Physics 101 Lecture 1 Units

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1 Physics 101 Lecture 1 Units Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN EMU Physics Department

2 Course Information: q Instructor: Ali Övgün Instructor q Office: AS 245 ( Arts and Sciences Faculty) q Office hour: To be announced (check my webpage). Other time by appointment q ali.ovgun@emu.edu.tr q Website: q phys101.aovgun.com

3 Course Information: q Midterm Exam (35%) q Quiz (10%) q Lab Experiments(5%) q Lab Exam (10%) q Final Exam (40%) q Participation to laboratory: q Attending at least 3 out of 5 experiments is a must, otherwise the student will directly get NG from the lecture.

4 COURSE SCHEDULE q 1 st Week Chapter 1 Units q 2 nd Week Chapter 3 Vectors q 3 rd Week Chapter 2 Motion Along Straight Line q 4 th Week Chapter 4 Motion in 2D and 3D q q q q q q q q q q q 5 th Week Chapter 5,6 Force and Motion Midterm 6 th Week Chapter 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 7 th Week Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy 8 th Week Chapter 9 Linear Momentum Quiz 9 th Week Chapter 10 Rotation 10 th Week Chapter 11 Torque,Angular Momentum 11 th Week Chapter 12 Equilibrium 12 th Week Chapter 13 - Gravitation 13 th Week Review q 14 th Week Finals

5 Physics and Mechanics q Physics deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy. Common language is mathematics. Physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements. q The study of physics can be divided into six main areas: n Classical mechanics Physics I (Phys. 101) n Electromagnetism Physics II (Phys. 102) n Optics n Relativity n Thermodynamics Physics II (Phys. 102 n Quantum mechanics n Classical mechanics deals with the motion and equilibrium of material bodies and the action of forces.

6 Classical Mechanics q Classical mechanics deals with the motion of objects q Classical Mechanics: Theory that predicts qualitatively & quantitatively the results of experiments for objects that are NOT n n n Too small: atoms and subatomic particles Quantum Mechanics Too fast: objects close to the speed of light Special Relativity Too dense: black holes, the early Universe General Relativity q Classical mechanics concerns the motion of objects that are large relative to atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light (i.e. nearly everything!)

7 Introduction q Physics 101 Course Information q Brief Introduction to Physics q Chapter 1 Measurements (sect. 1-6) n Measuring things n Three basic units: Length, Mass, Time n SI units n Unit conversion n Dimension

8 Chapter 1 Measurement q To be quantitative in Physics requires measurements q How tall is Ming Yao? How about his weight? n Height: 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in) n Weight: 141 kg (310 lb) q Number + Unit n n thickness is 10. has no physical meaning Both numbers and units necessary for any meaningful physical quantities

9 Type Quantities q Many things can be measured: distance, speed, energy, time, force q These are related to one another: speed = distance / time q Choose three basic quantities (DIMENSIONS): n LENGTH n MASS n TIME q Define other units in terms of these.

10 SI Unit for 3 Basic Quantities q Many possible choices for units of Length, Mass, Time (e.g. Yao is 2.29 m or 7 ft 6 in) q In 1960, standards bodies control and define Système Internationale (SI) unit as, n LENGTH: Meter n MASS: Kilogram n TIME: Second

11 Fundamental Quantities and SI Units Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric Current ampere A Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K Luminous Intensity candela cd Amount of Substance mole mol

12 Why should we care about units? q Mars Climate Orbiter: q SEPTEMBER 23, 1999: Mars Climate Orbiter Believed To Be Lost q SEPTEMBER 24, 1999: Search For Orbiter Abandoned q SEPTEMBER 30, 1999:Likely Cause Of Orbiter Loss Found The peer review preliminary findings indicate that one team used English units (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for a key spacecraft operation.

13 The Quick 6: Six Unit Conversion Disasters qthink you had a bad day at work? qforgetting to convert units can result in big-time disasters like these six examples. 1. Can you imagine losing $125 million thanks to a little metric system error? That s exactly what happened in 1999 when NASA lost a Mars orbiter because one team used metric units for a calculation and the other team didn t. 2. In 1983, an Air Canada plane ran out of fuel in the middle of a flight. The cause? Not one but two mistakes in figuring how much fuel was needed. It was Air Canada s first plane to use metric measurements and clearly not everyone had the hang of it yet. Luckily, no one was killed and only two people received minor injuries. That s amazing considering the flight crew thought they had double the fuel they actually had.

