Parametric down-conversion
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1 Parametric down-conversion 1 Introduction You have seen that laser light, for all its intensity and coherence, gave us the same PP(mm) counts distribution as a thermal light source with a high fluctuation rate. We cannot use a laser light directly to investigate quantum phenomena, but have to use a special light source. In this experiment you will get familiar with the optics setup used to obtain a modern non-classical light source. This source will be applied in the next experiments as a single-photon source and as a source of entangled states. Different methods exist to generate non-classical light beams. Early techniques applied double transitions between atomic states to obtain polarization-entangled photons. An easier way was found with non-linear optics. In parametric-down conversion (PDC) a photon (blue light, at 405 nm in our case) is split into an IR photon pair (810 nm in our case) inside a non-linear crystal. Exercise The single-photon counting modules (SPCM made of detectors and amplifier electronics) are damaged by a light intensity that is very small in normal circumstances. Calculate the power PP mmmmmm in watts corresponding to the maximum detector rate 10 6 photons/s. Assume that the photon energy is 1.5 eeee. This should convince you that the overhead fluorescent light or even a usual desk light must never be turned on. Use only the green LED lamps for illumination! You may also reduce the brightness of the displays to reduce the background count rates. 2 Experimental setup 2.1 Approximate alignment of A and B collection optics Turn on the 808 laser (detectors must be off, whenever the 808 laser is on because the 808 nm light goes right through the detector protection filters (unlike the 405 nm light)!) Add the BBO crystal labelled 1 to the mount after the half-wave plate (HWP) In this experiment you will use detectors A and B only. There are two collection optics assemblies mounted on the breadboard, labeled A and B, from which a fiber cable transports the light to the detector platform. Connect the collection optics A to the 808 laser fiber at the interchange. The laser light should never travel toward the detectors, but always backward, toward the collection optics. The laser beam will emerge from the collection optics. Turn the knobs on the collection optics mount to align the beam on the crystal, if necessary. Do the same for collection optics B
2 This procedure insures that the lenses of the collection optics are pointing at the crystal, from which the IR beams will emerge once the blue laser is turned on. Turn off the 808 nm laser Verify that the fibers are connected in the original configuration. 2.2 Counting with single-photon detectors Turn on the board (press the red button on its side). Open Coincidence_time_resolution.vi. Put the update period to 1s. Door should be locked and posted. Door can be opened only when the box is covered. Turn on the Power Supply: press the power knob first and, then, the on/off knob on the front display. Confirm that the voltage is 5 V before proceeding Turn on the power to detector A (look up carefully the correct switch on the switch box). Closely monitor the Power Supply current it should increase to 1.0 AA after 5-15 s, then quickly decrease to 0.4 AA. Turn on detector A gate. The power supply current should decrease to 0.3 AA. You should now have counts into the vi channel A. Depending on ambient light conditions the dark count rate should be a few hundred hertz (it is 300 HHHH in complete darkness). Do the same for detector B. Its complete darkness count rate is 1800 HHHH. These dark counts come from detector electronics. Once you have dark counts in both detectors you are ready for experiments 3 Experiments 3.1 Accidental coincidence counts Turn on the 405 blue laser (power switch to on, can leave the gate switch where it is now) The blue beam should end on the beam block (see figure). It should not go through the apertures, which mark the optical path of the two IR beams (see figure). During the following alignment procedures, be careful not to shine the 405 laser directly into either collection optics A or B: the protection filters on the detector platform are not sufficient to protect the detectors form this intense beam! Two IR beams will emerge away from the crystal, approximately in the direction of the collection optics At no point should you allow more than 150 KHz counting rate into the detectors. Note that the counting rate depends on the vi interval window. To avoid confusion, it is best to keep the interval window at 1 s, so that the numbers shown in channels A and B are the count rates in Hz.
