Sir Isaac Newton ( ) One of the world s greatest scientists Developed the 3 Laws of Motion

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1 Motion and Forces

2 Sir Isaac Newton ( ) One of the world s greatest scientists Developed the 3 Laws of Motion

3 Newton s Laws of Motion 1 st Law Law of Inertia 2 nd Law Force = Mass x Acceleration 3 rd Law For every Action, there is a Reaction Everything to do with motion, forces, gravity, speed, or acceleration is governed by these laws.

4 Newton s First Law of Motion Law of Inertia An object will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force What happens when a car hits a stationary object? What happens to you riding in that car?

5 Inertia Bike Race Crash

6 Inertia Inertia the tendency of an object to resist change in motion (whether at rest or moving) There are 3 key points about the law of inertia Table Cloth Inertia Egg Drop Inertia

7 What does this mean? An object will keep doing what it was doing unless acted on by an unbalanced force If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary (still) If it was moving at a constant velocity, it will keep moving It takes force to change the motion of an object

8 1 st point: Mass and Inertia The amount of inertia an object has depends on its mass The greater the mass the greater the inertia Mass is measured in grams or kilograms. Eureka video

9 Inertia at work Objects with a greater mass have greater inertia Example: It is more difficult to change the motion of bowling ball than the motion of a golf ball

10 Point 2: Objects at rest remain at rest (or will keep doing what they were doing) unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Since the train is so heavy, it is difficult to stop it once it is moving Since the bicycle has such a small mass, it is very easy to stop.

11 Point 3: Objects in motion remain in motion with a constant speed and direction(unless acted upon by an unbalanced force). Since the train is so heavy, it is difficult to change its speed. Since the bicycle is so light weight, it is very easy to change its speed.

12 Friction and Gravity Newton s First Law of Motion states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force. Two forces that act on objects are friction and gravity.

13 Friction Friction acts in a direction opposite to the object s direction of motion Without friction, the object would continue to move at a constant speed forever The strength of the force of friction depends on two factors: 1. the types of surfaces Racing on ice Starting a fire 2. how hard the surfaces push together.

14 Types of Friction 1. Sliding Friction solid surfaces slide over each other. 2. Rolling Friction when an object rolls over a surface. Force of friction is less in rolling friction than with sliding friction. 3. Fluid Friction when an object moves through a fluid. Force of friction is less in fluid friction than with sliding friction.

15 Gravity Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward each other.

16 Air Resistance Objects falling through air experience a type of friction called air resistance As surface area increases, air resistance increases. Eventually, air resistance equals gravity The greatest velocity an object reaches is called terminal velocity In a vacuum, all objects fall at the same rate

17

18 Force, Mass, and Acceleration

19 Weight vs. Mass Weight a measure of the force of gravity on an object. (weight is a force) Your weight on the moon is 1/6 of your weight on Earth the moon is 1/6 the size of Earth Mass a measure of the amount of matter in that object. Weight = Mass x Acceleration due to gravity Units of Measure: Weight measured in Newtons Mass measured in Kg Acceleration measured in m/s 2

20 Newton s Second Law of Motion When a net force acts on an object the object will accelerate in the direction of the net force. Unit of measurement for force: A Newton - is the force needed to accelerate one kg of mass at 1 meter/sec 2 (1 N = 1kg x 1m/s 2 ) Newton s 2 nd Law

21 Inversely Proportional Mass and acceleration are Inversely proportional: As the mass increases, the acceleration decreases

22 Directly Proportional Directly proportional: As the force increases, the acceleration increases Push the shopping cart

23 Shopping Cart Example:

24 Graphing Newton s 2 nd Law The graphs show the relationship between force, mass and acceleration (F = ma) For the same force: more mass causes less acceleration less mass causes more acceleration

25 Graphing Newton s 2 nd Law For the same mass: more force causes more acceleration less force causes less acceleration

26 Graphing Newton s 2 nd Law For the same acceleration: more mass needs more force less mass needs less force

27 What does F = ma say? F = ma basically means that the force of an object comes from its mass and its acceleration. Something very massive (high mass) that s changing speed very slowly (low acceleration), like a glacier, can still have great force. Something very small (low mass) that s changing speed very quickly (high acceleration), like a bullet, can still have a great force. Something very small changing speed very slowly will have a very weak force.

28 A Little Practice How much force will you need to accelerate a 200kg wagon at 5m/s 2? 1000 N How much force will you need to accelerate a 10,000kg train at 5m/s 2 50,000 N Newton s Second Law Summary

29 Let s try out Newton s work for ourselves! Find this lab page:

30 Wacky Washers! Make sure leave each station set up and ready for the next group! Read the instructions and answer the questions in complete sentences!

31 Mouth to Mouth We are not using money, but an index card ;)

32 Newton s Race Follow the directions on this one!! Fill out the data table and then answer the questions.

33 Newton s 3 rd Law of Motion For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction All forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in strength and opposite in direction.

34 What does this mean? Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your seat, but Newton s Third Law says your seat is pushing up against you with equal force. This is why you are not moving. There is a balanced force acting on you gravity pulling down, your seat pushing up.

35 Equal but Opposite Ice Skaters (push off of each other with equal force in opposite directions): The speed at which the two skaters move depend on their masses. (the greater the mass the slower the speed)

36 Think about it What happens if you are standing on a skateboard and push against a wall? You slide in the opposite direction (away from the wall), because you pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you with equal and opposite force. Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe? When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock exerts an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit your toe against it, the more force the rock exerts back on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).

37 Check Your Understanding While driving down the road, an unfortunate bug strikes the windshield of a bus. The bug hits the windshield and the windshield hits the bug. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the bug or the force on the bus?

38 Answer Trick Question! Each force is the same size. For every action, there is an equal... (equal!). The fact that the bug splatters only means that with its smaller mass, it is less able to withstand the larger acceleration resulting from the interaction.

39 Check Your Understanding: Sports The racer s foot is pushing on the starting block, and the starting block is pushing back When the runner pushes off, the motion is the result of actionreaction force pairs. The runner accelerates slowly at first and then faster and faster as the mass is carried along

40 More explanation: The force on the foot equals the force on the block. (Newton s 3 rd Law) Yet, acceleration depends on both force and mass. (Newton s 2 nd Law) Remember: acceleration and mass are inversely proportional. (Newton s 2 nd Law)

41 Check Your Understanding: Cars According to Newton's First Law of Motion, an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. A car will tend to either keep standing still or keep moving in a straight line at the same speed unless some unbalanced force makes it do otherwise. Examples of unbalanced forces are air resistance or the friction between tires and the road

42 Check Your Understanding: Cars Newton s 2 nd Law is F = ma If F = ma, then a = F/m. The acceleration of a car equals the sum of the external forces applied to the car, divided by the car's mass. For a car of any given mass, the more unopposed force is applied, the faster the car accelerates If the driver applies the brakes and produces enough friction to stop the car, then F = 0. In this case, acceleration also equals zero, because zero divided by anything equals zero.

43 Check Your Understanding: Cars Newton s 3 rd Law states: for action there is an equal and opposite reaction The force exerted by the tires on the road is matched by an equal and opposite force exerted by the road on the tires. If that force is enough to overcome the car's inertia, the car accelerates forward.

44 Review Newton s First Law (Inertia): Objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest tend to stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton s Second Law (F=ma): Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). Newton s Third Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

45 Car Balloon Project Let s look at the project Final due date is: March 2-3.

46 If Time Match Rockets!

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