MAGNETS. Magnet types and performances Part 1
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1 CERN Accelerator School Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, 2009 MAGNETS Magnet types and performances Part 1 Antoine DAËL CEA, Saclay, france CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 1
2 Magnet types and performances Part 1 A few things to remember about magnetism Think FLUX If I was an electron Basic concepts Example of the SOLEIL magnets Details on the SOLEIL Dipole magnet CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 2
3 Experience of J.C. Oersted (1820) CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 3
4 CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 4
5 CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 5
6 Ampere s Theorem Please remember: Current Field Length 1A 1mT 1.25 mm YOU NEED: 46.4/2/1.25= 4.6*4= 19MAmps 0.5 Tesla 46.4 m CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 6
7 ATLAS barrel toroid parameters Internal diameter : 9,4 m External diameter : 20,1 m Average diameter: m Length : 25,3 m Number of coils : 8 Ampere-turns: 19,7 MAmps Nominal current: 20,5 ka ( 8 coils of 120 turns) Stored energy :1080 MJ CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 7
8 ATLAS Barrel Toroid CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 8
9 Please remember : Think FLUX Flux is kept inside tubes These tubes must close on themselves The shape of these tubes is obeying to very constraining laws : the Maxwell equations are the mathematical translation of these laws B is the flux density : when the tubes enlarge B is decreasing, when the tubes are narrowing field is increasing CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 9
10 Maxwell equations : think Flux «Fiat Flux» All the day we obey to Maxwell equations to create magnetic field. The representation of flux tubes is a very powerful method. Flux is going from North to south James Clerk MAXWELL CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 10
11 Maxwell s equations for magneto-statics The phenomenon's are perfectly known. Maxwell s equations have been solved by different methods. The precision request is in the range of 10-4 Ferromagnetic material properties are non linear and are not easy to simulate. CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 11
12 Historical overview of magnetic circuit This electromagnet was used by Faraday to measure diamagnetic elements The role of pole tips, coils and yoke was perfectly known in the 19th century Some improvement was possible in the sizing of the yoke These improvements appeared with the series of laboratory magnets in the beginning of 20th century CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 12
13 If I was an electron Please remember: When Field is up, electrons go left Field integral through a magnet is + So Bzds -So In common language we say Bdl Bdl divided by the magnetic rigidity is giving the angular deflection in radians. For 2.75 GeV electrons, magnetic rigidity is 9.2 Tm. CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 13
14 From MT5 in Roma to MT19 in Genoa In 1975 an invited paper «Developments in magnet technology» was presented by Roy Billinge from CERN at the MT5. The «state of the art» of magnet technology could be demonstrated by the requirements, design, construction and measurements of the SPS magnet system ( 800 bending magnets each 6.25m long and 200 quadrupoles each 3m long In 1976 The SPS started successfully and operated for 30 years CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 14
15 The SPS was representing the ultimate in magnet engineering and technology: all the basic concepts and techniques had been fixed from 1950 to 1975 Peak field : 1.8T Peak Current : 4900A Power : 31 kw Stored Energy : 88 kj Tolerances : Maximum systematic variation : Maximum random variation : CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 15
16 MT19 at Genoa 2005 where are we? The present «state of the art» of Accelerator magnet technology can be illustrated by the magnet system of the 3rd generation synchrotron light sources Recent examples are SLS (PSI), Diamond (UK) and SOLEIL (France) CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 16
17 SOLEIL Site CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 17
18 Chaîne des accélérateurs LINAC: canon à électrons, 2 sections, 100 MeV BOOSTER: 3Hz, une cavité chaude, 2.75 GeV Anneau de stockage: 2.75 GeV électrons ultrarelativistes CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 18
19 Les quadrupôles exercent sur les électrons une force de rappel proportionnelle à leur déviation par rapport à la trajectoire de référence. L association de quadrupôles défocalisants et focalisants permet d obtenir un système de focalisation dans les 2 plans : horizontal et vertical. QUADRUPOLES Cavité accélératrice restituer l énergie perdue par les électrons SEXTUPOLE pour corriger certaines aberrations CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 19
20 Industrial production of synchrotron sources SOLEIL Ring Dipoles Ring Quadrupoles Ring Sextupoles Booster Dipoles Booster Quadrupoles Number Force 1.71T 23T/m 320T/m2.74T 11T/m Length(mm) or COMPANY TESLA DANFYSIK SIGMAPHI SIGMAPHI BUDKER BINP DIAMOND Ring Dipoles Ring Quadrupoles Ring Sextupoles Booster Dipoles Booster Quadrupoles COMPANY SIGMAPHI TESLA BUDKER BINP DANFYSIK DANFYSIK CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 20
21 Magnet table SOLEIL RING BOOSTER Dipoles Quadrupoles Sextupoles Dipoles Quadrupoles Sextupoles Number Force 1.71 T 19et 23 T/m 320 T/m² 0.74 T 11 T/m 16 T/m² Length(mm) ou CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 21
22 Around this vacuum chamber we have to put one dipole, one quadrupole & one sextupole Magnet design is strongly depending of vacuum chamber technology and pumping elements. Accelerators are more and more compact. CAD tools are making it possible to solve tight interfaces CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 22
23 One more step is the integration of magnets on girders The design incorporates coherent motion rather individual magnet motions.it has consequences on survey techniques and vibration studies CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 23
24 Example of a dipole magnet Design criteria Flux lines Technological aspect Comparison between calculation and measurement. CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 24
25 Parameters for accelerator Physicists Magnetic Axis Good Field Region around Trajectory: DB/B< mm Trajectory X = 0 Nominal induction : 1.71 Tesla Gap: mm Radius of curvature : mm Bending angle : deg CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, Antoine DAËL 25
MAGNETS. Magnet types and performances Part 2
CERN Accelerator School Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, 2009 MAGNETS Magnet types and performances Part 2 Antoine DAËL CEA, Saclay, France CERN Accelerator School (CAS) Bruges, Belgium June 16-25, 2009 - Antoine
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