8.821 String Theory Fall 2008

Transcription

1 MIT OpenCourseWare String Theory Fall 008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:

2 8.81 F008 Lecture 1: Boundary of AdS; Poincaré patch; wave equation in AdS Lecturer: McGreevy October 16, 008 Today: 1. the boundary of AdS. Poincaré patch 3. motivate boundary value problem 4. wave equation in AdS. 1 The boundary of AdS We defined the Lorentzian AdS p+ as the locus {η ab X a X b = L } I p+1,, where p+1 η ab X a X b = X 0 + X i X p+ = L (1) i=1 The metric is ds η ab X a X b = L [ cosh ρ dτ + dρ + sinh ρ dω ] () AdS = (1) p 1.1 Projective boundary ( ) Take a solution V = X 0,X,X p+ of equation (1). each the boundary by rescaling X, preserving (1). Let X = λx, then equation (1) becomes We now take λ, the boundary is L η ab X a X b = (3) λ {η ab X a X b = 0} / {X λx } I p,1 (4) 1

3 Figure 1: Lorentzian AdS: The left-right axis is the ρ direction. At ρ = 0, the S p in the lower figure shrinks to zero size (like sinhρ), while the radius of the τ direction, depicted in the top figure, approaches a constant (like cosh ρ). This relation can also be read as follows: the boundary of AdS is the set of lightrays in I p+1,, modulo the rescaling. ecall that this is exactly parametrized by points in I p,1 as: ( ) ρ a = κ X µ 1, (1 X 1 ), (1 + X ). (5) We used this fact earlier to make write the SO(p + 1,) action of the conformal group on I p,1 in a linear way. The fact that the conformal group of I p,1 has a nice action on the boundary of AdS is very encouraging.

4 Alternative decomposition I Fix λ by imposing 1 = X p+1 = X. Then we have i=1 i X 0 + X p+ = X = 1 AdS = S 1 S p (6) Alternative decomposition II Let u ± = X 0 ± ix p+1. Then (1) u + u + X = 0. If u + = 0 set u + = 1 u = X If u = 0 set u = 1 u + = X X Then X = X. u is the point at. The boundary is compact. 1. Penrose diagram (one more description of the boundary) dρ Let dθ = cosh ρ (this variable was called squiggle in lecture). The metric in these new coordinates results in [ ] ds = cosh ρ dτ + dθ + tan Θ dω p (7) and therefore Θ ρ tan = tanh Θ [0,π/] (8) The boundary is {Θ = π/} I S p. Note that the metric on the boundary is only specified up Figure : The squiggle variable Θ runs from 0 to π/ as ρ goes from 0 to to rescaling, i.e. a Weyl transformation. But why do we care about this boundary more than say the conformal boundary of Minkowski space? The answer is in the next two subsections. 3

5 1.3 Massless geodesics The massless geodesics are given by the condition ds = 0, which implies 0 = ds = L ( cosh ρ dτ + dρ ) cosh ρ = dρ dτ dτ = dρ cosh ρ = dθ (9) Θ is the time elapsed for a static observer. Whether the lightray reflects off the boundary depends on the BC s. Hence: Cauchy problem problem. Figure 3: Massless geodesics 1.4 Massive geodesics The action for a massive relativistic point particle is S = m ds = m g µν Ẋ µ Ẋ ν Ẋ µ = τ X µ (10) The equation of motion is δs µ = 0 Ẍ + Γ µ Ẋ ν Ẋ λ = 0 δx νλ µ (11) 4

