ELEC ENG 3BA3: Structure of Biological Materials

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1 Name: Student Number: ELEC ENG 3BA3: Structure of Biological Materials Day Class Instructor: Dr. I. C. BRUCE Duration of Examination: 3 Hours McMaster University Final Examination December 2011 This examination paper includes twelve (12) pages and fourteen (14) questions. You are responsible for ensuring that your copy of the paper is complete. Bring any discrepancy to the attention of your invigilator. Special Instructions: Use of Casio fx-991 calculator only is allowed. Some equations that may assist you are provided on pages Questions 1 8 are multiple-choice questions, each worth 5 pts. Only one answer, a, b, c or d, is correct for each question. Questions 9 14 are short answer and/or mathematical questions, each worth 10 pts. 1. Tendons and ligaments: a. have fairly crystalline stress-strain relationships, b. contain a greater proportion of elastin than collagen, c. have very rubbery stress-strain relationships, or d. are manufactured by chondrocytes. (5 pts) 2. Carbon materials have not been successful utilized in orthopaedic implants because: a. nobody has thought of it yet, b. they all have very poor biocompatibility, c. they are much too heavy, or d. it is not yet possible to obtain suitable mechanical properties. (5 pts) 3. The chemical acetylcholine (ACh) is: a. present in fast glycolytic muscle fibers but not in slow oxidative fibers, b. the chemical that causes myosin filaments to move along actin filaments in myofibrils, c. the neurotransmitter used in the neuromuscular junction (i.e., the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber), or d. a constituent chemical of nylon. (5 pts) Continued on page 2

2 Page 2 of Of these four blood vessel types, pulsatile blood flow is strongest in the: a. vena cava, b. aorta, c. capillaries, or d. arterioles. (5 pts) 5. In liposome delivery of a hydrophobic drug, the drug molecules would normally be: a. directly attached to the heads of the lipids on the outer surface of the liposome, b. attached to PEG strands on the outside of the liposome, c. in an aqueous solution in the very centre of the liposome sphere, or d. dissolved amongst the lipid tails between the two layers of the bilayer liposome. (5 pts) 6. The term biosensor refers: a. to any sensor for measuring biological signals, b. specifically to sensors that utilize a biological agent, c. only to sensors for measuring blood glucose levels, or d. only to sensors utilizing antibodies. (5 pts) 7. In the Larmor equation for nuclear magnetic resonance, o corresponds to the angular frequency at which a proton: a. flips in response to an RF burst, b. dephases due to spin-spin interactions, c. precesses (wobbles) around the axis of an external magnetic field, or d. spins around its own axis. (5 pts) 8. To compute the back-projection in tomographic imaging, a widely used mathematical technique is: a. the Raylon equation, b. the radionuclide transform, c. the Radon transform, or d. Rayleigh scattering. (5 pts) Continued on page 3

3 Page 3 of Discuss the bioethical complexities of choosing subjects for clinical trials of biomedical technologies to treat life-threatening diseases. (10 pts) 10. Compare and contrast the use of collimators in: i) x-ray CT, ii) SPECT and iii) PET imaging. (10 pts) 11. Explain the function of the 180 RF pulse in an MRI spin echo sequence. (10 pts) 12. J. and E. are practicing a judo throw called tsurikomi-goshi. Before throwing E., J. holds him static in the position illustrated below, with E. tipped forwards 22 from vertical and E. s centre of mass (C.O.M.) 30 cm from the pivot point on J. s hips. J. is pulling with his right hand on E. s sleeve with a force F RH that is acting 45 cm from E. s C.O.M. at an angle of 46 from the line of E. s body. J. is also pushing on E. s collar with his left hand with a force F LH that is acting along the same line as F RH but in the opposite direction. Assume that E. has a mass of 73 kg and acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m s 2, producing the body weight F W, and that the reaction forces of J. s hips on E. s legs are acting directly through the pivot point. What is the minimum difference between the force exerted by J. s left hand F and his right RH hand F that will keep E. static in this position? (10 pts) 22 LH E. F LH F RH 45cm C.O.M. J. F w 30cm pivot point 46 Continued on page 4

