Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Forms of Energy Lesson 2 Energy Transformations Lesson 3 Thermal Energy on the Move Chapter Wrap-Up

Transcription

1 Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Forms of Energy Lesson 2 Energy Transformations Lesson 3 Thermal Energy on the Move Chapter Wrap-Up

2 What is energy, and what are energy transformations?

3 What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

4 Do you agree or disagree? 1. A fast-moving baseball has more kinetic energy than a slow-moving baseball. 2. A large truck and a small car moving at the same speed have the same kinetic energy.

5 Do you agree or disagree? 3. Energy can change from one form to another. 4. Energy is destroyed when you apply the brakes on a moving bicycle or a moving car.

6 Do you agree or disagree? 5. Warm water sinks below cool water when they are in the same container. 6. Wearing a coat slows the loss of thermal energy from your body.

7 Forms of Energy What is energy? What are potential and kinetic energy? How is energy related to work? What are different forms of energy?

8 Forms of Energy energy kinetic energy potential energy work mechanical energy sound energy thermal energy electric energy radiant energy nuclear energy

9 What is energy? Energy is the ability to cause change. Energy can cause changes in the motions of objects. energy from Greek energeia, means activity

10 What is energy? (cont.) What is energy?

11 Kinetic Energy Energy of Motion Kinetic energy is energy due to motion. All moving objects have kinetic energy. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. If two objects move at the same speed, the object with more mass has more kinetic energy.

12 The kinetic energy (KE) of an object depends on its speed and its mass. The vertical bars show the kinetic energy of each vehicle.

13 Kinetic Energy Energy of Motion (cont.) What is kinetic energy?

14 Potential Energy Stored Energy Potential energy is stored energy due to the interactions between objects or particles. The gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the object s weight and height. Elastic potential energy is energy stored in objects that are compressed or stretched.

15 Chemical potential energy is energy stored in the chemical bonds between atoms.

16 Potential Energy Stored Energy (cont.) In what way are all forms of potential energy the same?

17 Energy and Work Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance. Work depends on both force and distance. You only do work on an object if that object moves.

18 The girl does work on the box as she lifts it. The work she does transfers energy to the box. The colored bars show the work that the girl does (W) and the box s potential energy (PE).

19 Energy and Work (cont.) How is energy related to work?

20 All energy can be measured in joules (J).

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24 Other Forms of Energy Describe three forms of energy.

25 Energy is the ability to cause change. The gravitational potential energy between an object and Earth increases when you lift the object. You do work on an object when you apply a force to that object over a distance.

26 Which type of energy is described as the total energy of an object or group of objects due to largescale motions and interactions? A. electric energy B. mechanical energy C. radiant energy D. thermal energy

27 What is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied over a distance? A. work B. electric energy C. kinetic energy D. potential energy

28 Which term refers to energy due to motion? A. kinetic energy B. potential energy C. sound energy D. stored energy

29 Do you agree or disagree? 1. A fast-moving baseball has more kinetic energy than a slow-moving baseball. 2. A large truck and a small car moving at the same speed have the same kinetic energy.

30 Energy Transformations What is the law of conservation of energy? How does friction affect energy transformations? How are different types of energy used?

31 Energy Transformations law of conservation of energy friction

32 Changes Between Forms of Energy The changes from one type of energy to another type of energy are called energy transformations.

33 A microwave oven changes electric energy into radiant energy.

34 Changes Between Forms of Energy (cont.) radiant Science Use transmitted by electromagnetic waves Common Use bright and shining; glowing

35 Changes Between Kinetic and Potential Energy Energy changes between kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) when a ball is thrown and moves upward and then downward.

36 As the ball moves upward, its speed and kinetic energy decrease, but the potential energy is increasing because the ball s height is increasing. At the ball s highest point, the gravitational potential energy is greatest, and the ball s kinetic energy is the least.

37 As the ball moves downward, potential energy decreases. At the same time, the ball s kinetic energy increases. When the ball reaches the player s hand again, its kinetic energy is at the maximum value again.

38 The Law of Conservation of Energy According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed. What is the law of conservation of energy?

39 The Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.) Friction is a force that resists the sliding of two surfaces that are touching. friction from Latin fricare, means to rub

40 Friction and the Law of Conservation of Energy What happens to mechanical energy when you apply the bicycle brakes and the bicycle stops? A moving bicycle has mechanical energy. When you apply the brakes, the bicycle s mechanical energy is not destroyed.

41 Friction and the Law of Conservation of Energy (cont.) The mechanical energy is transformed into thermal energy. Friction between the brake pad and the moving wheel transforms mechanical energy into thermal energy. There is always friction between any two surfaces that are rubbing against each other.

42 Using Energy When you use energy, you usually change it from one form into another. All forms of energy can be transformed into thermal energy. During photosynthesis, a plant transforms the Sun s radiant energy into chemical energy that it stores in chemical compounds.

43 Using Energy (cont.) What happens to energy when it is used?

44 Using Energy (cont.) When energy changes form, some thermal energy is always released. Scientists often refer to thermal energy that cannot be used as waste energy. Whenever energy is used, some energy is transformed into useful energy and some is transformed into waste energy.

45 Energy can change form, but according to the law of conservation of energy, energy can never be created or destroyed.

46 Friction transforms mechanical energy into thermal energy. Different forms of energy, such as sound and radiant energy, are used when someone talks on a cell phone.