6 where the second equation follows if Ẋ = s X where s is proper time. If we assume Ω = 0 the action is S = ml dτ cosh ρ ( τ ρ). You will show on problem set 3 that this has an oscillatory solution around ρ = 0, it never reaches. Poincaré patch Pick out X p+1 from among the X i. This will break the SO(p + 1) symmetry of the p-sphere. Let X µ L = z x µ L X p+ + X p+1 = z (1) X p+ + X p+1 = v Equation (1) and the metric become L L µ v x x µ = L τ z ds = L dz + dx µ (13) dx µ z (same cancellation as UHP). This is the metric which we showed has 1 (p + 1)(p + ) µν g µν = Λg µν Λ = L (14) NOTE: it covers part of AdS. As z, / t becomes NULL (Poincaré horizon). CLAIM: relation between Poincaré patch and global time is state-operator correspondence. EVIDENCE: symmetries SO(p,1) I p+1 and SO(p + 1) SO()..1 Towards CFT correlators from fields in AdS Our goal is to evaluate e φ 0 O CFT e W CF T [φ 0 ]. Conjecture: e φ 0 O CFT = Z strings in AdS [φ 0 ], but we cannot compute it. The pratical version is the following ( ) ( ) ( ) φ W CFT [φ 0 ] = ln e 0 O CFT extremum φ z=ǫ=φ0 N 1 I SUGA [φ] + O + O 1 (15) N λ A few comments: The supergravity description is valid for large N and large λ. In (15) we ve made the N 1 dependence explicit: in units of the AdS radius, the Newton constant is G = N. I N SUGA is some dimensionless action. 5

7 Figure 4: Poincaré patch anticipating divergences at z 0, we introduce a cutoff (which will be a UV cutoff in the CFT) and set boundary conditions at z = ǫ. Eqn (15) is written as if there is just one field in the bulk. eally there is a φ for every operator O in the dual field theory. We ll say φ couples to O at the boundary. How to match? We give four examples 1. Dilaton field. Before near horizon limit, we have D3-branes in I 10 ; the asymptotic value of the dilaton determines the string coupling constant g s = e φ(x ). The YM coupling on D3 s is g Y M = g s. Changing φ φ + δφ we get δφ [ ] δs = Tr F +... (16) g s where the dots stand for all the CP-even term in the lagrangian. In conclusion we have Z strings [φ φ + δφ] e g s 1 δφtr[f ] CFT (17) The dilaton couples to all the terms in the lagrangian which are CP invariant.. axion. i We have that τ str = g This time CP-odd terms χ + s π tranforms under SL(,C) nicely, like τ = g i θ + s π. Therefore χ Tr[F F] (18) 6

8 3. Stress energy tensor. The tensor T µν is the response of a local QFT to local change in the metric. S QFT γ µν T µν. Here we are writing γ µν for the metric on the boundary. In this case g µν T µν (19) 4. IIB in AdS 5 S 5. Isometry on S 5 SO(6) Kaluza-Klein (KK) gauge fields SO(6) = SU(4). In this case the correspondence is between these gauge fields and the -current operators i.e. S bdy A a µ µ J a A KK a J µ a µ (0). Useful visualization Figure 5: Feynman graphs in AdS. We do the one with two ext. legs first Classical field theory in bulk (boundary value problem). Extr. of classical action (expand about quadratic solution in powers of φ 0 ) = tree level SUGA Feynman graphs. BUT: usually (QFT in I D,1 ), ext. legs of graphs = wavefunction of asymptotic states (example: plane waves). In AdS: ext. legs of graphs determined by boundary behavior of φ ( bulk-to-boundary propagators ). 3 Wave equation in AdS We work in Poincaré coordinates. The metric is ds = L dz + dx µ dx µ g AB dz A dz B A = 0,...,p + 1 (1) z The action for a scalar field is [ ] η S = d p+ x AB 1 g g A φ B φ + m φ + bφ () 7

9 ( ) L For this metric g = det g = z. Since φ is a scalar field we can rewrite the kinetic term as g AB A φ B φ = ( φ) = g AB D A φd B φ (3) where D A is the covariant derivative. Thus we can use D A (g BC ) = 0 to move the Ds around the gs with impunity. By integrating by parts we can rewrite the action as η d p+ [ ( S = x AB B φ φ A g g AB φ B φ ) φ ( ) A g g + ( )] g m +... (4) and finally by using the Stokes theorem we can rewrite the action as η S = d p+1 x g g zb η ( φ ) B φ g φ + m φ + O(φ 3 ) (5) AdS where we define φ = 1 g A ( g g AB B ) φ = D A D A φ. We can rewrite it more covariantly as g DA J A = γ na J A (6) The metric tensor γ is defined as M M ds z=ǫ γ µν dx µ dx ν = L ǫ η µνdx µ dx ν (7) i.e. it is the induced metric on the boundary surface z = ǫ. The vector n A is a unit vector normal to boundary (z = ǫ). We can find an expression for it A B 1 z n A g AB n n z=ǫ = 1 n = = z gzz z L z (8) 8