14 SI Length Unit: Meter q French Revolution Definition, 1792 q 1 Meter = XY/10,000,000 q 1 Meter = about 3.28 ft q 1 km = 1000 m, 1 cm = 1/100 m, 1 mm = 1/1000 m q Current Definition of 1 Meter: the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/299,792,458 second.

15 SI Time Unit: Second q 1 Second is defined in terms of an atomic clock time taken for 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the light emitted by a 133 Cs atom. q Defining units precisely is a science (important, for example, for GPS): n This clock will neither gain nor lose a second in 20 million years.

16 SI Mass Unit: Kilogram q 1 Kilogram the mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy kept at International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. (Seeking more accurate measure: kilogram-it-seems-no-longer-kilogram-paris-worth-mass) q Copies are kept in many other countries. q Yao Ming is 141 kg, equivalent to weight of 141 pieces of the alloy cylinder.

17 Length, Mass, Time

18 Prefixes for SI Units q 3,000 m = 3 1,000 m = m = 3 km q 1,000,000,000 = 10 9 = 1G q 1,000,000 = 10 6 = 1M q 1,000 = 10 3 = 1k q 141 kg =? g q 1 GB =? Byte =? MB If you are rusty with scientific notation, see appendix B.1 of the text 10 x Prefix Symbol x=18 exa E 15 peta P 12 tera T 9 giga G 6 mega M 3 kilo k 2 hecto h 1 deca da

19 Prefixes for SI Units 10 x Prefix Symbol x=-1 deci d -2 centi c -3 milli m -6 micro µ -9 nano n -12 pico p -15 femto f -18 atto a q s = s = s = 3 ms q 0.01 = 10-2 = centi q = 10-3 = milli q = 10-6 = micro q = 10-9 = nano q = = pico = p q 1 nm =? m =? cm q 3 cm =? m =? mm

20

21 Derived Quantities and Units q Multiply and divide units just like numbers q Derived quantities: area, speed, volume, density n Area = Length Length SI unit for area = m 2 n Volume = Length Length Length SI unit for volume = m 3 n Speed = Length / time SI unit for speed = m/s n Density = Mass / Volume SI unit for density = kg/m 3 q In 2008 Olympic Game, Usain Bolt sets world record at 9.69 s in Men s 100 m Final. What is his average speed? 100 m 100 m speed = = = m/s 9.69 s 9.69 s

22 Other Unit System q U.S. customary system: foot, slug, second q Cgs system: cm, gram, second q We will use SI units in this course, but it is useful to know conversions between systems. n 1 mile = 1609 m = km 1 ft = m = cm n 1 m = in. = ft 1 in. = m = 2.54 cm n 1 lb = kg 1 oz = g 1 slug = kg n 1 day = 24 hours = 24 * 60 minutes = 24 * 60 * 60 seconds n More can be found in Appendices A & D in your textbook.

23 Unit Conversion q Example: Is he speeding? n On the garden state parkway of New Jersey, a car is traveling at a speed of 38.0 m/s. Is the driver exceeding the speed limit of 75mi/h? n n Since the speed limit is in miles/hour (mph), we need to convert the units of m/s to mph. Take it in two steps. Step 1: Convert m to miles. Since 1 mile = 1609 m, we have two possible conversion factors, 1 mile/1609 m = 6.215x10 4 mile/m, or 1609 m/1 mile = 1609 m/mile. What are the units of these conversion factors? n Since we want to convert m to mile, we want the m units to cancel => multiply by first factor: n Step 2: Convert s to hours. Since 1 hr = 3600 s, again we could have 1 hr/3600 s = 2.778x10 4 hr/s, or 3600 s/hr. n Since we want to convert s to hr, we want the s units to cancel => m 1mile 38.0 mile = = mile/s s 1609m 1609 s 2 mile 3600 s 38.0 m/s = = 85.0 mile/hr = 85.0 mph s hr

24 1 mph = m/s Usain Bolt set a new world record of 9.58 seconds in the men's 100m at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, a speed of 23.3 mph ( m/s). Mark Webber had the highest average speed of mph in his Red Bull at F1's Hungarian Grand Prix in July. Mallard, a Class A4 steam locomotive, set the steam locomotion land speed record mph - on 3 July Fred Marriott has held the current land speed record for steam-powered vehicles since 1906, when he reached mph in his Stanley car. The British Steam Car team say their car has reached mph in testing, but this is an unofficial figure. They hope to reach up to 170 mph in their record attempt (indicated by yellow bar). British-built Thrust SSC set the world land speed record in October 1997, reaching mph in a desert in the US state of Nevada. The speed of sound changes according to factors including temperature and altitude, but a standard figure given is roughly 768 mph.

