KNIFE EDGE FLAT ROLLER
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1 EXPERIMENT N0. 1 To Determine jumping speed of cam Equipment: Cam Analysis Machine Aim: To determine jumping speed of Cam Formulae used: Upward inertial force = Wvω 2 /g Downward force = W + Ks For good performance of cam testing machine the procedure given below should be followed. 1. Lubrication is important to minimize sliding force at the two bearing surfaces. 2. Give the required compression to the spring. The check-nut should be tightened against the spring set. 3. See that the dimmer stat is at zero. 4. Take the different readings with the help of digital tachometer for different speeds. 5. Note down the remark. (Whether jumping occurs at that speed.) 6. By these procedures jumping speed of the cam can be determined. Observations: 1. For roller follower ( for springs A, B and C) 2. For knife edge follower. ( for springs A, B and C) 3. For flat follower. ( for springs A, B and C) Sr.No 1 Angle Follower Type KNIFE EDGE FLAT ROLLER A B C A B C A B C Result Table: Spring no. Type of follower KNIFE EDGE FLAT ROLLER A B C Conclusion: Comments are to be written base on the observations The values tabulated in the result table are to be compared and comments are to be written.
2 EXPERIMENT N0. 2 To verify the relation T= 2Π l/g for a simple pendulum. Equipment: Pendulum, Scale, Stopwatch, Thread. Aim: To verify the relation T= 2Π l/g for a simple pendulum. T= 2Π l/g 1. Attach the ball to one end of the thread. 2. Loosen the chuck and draw the thread to adjust the length. 3. Allow the pendulum to oscillate and determine time for number of oscillation(10). 4. Repeat the procedure by changing lengths of the pendulum. 5. Note the reading in the table. Observations: For experimental frequency. Sr.No. Mass of Ball Length (cm) No. of oscillations(n) Time (t sec) T exp (t/n) T th Conclusion: The relation for time period T is verified.
3 EXPERIMENT N0. 3 To determine the radius of Gyration of compound pendulum Equipment: Compound Pendulum, Scale, Stopwatch, Thread. Aim: To determine the radius of Gyration of compound pendulum to verify relation T= 2Π Κ 2 +(ΟG) 2 /g(οg) 2 T= 2Π Κ 2 +(ΟG) 2 /g(οg) 2 1. Support the rod in any of the hole. 2. Note the length of suspended pendulum. 3. Allow the bar to oscillate and determine T by noting the time for say 10 oscillations. 4. Repeat the experiment with a small angular displacement θ, then couple tending to restore the pendulum to the equilibrium position T= mgh sinθ Sr.No L OG No. of Oscillations Time(t) T exp (t/n) K exp (m) Kth(l/ 3) Result Table: Radius of gyration for pendulum are K th = K exp =
4 EXPERIMENT N0. 4 To determine natural frequency of torsional Vibration in two rotor System. Equipment: Shaft, two rotor disc, chuck, stop watch. Aim: Formulae used: To determine natural frequency of torsional vibration theoretically and Experimentally in a two rotor system. [1/ 2π] q a / I a = [1/ 2π] q b / I b q = GI/ L 1. Fix two disc of the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearing. 2. Deflect the disc in opposite direction by hand and then release. 3. Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations. 4. Fit cross arm to one end of the disc and again note down the time. 5. Repeat the procedure with different and equal masses attached to the ends of cross arm and note down the time. Observations: Observations are to taken for copper and steel shafts. Sr.No θ a θ b No. of oscillation Time T exp T th F th F exp Result : The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in two rotor system is ----Hz Conclusion: It is studied to determine the natural frequency of vibration of the given shaft. It is necessary to find out the natural frequency, so that during working resonance will be taken care of.
5 EXPERIMENT N0. 5 To determine natural frequency of torsional Vibration in single rotor System. Equipment: Vibration machine, Shaft, chuck, stop watch. T th = 2π I/Kt 1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the tower beam. 2. Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck. 3. Fix other end of shaft in the rotor. 4. Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release. 5. Note down the time for no. of oscillations. 6. Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft. Observations: Observations are to taken for mild steel and brass shafts. Sr.No. Len. Of Shaft No. of oscillation Time K T th T exp F th F exp Result : The natural frequency of the torsional vibration in single rotor system is ----Hz Conclusion: Natural frequency of torsional vibration experimental to theoretical is nearly same.
