INEQUALITIES BJORN POONEN
|
|
- Loren Wright
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 INEQUALITIES BJORN POONEN 1 The AM-GM iequality The most basic arithmetic mea-geometric mea (AM-GM) iequality states simply that if x ad y are oegative real umbers, the (x + y)/2 xy, with equality if ad oly if x = y The last phrase with equality meas two thigs: first, if x = y 0, the (x + y)/2 = xy (obvious); ad secod, if (x + y)/2 = xy for some x, y 0, the x = y It follows that if x, y 0 ad x y, the iequality is strict: (x + y)/2 > xy Here s a oe-lie proof of the AM-GM iequality for two variables: x + y xy = 1 ( ) 2 x y The AM-GM iequality geeralizes to oegative umbers AM-GM iequality: If x 1,, x 0, the x 1 + x x with equality if ad oly if x 1 = x 2 = = x x 1 x 2 x 2 The power mea iequality Fix x 1,, x 0 For r 0 (assume r > 0 if some x i are zero), the r-th power mea P r of x 1,, x is defied to be the r-th root of the average of the r-th powers of x 1,, x : ( ) x r P r := x r 1/r This formula yields osese if r = 0, but there is a atural way to defie P 0 too: it is simply defied to be the geometric mea 1 : P 0 := x 1 x 2 x Oe also defies P = max{x 1,, x } sice whe r is very large, P r is a good approximatio to the largest of x 1,, x For a similar reaso oe uses the otatio Here are some examples: P = mi{x 1,, x } P 1 = x x is the arithmetic mea, x 2 P 2 = x 2 is sometimes called the root mea square For x 1,, x > 0, 1 P 1 = 1 x x is called the harmoic mea Power mea iequality: Let x 1,, x 0 Suppose r > s (ad s 0 if ay of the x i are zero) The P r P s, with equality if ad oly if x 1 = x 2 = = x
2 2 BJORN POONEN 3 Covex fuctios A fuctio f(x) is covex if for ay real umbers a < b, each poit (c, d) o the lie segmet joiig (a, f(a)) ad (b, f(b)) lies above or at the poit (c, f(c)) o the graph of f with the same x-coordiate Algebraically, this coditio says that (1) f((1 t)a + tb) (1 t)f(a) + tf(b) wheever a < b ad for all t [0, 1] (The left had side represets the height of the graph of the fuctio above the x-value x = (1 t)a + tb which is a fractio t of the way from a to b, ad the right had side represets the height of the lie segmet above the same x-value) Those who kow what a covex set i geometry is ca iterpret the coditio as sayig that the set S = {(x, y) : y f(x)} of poits above the graph of f is a covex set Loosely speakig, this will hold if the graph of f curves i the shape of a smile istead of a frow For example, the fuctio f(x) = x 2 is covex, as is f(x) = x for ay positive eve iteger Oe ca also speak of a fuctio f(x) beig covex o a iterval I This meas that the coditio (1) above holds at least whe a, b I (ad a < b ad t [0, 1]) For example, oe ca show that f(x) = x 3 is covex o [0, ), ad that f(x) = si x is covex o ( π, 0) Fially oe says that a fuctio f(x) o a iterval I is strictly covex, if f((1 t)a + tb) < (1 t)f(a) + tf(b) wheever a, b I ad a < b ad t (0, 1) I other words, the lie segmet coectig two poits o the graph of f should lie etirely above the graph of f, except where it touches at its edpoits For coveiece, here is a brief list of some covex fuctios I these, k represets a positive iteger, r, s represet real costats, ad x is the variable I fact, all of these are strictly covex o the iterval give, except for x r ad x r whe r is 0 or 1 x 2k, o all of R x r, o [0, ), if r 1 x r, o [0, ), if r [0, 1] x r, o (0, ), if r 0 log x, o (0, ) si x, o [0, π] cos x, o [ π/2, π/2] ta x, o [0, π/2) e x, o all of R r/(s + x) o ( s, ), if r > 0 A sum of covex fuctios is covex Addig a costat or liear fuctio to a fuctio does ot affect covexity Remarks (for those who kow about cotiuity ad derivatives): If oe wats to prove rigorously that a fuctio is covex, istead of just guessig it from the graph, it is ofte easier to use oe of the criteria below istead of the defiitio of covexity
3 INEQUALITIES 3 1 Let f(x) be a cotiuous fuctio o a iterval I The f(x) is covex if ad oly if (f(a) + f(b))/2 f((a + b)/2) holds for all a, b I Also, f(x) is strictly covex if ad oly if (f(a) + f(b))/2 > f((a + b)/2) wheever a, b I ad a < b 2 Let f(x) be a differetiable fuctio o a iterval I The f(x) is covex if ad oly if f (x) is icreasig o I Also, f(x) is strictly covex if ad oly if f (x) is strictly icreasig o the iterior of I 3 Let f(x) be a twice differetiable fuctio o a iterval I The f(x) is covex if ad oly if f (x) 0 for all x I Also, f(x) is strictly covex if ad oly if f (x) > 0 for all x i the iterior of I 4 Iequalities for covex fuctios A covex fuctio f(x) o a iterval [a, b] is maximized at x = a or x = b (or maybe both) Example (USAMO 1980/5): Prove that for a, b, c [0, 1], a b + c b c + a c + (1 a)(1 b)(1 c) 1 a + b + 1 Solutio: Let F (a, b, c) deote the left had side If we fix b ad c i [0, 1], the