25 6 Animals Faster Than Usain Bolt It s well known that Jamaican sprinter and 100m world record holder, Usain Bolt, is the fastest human on Earth. But how does he compare to his speedy animal counterparts? Bolt s world record of 9.58 seconds for the 100m race in Berlin 2009 places him at a top speed of 30 mph with an average speed of 23.5 mph. However, these six animals listed from slowest to fastest, leave him in the dust, reaching double and even triple the top speeds that Bolt would only dream of ever achieving. When it comes to speed efficiency, Bolt could learn a thing or two from his furry friends. 3. Thoroughbred Racehorse 55mph 1. North African Ostrich 40 mph 2. Greyhound 43 mph 4. Pronghorn Antelope 55 mph

26 5. Cheetah 61 mph On June 20, 2012 she ran 100m in 5.95 seconds with a top speed of 61 mph. That s nearly 4 seconds faster than Bolt s 100m world record and more than double his top speed. 6. Peregrine Falcon 161 mph Faster than a sports car, this small predator can reach up to a top speed of 161 mph. That s five times faster than Bolt s top speed.

27 Dimensions, Units and Equations q Quantities have dimensions: n Length L, Mass M, and Time - T q Quantities have units: Length m, Mass kg, Time s q To refer to the dimension of a quantity, use square brackets, e.g. [F] means dimensions of force. Quantity Area Volume Speed Acceleration Dimension [A] = L 2 [V] = L 3 [v] = L/T [a] = L/T 2 SI Units m 2 m 3 m/s m/s 2

28 Dimensional Analysis q Necessary either to derive a math expression, or equation or to check its correctness. q Quantities can be added/subtracted only if they have the same dimensions. q The terms of both sides of an equation must have the same dimensions. n a, b, and c have units of meters, s = a, what is [s]? n a, b, and c have units of meters, s = a + b, what is [s]? n a, b, and c have units of meters, s = (2a + b)b, what is [s]? n a, b, and c have units of meters, s = (a + b) 3 /c, what is [s]? n a, b, and c have units of meters, s = (3a + 4b) 1/2 /9c 2, what is [s]?

29 2.3 miles -> cm? 1 mile=5,280 ft, 1ft=12 in, 1 in=2.54 cm

30 1 mile = 1609 m

31

32

33

34

35

36 Summary q The three fundamental physical dimensions of mechanics are length, mass and time, which in the SI system have the units meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), respectively q The method of dimensional analysis is very powerful in solving physics problems. q Units in physics equations must always be consistent. Converting units is a matter of multiplying the given quantity by a fraction, with one unit in the numerator and its equivalent in the other units in the denominator, arranged so the unwanted units in the given quantity are cancelled out in favor of the desired units.

37 Problem 1: On an interstate highway in a rural region of Wyoming, car is travelling at a speed of 38!!. Is this car exceeding the speed limit of 75!" h? (1!" = !) Ans: (driving with 85!" h so exceeding) Problem 2: A worker is to paint the walls of a square room 8!" high and 12!" along each side. What surface area in square meters must she cover? (1!" = 30.48!") Ans: 35.58!! Problem 3: The volume of a wallet is 8.5!"!. convert this volume to!!. (1!" = 2.54!") Ans: (1.39x10!!!! ) Problem 4: A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94! and a volume of 2.1!"!. from these data, calculate the density of lead in SI units (!"!! ). Ans: 1.14x10!!"!! Problem 5: A pyramid has a height of 481!" and its base covers an area of 13!"#$%. ıf the volume of a pyramid is given by the expression! =!!h, where!! is the area of the base and h is the height, find the volume of this pyramid in cubic meters. (1!"#$ = 43560!"!!"# 1!" = 30!") Ans: 2.57x10!!!

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