6 EXPERIMENT N0.6 To study the longitudinal vibration of a helical spring and to determine the Frequency of vibration. Equipment: Helical spring, rigid support, scale, stop-watch. K = W/S T exp = Time(t) / Oscillation(n) T th = 2π w/ K mean f = 1 / n 1. Fix one end of the helical spring to upper screw. 2. Determine the straight length of the helical spring at no load. 3. put the known height of the platform at same distance. 4. For oscillations, Stretch the spring for some distance and leave it. 5. Count the time for no. of oscillations. 6. Determine the actual time period. 7. Repeat the same procedure for different weights. Sr. No. Wt. Attached Deflection of spring No of oscillation(n) Time (t) Periodic time of exp. T th Result : Conclusion: The mean actual frequency is found to be and theoretical frequency is Found to be. It is found that the actual and the theoretical frequencies of the vibration close to each other.
7 EXPERIMENT N0. 7 To study damped torsional oscillation and determine damping co-efficient. Equipment: Universal Vibration testing machine Torsional Stiffness K t = G /L (I p ) I p - Polar moment of inertia of shaft G - Modulus of rigidity L - Length of shaft 1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time for some oscillation. 2. Put thin mineral oil in the drum and note the depth of immersion. 3. Put the sketching pen in the bracket. 4. Allow the flywheel to vibrate. 5. Allow the pen to descend and see that it is in contact with the paper. 6. Measure the time for some oscillations by means of stop watch. 7. Determine amplitude (Xn) at any position and amplitude(x) after Y cycles. Sr.No. Depth of immersion Time X n X n+r Result : The Damping co-efficient is found to be
8 EXPERIMENT N0. 8 Static and Dynamic Balancing of a rotating shaft. Equipment: Dynamic balancing Machine Balancing force = W * r For Static Balancing: 1. The block is fixed at 90 0 to the frame and motor belt is removed. 2. The value of W*r for each block is determined by fixing block in 90 0 to 0 position on the shaft. 3. The pan is suspended over the protractor disc. 4. Weights (steel balls) are added in to the pan to balance the block, so that the block comes back to original position. For Dynamic Balancing: 1. Attach a block in a suitable position as reference. 2. Fix the 2 nd block and 3 rd block at convenient distance from 1 st block. 3. Hang the frame by chain and couple it with the motor. 4. Run the motor by using electric dimmer to a rated speed (which is found out analytically) 5. By this way the machine is balanced. Observation: Sr. No W r No. of balls Result: 1. Calculations are done for static and dynamic balance. 2. Force polygon is to be drawn.
9 EXPERIMENT N0. 9 To study whirling phenomenon in shaft and observe various modes of Vibration. Equipment: Whirling of shaft apparatus ( rigid frame with motor, supporting ends.) Kr = m(r + e) ω 2 K lateral stiffness of shaft r - Distance e - eccentricity m mass of disc ω - rotational speed ω n natural frequency of lateral vibration 1. Choose the required size of the shaft. 2. Mount the two fixing ends on the frame to obtain the desired condition. 3. The shaft is fixed between two ends. 4. The motor is started. 5. Motor speed is increased slowly. 6. The amplitude of vibrations in lateral direction starts and mode shape is observed. 7. The speed is noted down so also the mode shape and mode point. 8. To observe the second mode shape the speed is increased further. 9. The speed and the mode shape is noted down. 10. The procedure is followed for different shafts and different end conditions. Observations: a) Diameter of shaft (d) = mm b) Effective length of shaft (L) = mm c) End conditions: i) Motor end simply supported/ fixed ii) Far end simply supported/ fixed Sr. No. Mode Speed (rpm) Mode Shape Result: Sr. No. Mode Whirling Speed Theoretical Observed Conclusions:
10 Reasons for variations in theoretical and actual whirling speed are 1. End conditions are not exact. 2. Damping of the bearings is not considered in the theoretical value. 3. The exact properties of shaft are not known. 4. The shaft is not uniform in cross-section. 5. The exact mode shape is not observed at a unique speed by naked eyes.
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