resultig fuctio of a is covex o [0, 1], because it is a sum of fuctios of the type f(a) = r/(s + a) ad liear fuctios Therefore it is maximized whe a = 0 or a = 1; ie, we ca icrease F (a, b, c) by replacig a by 0 or 1 Similarly oe ca icrease F (a, b, c) by replacig each of b ad c by 0 or 1 Hece the maximum value of F (a, b, c) will occur at oe of the eight vertices of the cube 0 a, b, c 1 But F (a, b, c) = 1 at these eight poits, so F (a, b, c) 1 wheever 0 a, b, c 1 Jese s Iequality: Let f be a covex fuctio o a iterval I If x 1,, x I, the f(x 1 ) + + f(x ) ( x1 x 2 x ) f If moreover f is strictly covex, the equality holds if ad oly if x 1 = x 2 = = x Hardy-Littlewood-Polyà majorizatio iequality: Let f be a covex fuctio o a iterval I, ad suppose a 1,, a, b 1,, b I Suppose that the sequece a 1,, a majorizes b 1,, b : this meas that the followig hold: a 1 a b 1 b a 1 b 1 a 1 + a 2 b 1 + b 2 a 1 + a a 1 b 1 + b b 1 a 1 + a a 1 + a = b 1 + b b 1 + b
4 4 BJORN POONEN (Note the equality i the fial equatio) The f(a 1 ) + + f(a ) f(b 1 ) + + f(b ) If f is strictly covex o I, the equality holds if ad oly if a i = b i for all i 5 Iequalities with weights May of the iequalities we have looked at so far have versios i which the terms i a mea ca be weighted uequally Weighted AM-GM iequality: If x 1,, x > 0 ad w 1,, w 0 ad w w = 1, the w 1 x 1 + w 2 x w x x w 1 1 x w 2 2 x w, with equality if ad oly if all the x i with w i 0 are equal Oe recovers the usual AM-GM iequality by takig equal weights w 1 = w 2 = = w = 1/ Weighted power mea iequality: Fix x 1,, x > 0 ad weights w 1,, w 0 with w w = 1 For ay ozero real umber r, defie the r-th (weighted) power mea by the formula ( ) w1 x r w x r 1/r P r := Also let P 0 be the weighted geometric mea (usig the same weights): P 0 := x w 1 1 x w The P r is a icreasig fuctio of r R Moreover, if the x i with w i 0 are ot all equal, the P r is a strictly icreasig fuctio of r Weighted Jese s Iequality: Let f be a covex fuctio o a iterval I If x 1,, x I, w 1,, w 0 ad w w = 1, the w 1 f(x 1 ) + + w f(x ) f (w 1 x w x ) If moreover f is strictly covex, the equality holds if ad oly if all the x i with w i 0 are equal 6 Symmetric fuctio iequalities Give umbers a 1,, a ad 0 i, the i-th elemetary symmetric fuctio σ i is defied to be the coefficiet of x i i (x + a 1 ) (x + a ) For example, for = 3, σ 0 = 1 σ 1 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 σ 2 = a 1 a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 1 σ 3 = a 1 a 2 a 3
5 INEQUALITIES 5 The i-th elemetary symmetric mea S i is the arithmetic mea of the moomials appearig i the expasio of σ i ; i other words, S i := σ i / ( i) I the example above, S 0 = 1 S 1 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 3 S 2 = a 1a 2 + a 2 a 3 + a 3 a 1 3 S 3 = a 1 a 2 a 3 Newto s iequality: For ay real umbers a 1,, a, we have S i 1 S i+1 S 2 i Maclauri s iequality: For a 1,, a 0, we have S 1 S 2 3 S 3 S Moreover, if the a i are positive ad ot all equal, the the iequalities are all strict 7 More iequalities Cauchy(-Schwartz-Buiakowski) iequality: If x 1,, x, y 1,, y are real umbers, the (x x 2 )(y y 2 ) (x 1 y x y ) 2 Chebychev s iequality: If x 1 x 0 ad y 1 y 0, the ( ) ( ) x 1 y x y x1 + + x y1 + + y with equality if ad oly if oe of the sequeces is costat Chebychev s iequality with three sequeces: If x 1 x 0, y 1 y 0, ad z 1 z 0, the ( ) ( ) ( ) x 1 y 1 z x y z x1 + + x y1 + + y z1 + + z with equality if ad oly if at least two of the three sequeces are costat or oe of the sequeces is all zero You ca probably guess what the four-sequece Chebychev iequality looks like Hölder s iequality: Let a 1,, a, b 1,, b, α, β > 0 ad suppose that α + β = 1 The with equality if ad oly if (a a ) α (b b ) β (a α 1 b β a α b β ), a 1 b 1 = a 2 b 2 = = a b
6 6 BJORN POONEN Jese s extesio of Hölder s Iequality: Suppose a 1,, a, b 1,, b,, l 1,, l, α, β,, λ > 0, ad α + β + + λ 1 The ( ) α ( ) β ( ) λ ( ) a i b i l i a α i b β i lλ i Rearragemet iequality: Suppose a 1 a ad b 1 b are real umbers If π is a permutatio of 1, 2,,, the a 1 b + a 2 b a b 1 a 1 b π(1) + + a b π() a 1 b a b Mikowski s iequality: Suppose a 1,, a, b 1,, b 0, ad r is a real umber If r > 1, the r a r a r + r b r b r r (a 1 + b 1 ) r + + (a + b ) r If 0 < r < 1, the the iequality is reversed Beroulli s iequality: If x > 1 ad 0 < a < 1, the (1 + x) a 1 + ax, with equality if ad oly if x = 0 The iequality reverses for a < 0 or a > 1 8 Problems There are a lot of problems here Just do the oes that iterest you 1 Prove that for ay a, b, c > 0, (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc, ad determie whe equality holds 2 Prove! < ( ) +1 2 for all itegers > 1 3 Prove that the sum of the legs of a right triagle ever exceeds 2 times the hypoteuse