States of Matter: Study Guide

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1 Name: nswer KEY States of Matter: Study Guide Period: Date: 1. Describe the volume, shape and molecular arrangement in the following states of matter: Solid Volume Shape Molecular rrangement Definite Definite tightly packed, crystal Liquid Definite Takes shape of container tightly packed, able to rearrange Plasma Gas Takes volume of container Takes shapes of container spread out, constantly moving in random directions, *charged Takes volume of container Takes shapes of container spread out, constantly moving in random directions, * NOT charged 2. Define Thermal Expansion: Matter expands when heated and contracts when cooled * Provide 1 real life example of Thermal Expansion Roads/bridges contract in the winter potholes can form 3. Define the Kinetic Theory of Matter: ll matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant motion. When energy is added, particles move faster and spread further apart. When energy is removed, particles move slower and position themselves closer together. *Use the Kinetic Theory of Matter to explain Melting and Freezing When energy is added, temperature increases. Therefore particles begin moving more and can slip out of position (melting). When energy is removed, temperature decreases. Therefore particles move less (though still vibrating) and begin forming bonds that position themselves in a tight, compact manner (freezing). 4. Match the following terms to their definitions: E Heat of Fusion C Heat of Vaporization B Specific Heat D Pressure Buoyancy. The ability of a liquid or gas to exert an upward force on the object immersed in it B. The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance, 1 degree Celsius C. mount of energy it takes to go from a liquid to a gas or a gas to a liquid D. The amount of force exerted per unit of area E. mount of energy it takes to go from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a solid

2 5. Some people release balloons in celebration of a certain event. In order for the balloons to go upward, into the air, how must the buoyant and gravitational forces compare? Buoyant Force must be GRETER THN the Gravitational Force 6. If a boat weighs 100 grams, how much water does it need to displace in order to float in the liquid? Use rchimedes Principle to explain your answer. ccording to rchimedes, the buoyant force on an object is equal to the amount of fluid displaced by that object. In order for the boat to float, it would need to displace 100 grams of water, which is equal to its mass. 7. Match the phase change to the proper description: F Melting. Phase change from gas to liquid D Freezing B. Phase change from liquid to gas; occurs only at the surface B C. Phase change from liquid to gas; occurs throughout liquid Evaporating D. Phase change from liquid to solid C Boiling E. Phase change from solid directly to gas. Ex: moth balls Condensation F. Phase change from solid to liquid E Sublimation 8. If the statement is TRUE, write true on the line provided. If the statement is FLSE, write the word false on the line and correct the statement to make it true. True Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at Sea Level MORPHOUS False Glass and wax are considered to be crystal structured SUBLIMTION False Moth balls turning from a solid to a gas is an example of evaporation False SOLIDS Liquids are crystal in structure False INCRESE TEMP. In order to increase Vapor Pressure, you need to decrease ir Pressure True ir Pressure must equal Vapor Pressure in order for any liquid to boil 760 mm of Hg False ir Pressure at Sea Level is 700 mmhg

3 9. Match the Explanation to the Observation Explanation When the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases D The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by that fluid E When volume of a gas decreases, pressure exerted by that gas increases F The Velocity of a fluid increases it is forced through a smaller opening, but the volume of fluid remains the same. C When temperature of a gas increases, volume of the gas increases B Pressure exerted on a fluid remains constant throughout that fluid Observation. By design, Bird and airplane wings are able to create Lift B. Hydraulic lifts are beneficial because they can use less force to lift heavy objects C. erosol cans should not be exposed to high temperatures because they may explode D. Cruise ship will sink until it displaces its weight in water E. If you step on a balloon, it will pop F. It is windy downtown because the buildings funnel the air through the streets 10. Use PTV to answer the following: Circle your answer If the VOLUME remains constant and you DECRESE the temperature, what happens to the pressure? It Increases It Decreases It Stays the same If the TEMPERTURE remains constant and you DECRESE the pressure, what happens to the volume? It Increases It Decreases It Stays the same If the TEMPERTURE and Volume remain constant, what happens to the mass? It Increases It Decreases It Stays the same If the TEMPERTURE remains constant and you DECRESE the volume, what happens to the pressure? It Increases It Decreases It Stays the same P T V Pressure Temperature Volume

4 Vapor Pressure in mmhg 11. The boiling point for Chemical X is 79 C. This temperature decreases.5 C for every 2,500 ft increase in altitude. t what temperature will Chemical E boil at 7,500 feet? (Show Work) Current ltitude 7,500 ft Normal ltitude. - 0 ft. B ft x 0.5 C 1.5 C 2,500 ft 79.0 C Normal Boiling Point at Sea Level C. 1.5 C - Temperature Change D C The water is Boiling at this Temperature Use the Graph below to answer the following questions: Vapor Pressure Temperature the Chemical is Boiling t in C