3 You should see an increase of the count rate compared to the dark counts. If the rate is still into the hundreds, these additional counts likely come from blue light scattered inside the optical enclosure, going into the collection optics and through the detector protection filters on the detector platform. If you get a rate > 10,000 HHHH, you likely have counts from the IR beams, not just from the scattered blue light. To verify that your counts are from the IR beams, rotate the HWP. If the count rate changes on rotation, you are detecting the IR beams, otherwise you are seeing dark counts and scattered blue light. Do not move the metal ruler Slide collection optics A along the metal ruler (1 mm at a time), maximizing the count rate in channel A. Do the same for the collection optics B. During alignment keep a careful lookout for the number of counts (<150 khz) at all times. Do not move the collection optics in the path of the blue beam. If you still get too many counts, insert the neutral density filter labelled ND2 (now out of the beam between the laser and the 1 st mirror) into the beam. It is not recommended to reduce the number of counts by closing apertures, because you may accidentally open these later during the experiment. Now, pay attention to the coincidence AB counts on the vi front panel. The FPGA board counts the A and B pulses, but also outputs the number of coincidences. If pulses in the A and B channels are recorded within the coincidence window (within 8.5 ns of each other for our board), a coincidence count is recorded. Exercise: given the A and B count rates and assuming that the pulses arrive in the two channels in uncorrelated sequences, what number of accidental coincidences can we expect? Answer: Even when the pulse sequences in the two channels are uncorrelated, once in a while two pulses will accidentally arrive within the same coincidence window. For A=95 khz, B=97 khz, we expect ss ss nnnn = 78 accidental coincidences. 3.2 Real coincidence counts from parametric down-conversion You will likely obtain first a relatively low number of AB counts, due to accidental coincidences. What we are looking for however, are photon pairs, emerging at the same time from the crystal. They travel approximately the same distance in free-space propagation and inside the fibers. They should arrive at the detectors at the board within the time coincidence window, therefore being recorded by the board not only as A and B counts, but also as coincidence AB counts.
4 BBO crystal Fig. 1: The experimental setup with the blue (solid) and the two IR (dashed) beams. The IR beams are too weak to be seen by eye. They emerge from the BBO crystal (not shown) and enter the collection optics A and B. Slide B along the ruler, maximizing the AB counts, not the B counts. In optimal conditions, the AB rate should go up to a few 1000 s from a few 10 s. As the coincidence window did not change, and the A and B rates are still about the same, the much large number of AB counts shows that the two beams are no longer uncorrelated. You are now detecting photon pairs, not just accidental coincidences. In this does not work, move the detectors up and down, and move the blue beam slightly. Note: you should not have to go too far one way or another. The alignment now
5 should be pretty close (a few mm one way or the other and 1-2 turns of the knobs). It is best if you keep track of the changes you made during alignment, so that you can go back to the starting positions, if necessary. Once you get real coincidence AB counts, measure and plot the AB rate vs A position along the metal ruler (an example of such a plot is on the board). Note: when you are collecting longer data sets, it is best to add the cover to the box, to reduce background levels. At the end of the experiments, turn off the detectors, the power supply and the 405 laser. Return the BBO crystal into the jar with the desiccant. your data for further analysis. As before, write three conclusion paragraphs at the end of the lab report. Please use the cover sheet on the next page for your lab report. 4 Notes Even in optimal conditions, the maximum AB count rate will only be 8% of the A and B count rates. If each blue photon is split into two by the crystal, why do we not detect a AB count each and every time we detect an A and B count? The reason is the finite efficiency of transmission through the fibers and of the detector. The ηη ffffffffff 0.5 can be obtained by a direct measurement and the SPCM efficiency ηη SSSSSSSS 0.6 can be found in the manufacturer specifications. The overall efficiency for detecting AB coincidence counts is ηη ttttttaaaa ηη SSSSSSSS ηη ffffffffff , consistent with observations. This also shows why we could not hope to get any coincidence AB counts with the LED single-photon detector of a much lower efficiency in the previous experiment, and had to use a different detector. The parametric-down conversion you observed is part of a much larger field of nonlinear optics. As the IR beams are very weak, the conversion efficiency is very small, which may make non-linear optics appear as the most esoteric science. We do not make a special effort to increase the intensity of the IR beams, in order to protect the detectors, but when the pump blue beams are focused inside the non-linear crystal (do not do this here) the conversion efficiency can approach 100 %. Non-linear optics processes are widely applied in science and technology. As we split one photon into two is the parametric down-conversion not a proof of quantized fields? It isn t because the process of parametric down-conversion can also be described with classical light fields, just as photoemission. In this view, the induced polarization of classical Lorentz dipoles is PP (2) = χχee 2, where EE and PP are classical fields. Because each EE varies in time with frequency ωω, EE 2 will vary with frequency 2ωω. In this case (called second frequency generation) the frequency doubled. In the reverse process, more closely related to our case, the final frequency is ½ the starting one. In the next experiment, you will do a measurement using this special light source, the results of which cannot be explained with classical wave fields.
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