of the triagle 4 Prove 2 x 3 1/x for x > 0 5 Prove that if a > b > 0 ad 1 is a iteger, the 6 Let E be the ellipsoid a b > (a b)(ab) ( 1)/2 x 2 a + y2 2 b + z2 2 c = 1, 2 for some a, b, c > 0 Fid, i terms of a, b, ad c, the volume of the largest rectagular box that ca fit iside E, with faces parallel to the coordiate plaes 7 Amog all plaes passig through a fixed poit (a, b, c) with a, b, c > 0 ad meetig the positive parts of the three coordiate axes, fid the oe such that the tetrahedro bouded by it ad the coordiate plaes has miimal area 8 Amog all rectagular boxes with volume V, fid the oe with smallest surface area 9 Now cosider ope boxes, with oly five faces Agai fid the oe with smallest surface area with a give volume V
7 INEQUALITIES 7 10 Let T be the tetrahedro with vertices (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), ad (0, 0, c) for some a, b, c > 0 Let V be the volume of T, ad let l be the sum of the legths of the six edges of T Prove that l 3 V 6( ) 3 11 Let g = a 1 a be the geometric mea of the umbers a 1,, a > 0 Prove that (1 + a 1 )(1 + a 2 ) (1 + a ) (1 + g) 12 Suppose x, y, z > 0 ad x + y + z = 1 Prove that ( ) ( ) ( ) 64 x y z 13 Show that oe ca derive the AM-GM iequality for positive umbers from Jese s iequality with f(x) = log x 14 Prove x x ( ) x+1 x+1 2 for x > 0 (Hit: the fuctio x log x is covex o (0, )) 15 Use Jese s iequality to show that amog all covex -gos iscribed i a fixed circle, the regular -gos have the largest perimeter 16 Give a, b, c, p, q, r > 0 with p + q + r = 1, prove a + b + c a p b q c r + a r b p c q + a q b r c p 17 Show that by takig some of the a i to be equal i the AM-GM iequality, oe ca deduce the weighted AM-GM iequality at least i the case where the weights are oegative ratioal umbers (To deduce from this the geeral weighted AM-GM iequality, oe ca the use a limit argumet) Ca oe similarly deduce the weighted power mea iequality ad weighted Jese s iequality from the uweighted versios? 18 Prove that if a, b, c are sides of a triagle, the (a + b c) a (b + c a) b (c + a b) c a a b b c c 19 Give a, b, c, d > 0 such that (a 2 + b 2 ) 3 = c 2 + d 2, prove a 3 c + b3 d 1 20 What well-kow iequality does oe obtai by takig oly the ed terms i Maclauri s iequality? 21 Prove (bc + ca + ab)(a + b + c) 4 27(a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) 2 for a, b, c 0 22 Prove that if x, y, z, a, b, c > 0, the x 4 a + y4 3 b + z4 (x + y + z)4 3 c3 (a + b + c) 3 23 Prove that if a, b, c are sides of a triagle, the a 2 b(a b) + b 2 c(b c) + c 2 a(c a) 0 24 Derive Chebychev s iequality from the rearragemet iequality 25 Derive the 3-sequece Chebychev iequality from the 2-sequece Chebychev iequality
8 8 BJORN POONEN 26 Suppose that 0 θ 1,, θ π/2 ad θ θ = 2π Prove that 4 si(θ 1 ) + + si(θ ) si(2π/) 27 Show that Jese s iequality is a special case of the Hardy-Littlewood-Polyà majorizatio iequality 28 What is the geometric meaig of Mikowski s iequality whe r = 2 ad = 3? 29 (IMO 1975/1) Let x i, y i (i = 1, 2,, ) be real umbers such that x 1 x 2 x ad y 1 y 2 y Prove that if z 1, z 2,, z is ay permutatio of y 1, y 2,, y, the (x i y i ) 2 (x i z i ) 2 30 (USAMO 1977/5) Suppose 0 < p < q, ad a, b, c, d, e [p, q] Prove that ( 1 (a + b + c + d + e) a + 1 b + 1 c + 1 d + 1 ) ( p q e q + p ad determie whe there is equality 31 (IMO 1964/2) Prove that if a, b, c are sides of a triagle, the a 2 (b + c a) + b 2 (c + a b) + c 2 (a + b c) 3abc 32 (USAMO 1981/5) If x is a positive real umber, ad is a positive iteger, prove that x x 1 + 2x + + x 2, where t deotes the greatest iteger less tha or equal to t 33 Make your ow iequality problems ad give them to your frieds (or eemies, depedig o the difficulty!) May of the problems above were draw from otes from the US traiig sessio for the Iteratioal Mathematics Olympiad Others are from the USSR Olympiad Problem Book May of the iequalities themselves are treated i the book Iequalities by Hardy, Littlewood, ad Polyà, which is a good book for further readig ) 2 c Berkeley Math Circle Departmet of Mathematics, Uiversity of Califoria, Berkeley, CA , USA address: pooe@mathberkeleyedu
PUTNAM TRAINING INEQUALITIES
PUTNAM TRAINING INEQUALITIES (Last updated: December, 207) Remark This is a list of exercises o iequalities Miguel A Lerma Exercises If a, b, c > 0, prove that (a 2 b + b 2 c + c 2 a)(ab 2 + bc 2 + ca
More informationUniversity of Manitoba, Mathletics 2009
Uiversity of Maitoba, Mathletics 009 Sessio 5: Iequalities Facts ad defiitios AM-GM iequality: For a, a,, a 0, a + a + + a (a a a ) /, with equality iff all a i s are equal Cauchy s iequality: For reals
More information[ 11 ] z of degree 2 as both degree 2 each. The degree of a polynomial in n variables is the maximum of the degrees of its terms.