4 Page 4 of The Achilles tendon attaches the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. Both tendon and cortical bone have very low proton spin densities, so they both appear as dark areas in MR images in contrast to the surrounding tissue. However, due to their somewhat different T1 and T2 relaxation times, given in the table below, it might be possible to pick up the interface between these tissues in T1-weighted or T2-weighted images. Tissue T1 (ms) T2 (ms) Achilles tendon Cortical bone a. Assuming that the proton spin density is identical in the two tissues, determine the MR image relative signal magnitudes that should be obtained for the Achilles tendon and cortical surface of the calcaneus bone for: i. a standard T1-weighted spin echo sequence (TE = 11 ms; TR = 460 ms), and ii. a standard T2-weighted spin echo sequence (TE = 90 ms; TR = 2400 ms). b. From the MR image signal magnitudes predicted in part a., discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of T1-weighting and T2-weighting in imaging the interface between the Achilles tendon and the cortical surface of the calcaneus bone. c. Discuss whether the standard TE and TR values for T1-weighting and T2-weighting used in part a. are appropriate for imaging these tissues, given their T1 and T2 values. (10 pts) 14. Consider the transmission of an ultrasound signal through to the skin and soft tissue from an ultrasound transducer placed on the skin. In the first case, illustrated to the left in the figure below, no gel is used between the transducer and the skin. In the second case, illustrated to the right in the figure below, a gel is used between the transducer and the skin. Assume that: i. the acoustic impedance of the transducer is rayls, the acoustic impedance of the skin & soft tissue is rayls, & the acoustic impedance of the gel is rayls; and ii. the attenuation of the acoustic signal in the gel is negligible. If the intensity of an ultrasound pulse produced by the transducer I o = 125 mw/cm 2, what is the ultrasound pulse intensity, I, that is directly transmitted into the skin & soft tissue for the two cases: a. no gel, and b. gel? (10 pts) NO GEL ultrasound transducer skin & soft tissue I o I GEL I o I gel THE END Continued on page 5

5 Supplied Equations Page 5 of 12 Axial stress equations: Axial strain equations: Linear elasticity equation: Ideal rubbery elasticity: Ground reaction force equations: Continued on page 6

6 Page 6 of 12 Kinetic energy: Gravitational potential energy: Force versus velocity relationship for contracting muscle: Net joint power: Mapping of Cartesian stress tensor to principal stresses: Von Mises stresses: Continued on page 7

7 Page 7 of 12 Specific gravity of a liquid: Shear stress versus shear rate for a Newtonian fluid: Bulk modulus (fluid compressibility) equation: Speed of sound in a substance: Fluid acceleration equation: Fluid acceleration along a streamline: Continued on page 8

8 Page 8 of 12 Fluid acceleration normal to a curving streamline: Hydrostatic equilibrium equation: Hydrostatic pressure difference equation: Conservation of mass for flow within a stream-tube: Conservation of mass for flow within a stream-tube of constant volume: Continued on page 9

9 Page 9 of 12 Conservation of momentum for flow along a stream-line: Bernoulli equation (conservation of momentum for steady flow along a streamline): Reynolds number criterion for laminar flow: Poiseuille flow velocity profile (laminar viscous flow in a circular tube): Continued on page 10

10 Page 10 of 12 Poiseuille flow pressure drop: Poiseuille flow entry length equation: Mean kinetic energy of a particle: Fick s law of diffusion: Photon attenuation equation: Radionuclide decay equation: Physical half-life: Continued on page 11

11 Page 11 of 12 Acoustic intensity, pressure, velocity and impedance relations: Acoustic impedance: Pressure reflection coefficient: Intensity reflection coefficient: Intensity transmission coefficient: Ultrasound attenuation equation: Doppler frequency equation: Doppler frequency shift: Continued on page 12

12 Page 12 of 12 Larmor equation: T1 and T2 relaxation equations: Spin echo sequence NMR signal strength: END OF SUPPLIED EQUATIONS

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