Thin Faraday foil collectors as a lost ion diagnostic

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1 Thin Faraday foil collectors as a lost ion diagnostic F.E. Cecil Colorado School of Mines D.S. Darrow and R. Ellis Princeton Plasma Physics Lab W.W. Heidbrink University of California, Irvine V. Kiptily Euratom/UKAEA This work is supported by U.S. Department of Energy Contracts DE-AC02-76CH03073 and DE-FG03-95ER54303 and conducted under EFDA.

2 Overview of poster Concept Accelerator based proof-of-principle Existing devices K-α-1 on JET (1995) NSTX (1998) DIIID (2001, 2003) Proposed devices K-α-2 on JET (2004) ITER (?)

3 Faraday foil concept Schematic of lost α detector consisting of four 2.5 µm foils of Ni separated by three 2.5 µm sheets of mica electrical insulator (the range of a 3.5 MeV αparticle in Ni is about 7 µm) 3.5 MeV α Vessel wall Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter Ref. F.E. Cecil, Proc EPS Conf (Montpelier) 1994

4 10000 Range and straggling for protons and alphas in Ni (TRIM2000) Range/straggling (microns) alpha range alpha straggling proton range proton straggling Particle energy (MeV)

5 Predicted Detector Response (TRIM2000) 0.8 E α = 3.5 MeV; θ max = 30 o Current fraction in each foil E α = 3.5 MeV; θ max = 45 o E α = 2.5 MeV; θ max = 30 o E α = 2.5 MeV; θ max = 45 o Foil Number (1=Front)

6 Proof of principle Accelerator based measurements with α beam; Sandia Nat l Labs µm Al foils with 2.5 µm CH 2 insulator Current fraction in each foil Alpha energy (MeV) Foil number Ref F.E. Cecil et al, Rev Sci Instrum 70 (1999) 1149

7 JET K-a-1 Interior of JET showing lost alpha detector mounting on left side near limiter and slightly below torus midplane. Ref O.N. Jarvis et al, Fus. Tech. 39 (2001) 84

8 Neutrons/sec 8e+18 6e+18 4e+18 2e MW JET Pulse Foil 1(V) Foil 2 (V) Foil1 - Foil2 (V) 2 [10 V = 200 na] Time(s) Ref F.E. Cecil et al, Rev Sci Instrum 70 (1999) 1149

9 NSTX Photograph of fast lost ion probe on NSTX. The three small holes are the apertures for the three Faraday collectors. Ref D.S. Darrow et al Rev Sci Instrum 72 (2001) 784

10 2 NSTX "Beam-Blip" Shot neutral beam power neutron source strength cm cm cm time(sec) Ref WW Heidbrink et al, Nucl Fus 43 (2003) 883

11 DIIID Photograph of graphite housing of single foil detector on vessel wall with upward facing aperture Ref F.E. Cecil et al Rev Sci Instrum 74 (2003) 1747

12 neutrons/sec 3e+14 2e+14 1e+14 D III D Shot Neutron source strength 0 arbitrary units D-alpha brightness 8 Active foil - Blind foil Volts Time (msec)

13 JET (K-α-2) Fifteen detectors each with four foils at three radial locations for each of five poloidal locations Height above machine midplane (mm) Poloidal limiter Centers of each foil set Major radius (mm) Ref. F.E. Cecil et al, Proc EPS Conf (St. Petersburg, 2003)

14 Poloidal locations Model of distribution of lost alphas from d-t plasma Escaping alpha particle impact density Distance above midplane (cm) Major Radius (cm) Ref Sean Conroy, private communication 2002

15 Expected signal level Z=+94.5 mm at center of 8x17 array of 3mm x 3mm holes at θ rad = 52.2 o (outward) and θ tor = 20 o CCW Signal Current (na) Front JPF42756 (2 MA, 2T) JPF42983 (4.5 MA, 3.5T) JPF42976 (4.5 MA, 3.5T) Middle Major Radius (mm) Back

16 Comparison of K-a-1and K-a-2 Efficiency (α/source neutron) 1e-6 1e-8 1e-10 1e-12 1e-14 1e-16 K-α 1 K-α-2 (front detector, top pylon) Toroidal field (T)

17 Efficiency of K-a-2 vs Plasma Profile and Plasma Current

18 Comparison of efficiency for 3.5 MeV alphas and 15 MeV protons 1e-6 Efficiency of a 3 mm x 3 mm Aperture vs Major Radius;Poloidal Limiter at 3752 mm for Z = 393 mm) 15 MeV Proton for Shot e-7 Efficiency 1e-8 1e MeV Alpha particle for Shot e Major radius (mm)

19 K-a-2 Problems Solutions Environmental (dust, Beryllium,x-rays Tilt aperatures Heat load Aperture array Neutron/gamma Thin foils eliminate background Electrical noise Subtract control foil from signal foil

20 ENVIRONMENTAL Efficiency for JET Shot at 53.0 sec for 3mm x 3mm aperture at R=3800 mm versus orientation angles Radially outward angle (Radians x 10) Toroidally CCW angle (Radians x 10)

21 HEAT LOAD Ni foil with array of 3mm x 3 mm aperture and.037 W/mm2 of 3.5 MeV alphas with intermediate points anchored at wall temp y-dir (mm) x-dir (mm)

22 Neutron/gamma Measured and calculated signal for 4.5 T, 3.5 MA pulse with total n/sec n/γ background ~10 13 /cm 2 /sec Expected I α ~ 100 na/cm 2 Predicted I n ~ 0.1 na/cm 2 Predicted I γ ~ 0.01 na/cm2 Measured current from Ni foil in fission reactor core with n/γ /cm 2 /sec ~ 0.08 na/cm2 Conclusion (I n +I γ )<< I α Ref F.E. Cecil et al, Rev Sci Instrum 74 (2003) 1747

23 ELECTRICAL NOISE By subtracting current from control foil from current in signal foil, background electrical noise measured to be ~0.5 na for 50 Hz low pass filter Detail of JET Pulse [10 V = 200 na] Foil 1(V) rms noise ~ 0.2V=>4 na Foil 2 (V) rms noise ~ 0.2V=>4 na -0.2 Foil1 - Foil2 (V) rms noise ~ 0.03V=> 0.6 na Time(s)

24 ITER 1e+12 ITER Source Profile; Shot 3000; time= 190 sec ITER source strength (reactions-cm -3 -sec -1 ) 8e+11 6e+11 4e+11 2e+11 0 Predicted profile 6.37E11 (1 - (r/rmin) 2 ) R/R minor Ref. Robert Budny, PPPL, Private communicatiopn (2003) and R. Budny, Nucl. Fus 42 (2002) 1382

25 ITER ITER Machine Profile 6000 Height above machine mid-plane (mm) Major radius (mm) Ref George Vayakis (ITER), private communication (2003)

26 ITER Midplane detection efficiency Efficiency (alphas/source neutron for 1cm 2 upward foil) 1e-6 1e-7 1e-8 1e-9 1e Major radius (mm)

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