[ 11 ] 1 1.1 Polyomial Fuctios 1 Algebra Ay fuctio f ( x) ax a1x... a1x a0 is a polyomial fuctio if ai ( i 0,1,,,..., ) is a costat which belogs to the set of real umbers ad the idices,, 1,...,1 are atural
More informationInequalities. Putnam Notes, Fall 2006 University of Utah
Iequalities Putam Notes, Fall 2006 Uiversity of Utah There are several stadard methods for provig iequalities, ad there are also some classical iequalities you should kow about. Method 1: Good old calculus
More informationHow to Maximize a Function without Really Trying
How to Maximize a Fuctio without Really Tryig MARK FLANAGAN School of Electrical, Electroic ad Commuicatios Egieerig Uiversity College Dubli We will prove a famous elemetary iequality called The Rearragemet
More informationSequences and Series of Functions
Chapter 6 Sequeces ad Series of Fuctios 6.1. Covergece of a Sequece of Fuctios Poitwise Covergece. Defiitio 6.1. Let, for each N, fuctio f : A R be defied. If, for each x A, the sequece (f (x)) coverges
More informationIt is often useful to approximate complicated functions using simpler ones. We consider the task of approximating a function by a polynomial.
Taylor Polyomials ad Taylor Series It is ofte useful to approximate complicated fuctios usig simpler oes We cosider the task of approximatig a fuctio by a polyomial If f is at least -times differetiable
More informationSeunghee Ye Ma 8: Week 5 Oct 28
Week 5 Summary I Sectio, we go over the Mea Value Theorem ad its applicatios. I Sectio 2, we will recap what we have covered so far this term. Topics Page Mea Value Theorem. Applicatios of the Mea Value
More informationSEQUENCE AND SERIES NCERT
9. Overview By a sequece, we mea a arragemet of umbers i a defiite order accordig to some rule. We deote the terms of a sequece by a, a,..., etc., the subscript deotes the positio of the term. I view of
More informationRiemann Sums y = f (x)
Riema Sums Recall that we have previously discussed the area problem I its simplest form we ca state it this way: The Area Problem Let f be a cotiuous, o-egative fuctio o the closed iterval [a, b] Fid
More informationTR/46 OCTOBER THE ZEROS OF PARTIAL SUMS OF A MACLAURIN EXPANSION A. TALBOT
TR/46 OCTOBER 974 THE ZEROS OF PARTIAL SUMS OF A MACLAURIN EXPANSION by A. TALBOT .. Itroductio. A problem i approximatio theory o which I have recetly worked [] required for its solutio a proof that the
More information6 Integers Modulo n. integer k can be written as k = qn + r, with q,r, 0 r b. So any integer.
6 Itegers Modulo I Example 2.3(e), we have defied the cogruece of two itegers a,b with respect to a modulus. Let us recall that a b (mod ) meas a b. We have proved that cogruece is a equivalece relatio
More informationChapter 10: Power Series
Chapter : Power Series 57 Chapter Overview: Power Series The reaso series are part of a Calculus course is that there are fuctios which caot be itegrated. All power series, though, ca be itegrated because
More informationMAT1026 Calculus II Basic Convergence Tests for Series
MAT026 Calculus II Basic Covergece Tests for Series Egi MERMUT 202.03.08 Dokuz Eylül Uiversity Faculty of Sciece Departmet of Mathematics İzmir/TURKEY Cotets Mootoe Covergece Theorem 2 2 Series of Real
More informationMath 299 Supplement: Real Analysis Nov 2013
Math 299 Supplemet: Real Aalysis Nov 203 Algebra Axioms. I Real Aalysis, we work withi the axiomatic system of real umbers: the set R alog with the additio ad multiplicatio operatios +,, ad the iequality
More informationReview Problems 1. ICME and MS&E Refresher Course September 19, 2011 B = C = AB = A = A 2 = A 3... C 2 = C 3 = =
Review Problems ICME ad MS&E Refresher Course September 9, 0 Warm-up problems. For the followig matrices A = 0 B = C = AB = 0 fid all powers A,A 3,(which is A times A),... ad B,B 3,... ad C,C 3,... Solutio:
More informationMAS111 Convergence and Continuity
MAS Covergece ad Cotiuity Key Objectives At the ed of the course, studets should kow the followig topics ad be able to apply the basic priciples ad theorems therei to solvig various problems cocerig covergece
More informationPRACTICE FINAL/STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS
Last edited December 9, 03 at 4:33pm) Feel free to sed me ay feedback, icludig commets, typos, ad mathematical errors Problem Give the precise meaig of the followig statemets i) a f) L ii) a + f) L iii)
More information} is said to be a Cauchy sequence provided the following condition is true.
