1E12 < 100 na 0.1 na JET(97) b 3E12 <5 na 0.3 na TRIGA(03) c 1E na 0.5 na JAERI(01) d 3E14 30 na n/a ITER 6E13 6 na Refs: a RSI 68, p. 363, b RSI 70, p. 1151, c RSI 74, p. 1749, d FED 56, p. 907 Current predicted using NNDC(BNL) values of cross sections for 58 Ni(n,p) 58 Co and 58 Ni(n,a) 55 Fe current inducing reactions; Predicted current for ITER based upon JAERI data 1% lost alphas on ITER ~ 100 na/cm2 9
10 Neutron/gamma insensitivity Example: KA-1 on JET for 16 MW d-t pulse JPN42976 F1-F JPN42967 F2-F
11 Response to gamma rays: calculated Calculation based upon known attenuation coefficients Attenuation coefficient at 5 MeV = 0.03 cm2/gm Thickness of 2.5 micron Ni foil =.002 gm/cm2 Gamma ray flux= 6E13 /cm2 - s; Number absorbed= 6E13 (1 e^(- Atten * Thk) = 4E9/cm2-s= 0.6 na 11
12 Response to x-rays: estimated Calculation based upon known absorption length at 10 kev ~ 7 µ X- ray flux ~ 1E14/cm2 - s; Number absorbed= 1 E 14= 7.2E9/cm2-s= 16µA Conclusion; direct exposure to plasma not possible Solution: face foils outward relying on large gyro radius Alpha particle Rminor Faraday foil X-ray shield X-rays from plasma 12
13 Response to scattered UV: observed Observation of significant (µa) current during Ohmic heating 13
14 Strong correlation with bolometer which is good measure of UV 14
15 Comparison of front foil current and bolometric power 15
16 Suppression or enhancement of front foil current with small DC voltage 16
17 17
18 Suppression of ICRH (6 MW) induced noise with passive filters at amps Steady state response in KA2 for and sec 1.E-03 KA2 current (Amperes) 1.E-04 1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 1.E KA2 foil filters 18
19 Temperature insensitivity Ni foil with array of 3mm x 3 mm aperture and.037 W/mm 2 (1 ua/cm 2 ) 3.5 MeV alphas with intermediate points anchored at wall temp y-dir (mm) x-dir (mm)
20 Foil current induced by changing Bt and Ip for JPN79171; ~ 20 dbt/dt = 0.2 T/sec ~ 5 dip/dt = 0.4 MA/sec 2 nd foil 4 th foil 2 nd foil 4 th foil 2 nd foil 4 th foil ICRH (MW) NBI (MW) Bt (Tesla) Ip (MA) 20
21 Recent (Sept 18, 2009) observations on JET of lost alpha particles with energies up to about 7 MeV generated during ICRH (up to 6 MW) 4He plasmas and preliminary conclusions JPN KA2 112 and MeV MeV KA2 132 and MeV MeV KA2 142 and MeV MeV ICRH NBI 21
22 JPN KA2 112,113 and MeV MeV MeV Just 114 (6.3 to 7.2 MeV) Alphas ( MeV( or deuterons MeV 22
23 Foil currents at increasing RF power 60 Net Foil Current (na) k112 k113 k114 x MeV MeV MeV RF power (MW) 23
24 Energy spectra at top detector for different RF powers Alphas RF 5.7 MW RF4.4 MW RF3.7 MW RF 2.9 MW Net Foil Current (na) Average energy (MeV) 24
25 Correlation between foil current and electron temperature Foil current (na) Foil 114 x 10 Foil 113 Foil Electron Temperatute (kev) 25
26 Comparison of KA2(FC) 112,113 and 114 with KA3(SP) PMT 005 and 016; JPN KA MeV MeV MeV KA3 KA3- PMT 016 KA3- PMT
27 10 Comparison of Faraday Foil and Scintillator PMT KA3-PMT005 (na) KA2-112 (na) 27
28 Focal plane image of KA3 Scintillator Probe of s up to 3.7 MeV or d s up to 1.9 MeV KA2_312 current KA2-31x detector is in the similar poloidal position as Scintillator Probe Light integrated in MeV spot KA3 losses, a.u t(s) MeV s / MeV d s as in 312-foil (chance to calibrate!!!) 28
29 Can you separate s from deuterons? de/dx ( kev/µm) Range (µm) Gyroradius(3 T)(cm) 1.2 MeV D MeV MeV d 2 µm 0.91 MeV d.29 MeV 4.4 µm 3.5 MeV.97 MeV 2.63 MeV 4.2 µm 29
30 Further analysis of these measurements Compare to observation of gamma rays induced by high energy alpha particles (Kiptily) Compare to simultaneous NPA data (Johnson, Medley, Ioffe) Modeling to estimate alpha particle density to infer confinement (JET, PPPL, Innsbruck Uni?) Absolute calibration of -particle losses in Scintillator Probe (JET, PPPL,CSM and Innsbruck Uni) 30
31 Conclusions Faraday cup lost ion detector capable of operating in ITER like conditions for alpha currents > 10 na/cm2 Lost alpha/deuteron signals measured on JET for ICRH 4He d-t simulation plasmas KA2 data (KA2-3XX at same height as KA3) will allow absolute calibration of KA3 scintillator losses 31
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