The Need for a Comprehensive Methodology to Evaluate Tailings Alternatives. Presenter: Aida Carneiro
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1 The Need for a Comprehensive Methodology to Evaluate Tailings Alternatives Presenter: Aida Carneiro
2 Content What are Tailings? How can we dispose tailings? 2 Reflections & Take-home lesson
3 3 What are Tailings? M a t e r i a l l e f t o v e r after t h e m i n e ra l p ro c e s s i n g o p e ra t i o n G ro u n d ro c k + p ro c e s s e f f l u e n t s Re t a i n i n g st r u c t u re s or i n t h e fo r m o f p i l e s ( d r y sta c k s ) N o f i n a n c i a l ga i n M o st c o st e f fe c t i v e ( re g u l a t i o n s a n d s i t e s p e c i f i c fa c t o rs ) O n e o f t h e l a r g e st e l e m e n t s o f r i s k m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o st fo r a m i n e ( Ke r r a n d U l r i c h, )
4 4 What are Tailings? THE MINE PRODUCTION CYCLE Concentrate Increase realised benefits & increase costs??? Run-of-mine (ROM) Mineral Processing Plant Tailings Tailings Storage Facilities (TSFs) Slurry Tailings Thickened Tailings Paste Tailings Filtered Tailings
5 5 Common Alternative Options for Surface Tailings Disposal Source: Taguchi, 2014
6 Conventional Slurry Tailings 6 < 45% solids Surfa c e reta ining structure A im of reclaiming the water for use in the processing plant a s required Two types of surfa c e impoundments Water retention type dam Upstream Raised embankment Downstream Centreline Source:
7 Conventional Slurry Tailings 7 Source: Taguchi, 2014 Embankment
8 8 Thickened Tailings 45% < % solids < 65% M e c h a n i ca l p ro c e s s of dewatering l ow solids concentrated s l u r r y H o m o g e n eous n o n - s e g regate d m a s s upon deposition T h e i d e a is to sta c k t h e pulp to fo r m a self supporting conica l p i l e re d u c e d h e i g h t a n d retention fo rc e s o f t h e embankment s H i g h e r o p e ra t i n g cost s (dewatering) Source:
9 Paste Tailings 9 65% < % s o l i d s < 70% H i g h rate a n d d e e p c o n e t h i c ke n e rs F l o c c u l a n t s a n d c o a g u l a n t s Ta i l i n g s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e w a t e r e d do not segregate produce minimal bleed water when discharged Source: Pa s t e d e p o s i t e d t o fo r m a c o n i c a l p i l e L a y e r s o f p a s t e c e a s e t o f l o w d e s i c c a t i o n c r a c k s n e w l a y e r Source: Africa/publicDocuments/Royal_Bafokeng_Styldrif/Nov2015/Appendi ces/appendix_q_design_docs.pdf
10 10 Filtered Tailings > 7 0 % s o l i d s ( 8 0 % < % s o l i d s < 8 5 % ) Va c u u m o r p r e s s u r e f i l t r a t i o n N o t t r a n s p o r t e d b y p i p e l i n e ( M C < 2 0 % ) Source: C o n v e y o r o r t r u c k p l a c e d s p r e a d c o m p a c t e d self-supporting tailings stack S t a b l e d e p o s i t ( n o e m b a n k m e n t f o r r e t e n t i o n ) H i g h c a p i t a l a n d o p e r a t i n g c o s t s Mechanical dewatering process Costs Source: Cooling, 2015
11 11 Major Challenges Drivers for a holistic approach to evaluate tailings alternatives Water Scarcity Regulations Risk of Failure Valuation Methods used for Long -term Projects (Net Present Value)
12 12 Water Scarcity Water Issues High-level pressure regarding water usage Handling water: arid and cold regions Limitation of water supply (conflict mining x agriculture) Pumping water for long distances Water = Costs Pipe and Pump Purchase of water rights Establishment of bore fields Government usage or license fees
13 13 Regulations Environmental regulations are increasing pressure placed on mining Tailings disposal practice is firmly on the regulatory and public agendas Environmental management = key variable in the business Environmental quality standards and technology to protect the e nvi ronment Public awareness about environmental issues (Social License to Operate)
14 Probability of Occurrence 14 Risk of Failure Fa i l u re s = b r e a c h i n g o f t h e c o n t a i n i n g e m b a n k m e n t st r u c t u r e c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f g ro u n d w a t e r S m a l l p o n d = re d u c e d p o t e n t i a l fo r water t o t ra n s p o r t l a rge volumes of t a i l i n g s According to Taguchi, 2014: Dewatered tailings have lower likelihoods of failure The likelihood of tailings release from dewatered facilities is about 65% less Source: Taguchi, 2014
15 15 Risk of Failure 32,000,000 m 3 Village of Bento Rodrigues Clean-up Costs 15 years Agreement US$1.7 Billion for the next 6 years Source: depending on the remediation and compensation projects
16 16 Valuation Methods used for Long-term Projects (e.g. NPV) NPV = Cash Inflows - Cash Outflows C t = $1,000,000 r = 7% (discount r a t e s u s e d b y m i n i n g e n t i t i e s f o r c l o s u r e a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o s t s ) t = 30 years NPV = $140,000 Discounted Costs for Closure and Rehabilitation $140,000 $1,000,000
17 17 Valuation Methods used for long-term Projects (e.g. NPV) Drawbacks of NPV: Future remediation costs are substantial (under-emphasised) Pressure to maximise shareholder value (profits in the short term) High density tailings disposal methods Additional initial capital expenditure Disfavored due to continued managerial emphasis on deferring expenditure
18 18 Realised Benefits of Dewatered Tailings Disposal Water re covery Less losses with seepage, interstitial water, and evaporation Cost savings (make-up water and reagents) D e c re a s e d land fo o t p r i n t Pro g re s s i ve re h a b i l i tation ( s p re a d i n g t h e cost of closure over a l o n g e r t i m e p e r i o d ) L ower re c l a m a t i o n and closure cost s ( re d u c e d fo o t p r i n t a n d sta b l e s u r fa c e ) M i t i ga t ed r i s k s o f cata st rophic fa i l u re a n d ta i l i n g s r u n o u t
19 Reflection N o n - m o n e t a r y b e n e f i t s s h o u l d be t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t I n t e g r a t e d t a i l i n g s m a n a g e m e n t Technical Environmental Social Economic Risks 19 D e w a t e r e d t a i l i n g s h a v e a d d r e s s e d m a n y e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m s A v o i d s o m e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d s A d o p t i o n of t a i l i n g s o p t i o n s r e s u l t i n g in s u s t a i n a b l e l o n g - t e r m b e n e f i t s S u s t a i n a b i l i t y = E c o n o m i c i m p a c t + e n v i r o n m e n t a l b u r d e n + s o c i a l i n d i c a t o r s = s u s t a i n a b l e o b j e c t i v e s i n t o r e a l i t y Effective tailings management lies at the heart of creating a sustainable mining industry
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