Math 4200, Fial Exam Review I. Itroductio to Proofs 1. Prove the Pythagorea theorem. 2. Show that 43 is a irratioal umber. II. Itroductio to Logic 1. Costruct a truth table for the statemet ( p ad ~ r
More informationMath 61CM - Solutions to homework 3
Math 6CM - Solutios to homework 3 Cédric De Groote October 2 th, 208 Problem : Let F be a field, m 0 a fixed oegative iteger ad let V = {a 0 + a x + + a m x m a 0,, a m F} be the vector space cosistig
More informationSolutions to Final Exam Review Problems
. Let f(x) 4+x. Solutios to Fial Exam Review Problems Math 5C, Witer 2007 (a) Fid the Maclauri series for f(x), ad compute its radius of covergece. Solutio. f(x) 4( ( x/4)) ( x/4) ( ) 4 4 + x. Sice the
More information6.3 Testing Series With Positive Terms
6.3. TESTING SERIES WITH POSITIVE TERMS 307 6.3 Testig Series With Positive Terms 6.3. Review of what is kow up to ow I theory, testig a series a i for covergece amouts to fidig the i= sequece of partial
More information62. Power series Definition 16. (Power series) Given a sequence {c n }, the series. c n x n = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 +
62. Power series Defiitio 16. (Power series) Give a sequece {c }, the series c x = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + is called a power series i the variable x. The umbers c are called the coefficiets of
More information(A sequence also can be thought of as the list of function values attained for a function f :ℵ X, where f (n) = x n for n 1.) x 1 x N +k x N +4 x 3
MATH 337 Sequeces Dr. Neal, WKU Let X be a metric space with distace fuctio d. We shall defie the geeral cocept of sequece ad limit i a metric space, the apply the results i particular to some special
More informationMath 113, Calculus II Winter 2007 Final Exam Solutions
Math, Calculus II Witer 7 Fial Exam Solutios (5 poits) Use the limit defiitio of the defiite itegral ad the sum formulas to compute x x + dx The check your aswer usig the Evaluatio Theorem Solutio: I this
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 6.1 Ifiite Sequeces 6.1.1 Elemetary Cocepts Simply speakig, a sequece is a ordered list of umbers writte: {a 1, a 2, a 3,...a, a +1,...} where the elemets a i represet
More informationf t dt. Write the third-degree Taylor polynomial for G
AP Calculus BC Homework - Chapter 8B Taylor, Maclauri, ad Power Series # Taylor & Maclauri Polyomials Critical Thikig Joural: (CTJ: 5 pts.) Discuss the followig questios i a paragraph: What does it mea
More informationMath 451: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry MWF 3pm, Gasson 204 Homework 3 Solutions
Math 451: Euclidea ad No-Euclidea Geometry MWF 3pm, Gasso 204 Homework 3 Solutios Exercises from 1.4 ad 1.5 of the otes: 4.3, 4.10, 4.12, 4.14, 4.15, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 Exercise 4.3. Explai why Hp, q) = {x
More informationMATH 10550, EXAM 3 SOLUTIONS
MATH 155, EXAM 3 SOLUTIONS 1. I fidig a approximate solutio to the equatio x 3 +x 4 = usig Newto s method with iitial approximatio x 1 = 1, what is x? Solutio. Recall that x +1 = x f(x ) f (x ). Hece,
More informationFINALTERM EXAMINATION Fall 9 Calculus & Aalytical Geometry-I Questio No: ( Mars: ) - Please choose oe Let f ( x) is a fuctio such that as x approaches a real umber a, either from left or right-had-side,
More informationROSE WONG. f(1) f(n) where L the average value of f(n). In this paper, we will examine averages of several different arithmetic functions.
AVERAGE VALUES OF ARITHMETIC FUNCTIONS ROSE WONG Abstract. I this paper, we will preset problems ivolvig average values of arithmetic fuctios. The arithmetic fuctios we discuss are: (1)the umber of represetatios
More informationTopic 1 2: Sequences and Series. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or
Topic : Sequeces ad Series A sequece is a ordered list of umbers, e.g.,,, 8, 6, or,,,.... A series is a sum of the terms of a sequece, e.g. + + + 8 + 6 + or... Sigma Notatio b The otatio f ( k) is shorthad
More informationMa 530 Introduction to Power Series
Ma 530 Itroductio to Power Series Please ote that there is material o power series at Visual Calculus. Some of this material was used as part of the presetatio of the topics that follow. What is a Power
More informationChapter 2 The Solution of Numerical Algebraic and Transcendental Equations
Chapter The Solutio of Numerical Algebraic ad Trascedetal Equatios Itroductio I this chapter we shall discuss some umerical methods for solvig algebraic ad trascedetal equatios. The equatio f( is said
More informationn 3 ln n n ln n is convergent by p-series for p = 2 > 1. n2 Therefore we can apply Limit Comparison Test to determine lutely convergent.
06 微甲 0-04 06-0 班期中考解答和評分標準. ( poits) Determie whether the series is absolutely coverget, coditioally coverget, or diverget. Please state the tests which you use. (a) ( poits) (b) ( poits) (c) ( poits)
More information4x 2. (n+1) x 3 n+1. = lim. 4x 2 n+1 n3 n. n 4x 2 = lim = 3
Exam Problems (x. Give the series (, fid the values of x for which this power series coverges. Also =0 state clearly what the radius of covergece is. We start by settig up the Ratio Test: x ( x x ( x x
More informationMA131 - Analysis 1. Workbook 9 Series III
MA3 - Aalysis Workbook 9 Series III Autum 004 Cotets 4.4 Series with Positive ad Negative Terms.............. 4.5 Alteratig Series.......................... 4.6 Geeral Series.............................
More informationMath 105: Review for Final Exam, Part II - SOLUTIONS
Math 5: Review for Fial Exam, Part II - SOLUTIONS. Cosider the fuctio f(x) = x 3 lx o the iterval [/e, e ]. (a) Fid the x- ad y-coordiates of ay ad all local extrema ad classify each as a local maximum
More informationMIDTERM 3 CALCULUS 2. Monday, December 3, :15 PM to 6:45 PM. Name PRACTICE EXAM SOLUTIONS
MIDTERM 3 CALCULUS MATH 300 FALL 08 Moday, December 3, 08 5:5 PM to 6:45 PM Name PRACTICE EXAM S Please aswer all of the questios, ad show your work. You must explai your aswers to get credit. You will
More informationMATH 413 FINAL EXAM. f(x) f(y) M x y. x + 1 n
MATH 43 FINAL EXAM Math 43 fial exam, 3 May 28. The exam starts at 9: am ad you have 5 miutes. No textbooks or calculators may be used durig the exam. This exam is prited o both sides of the paper. Good
More informationThe picture in figure 1.1 helps us to see that the area represents the distance traveled. Figure 1: Area represents distance travelled
1 Lecture : Area Area ad distace traveled Approximatig area by rectagles Summatio The area uder a parabola 1.1 Area ad distace Suppose we have the followig iformatio about the velocity of a particle, how
More informationSubstitute these values into the first equation to get ( z + 6) + ( z + 3) + z = 27. Then solve to get
Problem ) The sum of three umbers is 7. The largest mius the smallest is 6. The secod largest mius the smallest is. What are the three umbers? [Problem submitted by Vi Lee, LCC Professor of Mathematics.