47 All forms of energy can be transformed into what form of energy? A. electric energy B. radiant energy C. sound energy D. thermal energy

48 What term refers to the changes from one type of energy to another type of energy? A. friction B. potential energy C. energy transformations D. law of conservation of energy

49 During photosynthesis, a plant transforms the Sun s radiant energy into what type of energy? A. chemical energy B. electric energy C. kinetic energy D. thermal energy

50 Do you agree or disagree? 3. Energy can change from one form to another. 4. Energy is destroyed when you apply the brakes on a moving bicycle or a moving car.

51 Thermal Energy on the Move What is heat? How is thermal energy transferred?

52 Thermal Energy on the Move heat conduction thermal conductor thermal insulator convection radiation

53 Heat Heat is thermal energy moving from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Objects contain thermal energy, not heat.

54 Heat (cont.) How is heat related to thermal energy?

55 Heat (cont.) The movement of thermal energy causes changes in temperature. Two objects in contact with each other at the same temperature are said to be in thermal equilibrium.

56 Conduction Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy due to collisions between particles in matter.

57 Conduction (cont.) Conduction occurs in solids, liquids, and gases. When faster-moving particles collide with nearby particles at slower speeds, thermal energy is transferred. A material in which thermal energy moves quickly is called a thermal conductor.

58 Conduction (cont.) Solids are better thermal conductors than liquids and gases. Most metals are excellent thermal conductors.

59 Conduction (cont.) A material in which thermal energy moves slowly is a thermal insulator. A winter coat filled with an air-trapping material is a good example of a thermal insulator.

60 Convection Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another. convection from Latin convehere, means to carry together

61 Convection (cont.) Convection occurs in liquids and gases. Convection begins when part of a liquid or gas becomes warmer than the rest of it. The cooler, denser liquid or gas falls, pushing the warmer, less dense liquid or gas to the top.

62 Radiation Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another by electromagnetic waves. Radiation transfers thermal energy through matter or through space, where no matter exists. Radiation occurs between objects that are not in contact.

63 Radiation (cont.) All objects give off electromagnetic waves, but most are not visible. Extremely hot objects emit visible light. Electromagnetic waves carry energy and radiation transfers this thermal energy from objects at higher temperatures to objects at lower temperatures.

64 Radiation (cont.)

65 This hat, coat, and scarf are thermal insulators because thermal energy moves slowly through them. The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another is convection. The transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves is radiation.

66 Which term describes the transfer of thermal energy due to collisions between particles in matter? A. conduction B. convection C. insulation D. radiation

67 Which term describes a material in which thermal energy moves quickly? A. particle B. convection current C. thermal conductor D. electromagnetic conductor

68 Radiation is the movement of energy by which of these? A. conduction B. convection C. electromagnetic waves D. particles in motion

69 Do you agree or disagree? 5. Warm water sinks below cool water when they are in the same container. 6. Wearing a coat slows the loss of thermal energy from your body.

70 Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

71 Energy is the ability to cause change. Energy transformations occur when one form of energy changes into another form of energy. Energy is conserved during energy transformations.

72 Lesson 1: Forms of Energy Energy is the ability to cause change. Kinetic energy is the energy a body has because it is moving. Potential energy is stored energy. Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move in the direction of the force while the force is acting on the object. Different forms of energy include thermal energy and radiant energy.

73 Lesson 2: Energy Transformations According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be transformed from one form into another or transferred from one region to another, but energy cannot be created or destroyed. Friction transforms mechanical energy into thermal energy. Different types of energy are used in many ways including providing energy to move your body, to light a room, and to make and to receive cell phone calls.

74 Lesson 3: Thermal Energy on the Move Heat is thermal energy that moves from matter at a higher temperature to matter at a lower temperature. A material through which thermal energy moves quickly is a thermal conductor. There are three ways in which thermal energy is transferred conduction, convection, and radiation.

75 Which term describes the ability to cause change? A. energy B. friction C. motion D. work

76 Which type of energy is due to the motion of particles that make up an object? A. thermal energy B. sound energy C. radiant energy D. kinetic energy

77 What is a force that resists the sliding of two surfaces that are touching? A. friction B. work C. kinetic energy D. waste energy

78 Most of the chemical energy used in cars ends up as what kind of energy? A. waste energy B. thermal energy C. radiant energy D. electric energy

79 Which term describes a material in which thermal energy moves slowly? A. particle B. thermal conductor C. thermal insulator D. electromagnetic wave

80 What term refers to the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another? A. conduction B. convection C. heat D. radiation

81 What is another term for light energy carried by electromagnetic waves? A. electric energy B. mechanical energy C. radiant energy D. thermal energy

82 Work depends on what two factors? A. force and mass B. mass and distance C. force and distance D. speed and mass

83 Which is true according to the law of conservation of energy? A. Energy can be created and destroyed. B. Energy can be created, but not destroyed. C. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. D. Energy cannot be created, but can be destroyed.

84 Friction between a bicycle s brake pads and the moving wheels transforms mechanical energy into what kind of energy? A. chemical energy B. electric energy C. potential energy D. thermal energy

85 What describes thermal energy moving from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature? A. conduction B. convection C. friction D. heat