Today is Thursday, February 11 th, 2016

Transcription

1 In This Lesson: Scientific Notation and Unit Analysis (Lesson 4 of 6) Today is Thursday, February 11 th, 2016 Stuff You Need: Calculator Paper Towel Pre-Class: By now you ve probably heard of scientific notation. What s the point? Also, get a small paper towel for whiteboard stuff.

2 Today s Agenda Scientific Notation Writing and calculating Unit Analysis Conversions! Where is this in my book? P. 73 and following

3 By the end of this lesson You should be able to convert numbers to and from scientific notation. You should be able to convert measurements between various units, including those of the metric system.

4 Scientific Notation Scientific notation is a way for scientists to more easily represent very large or very small numbers. For example, later this year you will learn about the quantity called a mole. A mole equals 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 of something. Similarly, an electron weighs very little almost nothing. An electron weighs kg

5 Without Scientific Notation? How much does one mole of electrons weigh? kg x ???

6 Other Scientific Notationworthy Measurements

7 I get it now what? Numbers written in scientific notation take this form: M x 10 n M is between 1 and 10 (1 or above, less than 10). M is sometimes called the mantissa or significand. n is an integer.

8 Converting 2,500,000,000. to Scientific Notation Make 2,500,000,000 into scientific notation. Step 1: Put in an understood decimal point. Step 2: Decide where the decimal point must end up so that there is only one nonzero digit to its left (M). Step 3: Count how many places you have to bounce the decimal point to get there (n). Step 4: Rewrite in the M x 10 n form x

9 Converting to Scientific Notation Make into scientific notation. Step 1: Put in an understood decimal point (already done). Step 2: Decide where the decimal point must end up so that there is only one nonzero digit to its left (M). Step 3: Count how many places you have to bounce the decimal point to get there (n). Step 4: Rewrite in the M x 10 n form x 10-5

10 Practice Try the top half of our Scientific Notation and Unit Analysis sheets.

11 Scientific Notation Remember that moving the decimal point left makes n go up by one; moving it right makes it go down by one. Now how do we get out of scientific notation?

12 Converting Out of Scientific Notation You know how 10 0 = 1? Or how anything 0 = 1? When you re given a number in scientific notation and need to convert it to standard notation, you want to make the 10 n part equal to If it s positive, like 10 4, move the decimal right. If it s negative, like 10-3, move the decimal left.

13 Converting Out of Scientific Notation Convert 4.3 x 10 3 to standard notation Convert x 10-2 to standard notation

14 Scientific Notation Since you now know how to write in scientific notation, let s talk about how to calculate in scientific notation. We ll start with addition and subtraction.

15 Addition and Subtraction If the exponents are the same, simply add or subtract the (M) numbers in front and leave the x 10 n part unchanged. You can do this for addition or subtraction. 4 x x x x x x 10 6

16 Addition and Subtraction If the exponents are not the same, we have to move a decimal point until they are. Move the decimal on the smaller number! 4 x x x x x x x x 10 6

17 Practice Solve the following in scientific notation: 2.37 x x x x x x 10-4

18 Practice Let s try combining sig figs and scientific notation with another worksheet (half). Significant Figures and Scientific Notation Upper half

19 Multiplication and Division For multiplication, just multiply the digits in front (M), then add the exponents (n). Remember that you still need to make sure the number in front (M) is between 1 and x 10 3 x 3 x x x x 10 13

20 Multiplication and Division For division, do the opposite of multiplication. Just divide the digits in front (M), then subtract the exponents (n). 6 x 10 8 / 2 x 10 7 = 3 x

21 Practice Solve the following in scientific notation: 2 x 10-2 / 5 x 10-6 = 0.4 x x x 10 3

22 One final note You may notice your calculator giving you answers like this: E In both cases, your calculator is trying to say: x 10 8

23 Practice Let s try combining sig figs and scientific notation with another worksheet (half). Significant Figures and Scientific Notation Lower half

24 Unit Analysis Now that you re used to doing some conversions of just numbers, it s time to start converting measurements. To do this, we ll need to manipulate numbers and units, both parts of a measurement, in a systematic process known as unit analysis. Unit analysis is also known as: Factor Label Fence Post Unit Cancellation Dimensional Analysis Let s start with learning the units.

25 Of what is this a map? Those other countries are Myanmar (Asia) and Liberia (Africa).

26 The SI Units Le Système Internationale Physical Quantity Name Abbreviation Mass kilogram kg Length meter m Time second s Temperature Kelvin K Electric Current ampere A Quantity mole mol Luminous Intensity candela cd

27 Aside: A Butt Load? In winemaking, a butt is a traditional unit of measurement for volume. It s equal to 126 gallons (or two hogsheads). Yeah, there are a lot of weird measurements out there. With that said, if you have a buttload of something, well you have 126 gallons.

28 Metric System Units (KNOW THIS) Length: Meter (m) Or centimeters, millimeters, kilometers. Mass: Gram (g) Or milligrams, kilograms. Volume: Liter (L) Or milliliters. Note: cm 3 (or anything 3 ) is a measure of VOLUME.