More informationRead carefully the instructions on the answer book and make sure that the particulars required are entered on each answer book.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK FIRST YEAR EXAMINATION: Jauary 2009 Aalysis I Time Allowed:.5 hours Read carefully the istructios o the aswer book ad make sure that the particulars required are etered o each
More informationSolving equations (incl. radical equations) involving these skills, but ultimately solvable by factoring/quadratic formula (no complex roots)
Evet A: Fuctios ad Algebraic Maipulatio Factorig Square of a sum: ( a + b) = a + ab + b Square of a differece: ( a b) = a ab + b Differece of squares: a b = ( a b )(a + b ) Differece of cubes: a 3 b 3
More information1 Approximating Integrals using Taylor Polynomials
Seughee Ye Ma 8: Week 7 Nov Week 7 Summary This week, we will lear how we ca approximate itegrals usig Taylor series ad umerical methods. Topics Page Approximatig Itegrals usig Taylor Polyomials. Defiitios................................................
More informationLesson 10: Limits and Continuity
www.scimsacademy.com Lesso 10: Limits ad Cotiuity SCIMS Academy 1 Limit of a fuctio The cocept of limit of a fuctio is cetral to all other cocepts i calculus (like cotiuity, derivative, defiite itegrals
More informationConvergence of random variables. (telegram style notes) P.J.C. Spreij
Covergece of radom variables (telegram style otes).j.c. Spreij this versio: September 6, 2005 Itroductio As we kow, radom variables are by defiitio measurable fuctios o some uderlyig measurable space
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationSequences I. Chapter Introduction
Chapter 2 Sequeces I 2. Itroductio A sequece is a list of umbers i a defiite order so that we kow which umber is i the first place, which umber is i the secod place ad, for ay atural umber, we kow which
More informationSequences A sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet
More informationA LIMITED ARITHMETIC ON SIMPLE CONTINUED FRACTIONS - II 1. INTRODUCTION
A LIMITED ARITHMETIC ON SIMPLE CONTINUED FRACTIONS - II C. T. LONG J. H. JORDAN* Washigto State Uiversity, Pullma, Washigto 1. INTRODUCTION I the first paper [2 ] i this series, we developed certai properties
More informationUNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO MATHEMATICS CONTEST. First Round For all Colorado Students Grades 7-12 November 3, 2007
UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO MATHEMATICS CONTEST First Roud For all Colorado Studets Grades 7- November, 7 The positive itegers are,,, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,,,,. The Pythagorea Theorem says that a + b =
More informationCHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 10.1 Sequeces 10.2 Ifiite Series 10.3 The Itegral Tests 10.4 Compariso Tests 10.5 The Ratio ad Root Tests 10.6 Alteratig Series: Absolute ad Coditioal Covergece
More informationCALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW
CALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW NAME rise y y y Slope of a o vertical lie: m ru Poit Slope Equatio: y y m( ) The slope is m ad a poit o your lie is, ). ( y Slope-Itercept Equatio: y m b slope= m y-itercept=
More informationAssignment 1 : Real Numbers, Sequences. for n 1. Show that (x n ) converges. Further, by observing that x n+2 + x n+1
Assigmet : Real Numbers, Sequeces. Let A be a o-empty subset of R ad α R. Show that α = supa if ad oly if α is ot a upper boud of A but α + is a upper boud of A for every N. 2. Let y (, ) ad x (, ). Evaluate
More information2 Geometric interpretation of complex numbers
2 Geometric iterpretatio of complex umbers 2.1 Defiitio I will start fially with a precise defiitio, assumig that such mathematical object as vector space R 2 is well familiar to the studets. Recall that
More informationMATH 324 Summer 2006 Elementary Number Theory Solutions to Assignment 2 Due: Thursday July 27, 2006
MATH 34 Summer 006 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet Due: Thursday July 7, 006 Departmet of Mathematical ad Statistical Scieces Uiversity of Alberta Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the
More informationA sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece,, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet as
More informationChapter 1. Complex Numbers. Dr. Pulak Sahoo
Chapter 1 Complex Numbers BY Dr. Pulak Sahoo Assistat Professor Departmet of Mathematics Uiversity Of Kalyai West Begal, Idia E-mail : sahoopulak1@gmail.com 1 Module-2: Stereographic Projectio 1 Euler
More informationMTH Assignment 1 : Real Numbers, Sequences
MTH -26 Assigmet : Real Numbers, Sequeces. Fid the supremum of the set { m m+ : N, m Z}. 2. Let A be a o-empty subset of R ad α R. Show that α = supa if ad oly if α is ot a upper boud of A but α + is a
More informationREAL ANALYSIS II: PROBLEM SET 1 - SOLUTIONS
REAL ANALYSIS II: PROBLEM SET 1 - SOLUTIONS 18th Feb, 016 Defiitio (Lipschitz fuctio). A fuctio f : R R is said to be Lipschitz if there exists a positive real umber c such that for ay x, y i the domai
More informationThe Growth of Functions. Theoretical Supplement
The Growth of Fuctios Theoretical Supplemet The Triagle Iequality The triagle iequality is a algebraic tool that is ofte useful i maipulatig absolute values of fuctios. The triagle iequality says that
More informationLet us give one more example of MLE. Example 3. The uniform distribution U[0, θ] on the interval [0, θ] has p.d.f.