5 12. Chemical C s Boiling point decreases 2 C for every 400-foot increase. The Boiling Point at Sea Level is 100 C. What is the air pressure of Chemical C if it is boiling at 4,300 feet? (Show Work) Current ltitude 4,300 ft Normal ltitude. - 0 ft. B ft x 2 C 21.5 C 400 ft C Normal Boiling Point at Sea Level C C - Temperature Change ir Pressure is about 350 mm of Hg D C The water is Boiling at this Temperature If the ir Pressure is 400 mm of Hg and Chemical C is boiling, then at what altitude is it? (Show Work) ir Pressure Vapor Pressure 400 mm of Hg. 400 mm of Hg (Because the water is boiling we know that VP must equal the P) NOW LOOK ON THE GRPH to find the boiling temperature at this VPOR PRESSURE Normal Boiling Point C Vapo ctual Boiling Temp. - B C C. D C x 400 ft 3400 ft 2 C Temperature the + 0 ft Normal ltitude at Sea Level The water is Boiling at this ltitude E ft

6 What is the boiling point of Chemical B at Sea Level? 80 C Vapo Temperature the What is the VP when Chemical E is boiling at 120 degrees Celsius? 100 mm of Hg Vapo Temperature the 13. With how much force do you have to push down on the small side to lift the car on the right? (Show all work circle final answer!) Step 1: First solve for P on Side B F 75,000 N P F 75,000 N N 95 cm 2 cm 2 Step 2: P from Side B P on Side rea 5 cm 2 rea 95 cm N N cm 2 cm 2 Step 3: Last solve for F on Side Side Side B F P x F N x 5 cm 2 cm 2 3, N

7 14. With how much force do you have to push down on the Large side to lift the car? (Show all work circle final answer!) F 32,000 N Step 1: First solve for P on Side P F 32,000 N 2,000 N 16 cm 2 cm 2 Step 2: P from Side P on Side B 2,000 N 2,000 N cm 2 cm 2 rea 16 cm 2 rea 20 cm 2 Step 3: Last solve for F on Side B Side Side B F P x F 20 cm 2 x 2,000 N cm 2 40,000 N

8 Calculations: Phase Change Energy 14. Calculate the amount of energy needed to change 15kg of Ice at -10 C to liquid water at 85 C? (Use the graph and information below to help you ND SHOW LL WORK) Specific Heat of Solid H 2 O (ICE): 2.00 KJ kg C Specific Heat of Liquid H 2 O (WTER): 4.18 KJ kg C 85 Specific Heat of Gas H 2 O (STEM): Heat of Fusion of H 2 O 334 kj kg 2.02 KJ kg C Heat of Vaporization of H 2 O 2260 kj kg 0-10 B C Part : Warm the Ice from 10 C to 0 C What is Changing? Temperature or State of Matter E Mass x Temperature x Specific Heat E 15 kg x 10 C x 2.00 kj kg C E 300 KJ Part B: Melt the Ice into water at a constant temperature of 0 C What is Changing? Temperature or State of Matter E Mass x Heat of Fusion E 15 kg x 334 kj kg E 5010 KJ Part C: Warm the water from 0 C to 85 C What is Changing? Temperature or State of Matter E Mass x Temperature x Specific Heat E 15 kg x 85 C x 4.18 kj kg C E KJ TOTL Energy KJ

9 BOYLES LW CLCULTIONS: balloon has a volume of 1.5 L and a starting pressure of 7 Kpa. If we step on it and force the volume to decrease to 0.9 L, then what would be the final pressure of the balloon? (Show your Work) P Initial x V Initial P Final x V Final Rearrange to solve for Final Volume P Final V Initial x P Initial P Final 1.5 L x 7.0 KPa P Final KPa 0.9 L V Final CHRLES LW CLCULTIONS: 2.0 L empty pop bottle starts at room temperature (293 K) and then is placed outside in the cold for several minutes. Finally its temperature reaches equilibrium with the outside air temperature (268 K). What is the final volume of the bottle after it has reached equilibrium with the outside air temperature? (Show your Work) V Initial T initial V Final V V Initial x T Final Final T Final Rearrange to solve for Final Volume T Initial V Final 2.0 L x 268 K 293 K V Final 1.83 L

10 Gravity force using a simple pendulum G 4π 2 x L T 2 Solve for Period of Pendulum G Gravitational Force L Length of Pendulum T Period of the Pendulum T 2 x G 4π 2 x L x T 2 T 2 T 2 x G 4π 2 x L G G T 2 4π 2 x L G T 4π 2 x L G

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