29 SI Prefixes Common to Chemistry Prefix Unit Abbr. Exponent In other words Kilo k of base Hecto h of base Deka da of base [BASE] Deci d in base Centi c in base Milli m in base Micro in base Nano n in base Pico p in base

30 Aside: Scale of the Universe Exactly how big are these units? If an ipod nano were really a nanometer, how big would it be? Scale of the Universe.lnk

31 Metric Conversions Usually kilo. hecto. Deka. (unit). deci. centi. milli King HenryDoesn t1.00 m m10.0 DrinkChocolateMilk dm 100. cm g Example: L Convert 100 centimeters to meters. Step 1: Find your starting unit. Step 2: Find your ending unit. Step 3: Move the decimal point one digit to the left each time you move left. Move the decimal point one digit to the right each time you move right. Step 4: Solve: 100 cm = 1 m.

32 Metric Conversions kilo. hecto. Deka. (unit). deci. centi. milli m g DL L L0.52 dl5.2 cl52. ml Example: Convert 52 milliliters to Dekaliters. Step 1: Find your starting unit. Step 2: Find your ending unit. Step 3: Move the decimal point one digit to the left each time you move left. Move the decimal point one digit to the right each time you move right. Step 4: Solve: 52 ml = DL.

33 Metric Conversions kilo. hecto. Deka. (unit). deci. centi. milli m g L Write the following in regular notation and scientific notation: How many mm in a m?1000 mm 1 x 10 3 mm How many cm in a m? 100 cm 1 x 10 2 cm How many m in a km? 1000 m 1 x 10 3 m How many cm in a km? 100,000 cm 1 x 10 5 cm How many hm in a dm? hm 1 x 10-3 hm

34 Practice Now try the bottom half of our Scientific Notation and Unit Analysis sheets. Use the first column for scientific notation stuff (if you feel confident in it).

35 Useful Conversions 1 mi = km 1 L = qt 1 lb = g 1 ml = 1 cm 3 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 kg = lb F = (9/5) C + 32 C = (5/9)( F 32 )

36 Unit Analysis What we ll next be doing is converting measurements of one unit (miles, for example) to another unit (kilometers, maybe). First, write down what you know. Then, here s the setup: starting measurement target unit given unit This part is your conversion factor. THE NUMERATOR AND DENOMINATOR MUST BE EQUIVALENT!!!1

37 Unit Analysis Examples How many shoes do you have if you have 30 pairs? We know that there are 2 shoes in every pair, so that will be our conversion factor. 30 pairs 2 shoes 1 pair = 60 shoes 30 pairs = 60 shoes

38 Wait what? Weirded out by that cancellation of units thing? Try the same problem using algebra and you might recognize the process: y ( 2 ) ( 60 xy (30 x) = ) = 60 y 1 x 1 x

39 Unit Analysis Examples 2 km = m We know that there are 1000 m in every km, so that will be our conversion factor. 2 km 1000 m 1 km = 2000 m 2 km = 2000 m

40 Unit Analysis Examples Convert 7 miles to kilometers (1.61 km in every mi). We know that there are 1.61 km in every mi, so that will be our conversion factor. 7 mi 1.61 km 1 mi = km 7 mi = km (or 10 km in sig figs)

41 Unit Analysis Examples Suppose you re running a 5K charity race. How many miles are you running? We know that there are 1.61 km in every mi, so that will be our conversion factor. 5 km mi km = mi 5 km = mi (or 3 mi in sig figs)

42 Unit Analysis Examples 115 lbs = mg ( g to 1 lb) We know that there are g in every lb, so that will be our first conversion factor. 115 lbs g 1 lb mg g = 52,162,850 mg With this, we ve gotten to grams. Now we need to convert again using our new given unit. 115 lbs = 52,162,850 mg (or 52,200,000 in sig figs)

43 Unit Analysis Examples 71 mph = km/min (1.61 km in every mi) We know that there are 1.61 km in every mi, so that will be our first conversion factor. Also, the per in miles per hour means that the hour part is in the denominator. 71 mi 1 hr km mi 1 60 hr min = 1.91 km/min Now we need to convert again to get the time unit. 60 mi/hr = 1.91 km/min (or 2.0 km/min in sig figs)

44 Unit Analysis Examples Convert kpa to torr (760 torr in kpa). We know that there are 760 torr for every kpa, so that will be our conversion factor kpa 760 torr kpa = torr kpa = torr (or 1500 torr in sig figs)

45 Tips for Checking Work Make sure the top (numerator) of the conversion factor equals the bottom (denominator). Make sure your answer makes sense. If a milliliter is smaller than a liter, then converting to milliliters should end up with a larger number. When converting rates (miles per hour, kilometers per second), do the problem in two steps. For example, if it s mi/hr to km/sec, convert miles to kilometers, then convert hours to seconds. (or hours to minutes to seconds)

46 Time for some practice Unit Analysis Practice Problems Tough ones include #1 and #4.

47 Predicting Units? You can also use this cancellation method to find units of an unknown. Example: 5000 g J g C 50 C = 1,046,000 J ΔH = 1,046,000 J

48 Predicting Units? Try another example. Solve for C: 1200 J 1234 g C (50 C) 1200 J g C C 1200 J ( g C ) C ( J g C ) C