Lecture 5 Let us give oe more example of MLE. Example 3. The uiform distributio U[0, ] o the iterval [0, ] has p.d.f. { 1 f(x =, 0 x, 0, otherwise The likelihood fuctio ϕ( = f(x i = 1 I(X 1,..., X [0,
More informationSolutions for May. 3 x + 7 = 4 x x +
Solutios for May 493. Prove that there is a atural umber with the followig characteristics: a) it is a multiple of 007; b) the first four digits i its decimal represetatio are 009; c) the last four digits
More informationAP Calculus BC Review Applications of Derivatives (Chapter 4) and f,
AP alculus B Review Applicatios of Derivatives (hapter ) Thigs to Kow ad Be Able to Do Defiitios of the followig i terms of derivatives, ad how to fid them: critical poit, global miima/maima, local (relative)
More informationSOLUTIONS TO EXAM 3. Solution: Note that this defines two convergent geometric series with respective radii r 1 = 2/5 < 1 and r 2 = 1/5 < 1.
SOLUTIONS TO EXAM 3 Problem Fid the sum of the followig series 2 + ( ) 5 5 2 5 3 25 2 2 This series diverges Solutio: Note that this defies two coverget geometric series with respective radii r 2/5 < ad
More informationMath 116 Practice for Exam 3
Math 6 Practice for Eam 3 Geerated April 4, 26 Name: SOLUTIONS Istructor: Sectio Number:. This eam has questios. Note that the problems are ot of equal difficulty, so you may wat to skip over ad retur
More informationf(w) w z =R z a 0 a n a nz n Liouville s theorem, we see that Q is constant, which implies that P is constant, which is a contradiction.
Theorem 3.6.4. [Liouville s Theorem] Every bouded etire fuctio is costat. Proof. Let f be a etire fuctio. Suppose that there is M R such that M for ay z C. The for ay z C ad R > 0 f (z) f(w) 2πi (w z)
More informationINFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES I geeral, it is difficult to fid the exact sum of a series. We were able to accomplish this for geometric series ad the series /[(+)]. This is
More informationLecture 6: Integration and the Mean Value Theorem. slope =
Math 8 Istructor: Padraic Bartlett Lecture 6: Itegratio ad the Mea Value Theorem Week 6 Caltech 202 The Mea Value Theorem The Mea Value Theorem abbreviated MVT is the followig result: Theorem. Suppose
More informationf(x) dx as we do. 2x dx x also diverges. Solution: We compute 2x dx lim
Math 3, Sectio 2. (25 poits) Why we defie f(x) dx as we do. (a) Show that the improper itegral diverges. Hece the improper itegral x 2 + x 2 + b also diverges. Solutio: We compute x 2 + = lim b x 2 + =
More informationENGI Series Page 6-01
ENGI 3425 6 Series Page 6-01 6. Series Cotets: 6.01 Sequeces; geeral term, limits, covergece 6.02 Series; summatio otatio, covergece, divergece test 6.03 Stadard Series; telescopig series, geometric series,
More information1. By using truth tables prove that, for all statements P and Q, the statement
Author: Satiago Salazar Problems I: Mathematical Statemets ad Proofs. By usig truth tables prove that, for all statemets P ad Q, the statemet P Q ad its cotrapositive ot Q (ot P) are equivalet. I example.2.3
More informationCoffee Hour Problems of the Week (solutions)
Coffee Hour Problems of the Week (solutios) Edited by Matthew McMulle Otterbei Uiversity Fall 0 Week. Proposed by Matthew McMulle. A regular hexago with area 3 is iscribed i a circle. Fid the area of a
More informationProblem Cosider the curve give parametrically as x = si t ad y = + cos t for» t» ß: (a) Describe the path this traverses: Where does it start (whe t =
Mathematics Summer Wilso Fial Exam August 8, ANSWERS Problem 1 (a) Fid the solutio to y +x y = e x x that satisfies y() = 5 : This is already i the form we used for a first order liear differetial equatio,
More informationCalculus 2 Test File Fall 2013
Calculus Test File Fall 013 Test #1 1.) Without usig your calculator, fid the eact area betwee the curves f() = 4 - ad g() = si(), -1 < < 1..) Cosider the followig solid. Triagle ABC is perpedicular to
More informationContinuous Functions
Cotiuous Fuctios Q What does it mea for a fuctio to be cotiuous at a poit? Aswer- I mathematics, we have a defiitio that cosists of three cocepts that are liked i a special way Cosider the followig defiitio
More informationSolutions to Tutorial 3 (Week 4)
The Uiversity of Sydey School of Mathematics ad Statistics Solutios to Tutorial Week 4 MATH2962: Real ad Complex Aalysis Advaced Semester 1, 2017 Web Page: http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/ug/im/math2962/
More informationWeek 5-6: The Binomial Coefficients
Wee 5-6: The Biomial Coefficiets March 6, 2018 1 Pascal Formula Theorem 11 (Pascal s Formula For itegers ad such that 1, ( ( ( 1 1 + 1 The umbers ( 2 ( 1 2 ( 2 are triagle umbers, that is, The petago umbers
More informationMATH 147 Homework 4. ( = lim. n n)( n + 1 n) n n n. 1 = lim
MATH 147 Homework 4 1. Defie the sequece {a } by a =. a) Prove that a +1 a = 0. b) Prove that {a } is ot a Cauchy sequece. Solutio: a) We have: ad so we re doe. a +1 a = + 1 = + 1 + ) + 1 ) + 1 + 1 = +
More informationMATH 112: HOMEWORK 6 SOLUTIONS. Problem 1: Rudin, Chapter 3, Problem s k < s k < 2 + s k+1
MATH 2: HOMEWORK 6 SOLUTIONS CA PRO JIRADILOK Problem. If s = 2, ad Problem : Rudi, Chapter 3, Problem 3. s + = 2 + s ( =, 2, 3,... ), prove that {s } coverges, ad that s < 2 for =, 2, 3,.... Proof. The
More information1 lim. f(x) sin(nx)dx = 0. n sin(nx)dx
Problem A. Calculate ta(.) to 4 decimal places. Solutio: The power series for si(x)/ cos(x) is x + x 3 /3 + (2/5)x 5 +. Puttig x =. gives ta(.) =.3. Problem 2A. Let f : R R be a cotiuous fuctio. Show that
More informationPLEASE MARK YOUR ANSWERS WITH AN X, not a circle! 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 7. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Math 0560, Exam 3 November 6, 07 The Hoor Code is i effect for this examiatio. All work is to be your ow. No calculators. The exam lasts for hour ad 5 mi. Be sure that your ame is o every page i case pages
More informationand each factor on the right is clearly greater than 1. which is a contradiction, so n must be prime.
MATH 324 Summer 200 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet 2 Due: Wedesday July 2, 200 Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the form 3 + is a prime, other tha 2 = 3 + Solutio: If 3 + is a prime,
More informationMaximum and Minimum Values
Sec 4.1 Maimum ad Miimum Values A. Absolute Maimum or Miimum / Etreme Values A fuctio Similarly, f has a Absolute Maimum at c if c f f has a Absolute Miimum at c if c f f for every poit i the domai. f
More information(c) Write, but do not evaluate, an integral expression for the volume of the solid generated when R is
Calculus BC Fial Review Name: Revised 7 EXAM Date: Tuesday, May 9 Remiders:. Put ew batteries i your calculator. Make sure your calculator is i RADIAN mode.. Get a good ight s sleep. Eat breakfast. Brig:
More information1.3 Convergence Theorems of Fourier Series. k k k k. N N k 1. With this in mind, we state (without proof) the convergence of Fourier series.
.3 Covergece Theorems of Fourier Series I this sectio, we preset the covergece of Fourier series. A ifiite sum is, by defiitio, a limit of partial sums, that is, a cos( kx) b si( kx) lim a cos( kx) b si(
More informationSolutions of Inequalities problems (11/19/2008)
Solutios of Iequalities problems (/9/8).[4-A] First solutio: (partly due to Ravi Vakil) Yes, it does follow. For i =,, let P i, Q i, R i be the vertices of T i opposide the sides of legth a i, b i, c i,
More information3.2 Properties of Division 3.3 Zeros of Polynomials 3.4 Complex and Rational Zeros of Polynomials
Math 60 www.timetodare.com 3. Properties of Divisio 3.3 Zeros of Polyomials 3.4 Complex ad Ratioal Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered
More informationMA131 - Analysis 1. Workbook 2 Sequences I
MA3 - Aalysis Workbook 2 Sequeces I Autum 203 Cotets 2 Sequeces I 2. Itroductio.............................. 2.2 Icreasig ad Decreasig Sequeces................ 2 2.3 Bouded Sequeces..........................
More informationx x x Using a second Taylor polynomial with remainder, find the best constant C so that for x 0,
Math Activity 9( Due with Fial Eam) Usig first ad secod Taylor polyomials with remaider, show that for, 8 Usig a secod Taylor polyomial with remaider, fid the best costat C so that for, C 9 The th Derivative
More informationDifferentiable Convex Functions
Differetiable Covex Fuctios The followig picture motivates Theorem 11. f ( x) f ( x) f '( x)( x x) ˆx x 1 Theorem 11 : Let f : R R be differetiable. The, f is covex o the covex set C R if, ad oly if for
More informationMath 113 Exam 3 Practice
Math Exam Practice Exam will cover.-.9. This sheet has three sectios. The first sectio will remid you about techiques ad formulas that you should kow. The secod gives a umber of practice questios for you
More informationHOMEWORK #10 SOLUTIONS
Math 33 - Aalysis I Sprig 29 HOMEWORK # SOLUTIONS () Prove that the fuctio f(x) = x 3 is (Riema) itegrable o [, ] ad show that x 3 dx = 4. (Without usig formulae for itegratio that you leart i previous
More informationMATH301 Real Analysis (2008 Fall) Tutorial Note #7. k=1 f k (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on E if and
MATH01 Real Aalysis (2008 Fall) Tutorial Note #7 Sequece ad Series of fuctio 1: Poitwise Covergece ad Uiform Covergece Part I: Poitwise Covergece Defiitio of poitwise covergece: A sequece of fuctios f
More informationQ.11 If S be the sum, P the product & R the sum of the reciprocals of a GP, find the value of
Brai Teasures Progressio ad Series By Abhijit kumar Jha EXERCISE I Q If the 0th term of a HP is & st term of the same HP is 0, the fid the 0 th term Q ( ) Show that l (4 36 08 up to terms) = l + l 3 Q3
More informationLecture Notes for Analysis Class
Lecture Notes for Aalysis Class Topological Spaces A topology for a set X is a collectio T of subsets of X such that: (a) X ad the empty set are i T (b) Uios of elemets of T are i T (c) Fiite itersectios
More informationIntegrable Functions. { f n } is called a determining sequence for f. If f is integrable with respect to, then f d does exist as a finite real number
MATH 532 Itegrable Fuctios Dr. Neal, WKU We ow shall defie what it meas for a measurable fuctio to be itegrable, show that all itegral properties of simple fuctios still hold, ad the give some coditios
More informationZeros of Polynomials
Math 160 www.timetodare.com 4.5 4.6 Zeros of Polyomials I these sectios we will study polyomials algebraically. Most of our work will be cocered with fidig the solutios of polyomial equatios of ay degree
More informationACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER / Statistics
ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER 1 018/019 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 8. Statistics 8.1. Measures of Cetre: Mea, Media ad Mode. If we have a series of umbers the
More information