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1 1 TEST DATE:

2 2 Vocabulary Chapter 8 Solids, liquids, and gases Condensation Crystals Evaporation Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Kinetic theory of matter Plasma States of matter Thermal expansion

3 Chapter 8: Solids, Liquids, and Gases 3 Aim: Describe the four states of matter. All states of matter depend on the of a material. Kinetic theory of matter: SOLIDS: Particles are arranged in regular repeating patterns called. Snowflakes are crystals of water that have the shape of a hexagon. There are some solids that aren't made of crystals like glass and plastics. These are often called which means having no form. These amorphous materials could be classified as very thick liquids. LIQUIDS: When heated, solids will change into liquids. It flows and takes the shape of its container.

4 4 GASES:. They can expand to fill the space available or they can be squeezed into smaller spaces. PLASMA:. While the first three states of matter are common here on Earth,. Plasma is what makes up stars like the sun. Plasma also exists in fluorescent lights. Thermal expansion:. Assignment 1. STUDY GUIDE "Matter and Temperature" 2. REINFORCEMENT "Matter and Temperature"

5 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 8 Matter and Temperature Text s Match the definition in Column II with the term in Column I. Write the letter of the correct definition in the blank on the left. Column I Column II 1. kinetic theory of matter a. water vapor 2. plasma b. state of matter with no definite shape but with definite volume 3. crystals c. solid which is not made of crystals 4. solid d. state of matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume 5. amorphous material e. Matter expands when it gets hotter and contracts when it cools. 6. steam f. state of matter with definite shape and definite volume 7. thermal expansion g. water in the solid state 8. liquid h. Tiny particles in motion make up all matter. 9. gas i. particles arranged in repeating geometric patterns 10. ice j. gaslike mixture of charged particles 5 Use the words in the box to fill in the blanks. shape vibrate plasma energy spread volume contracts crystals heated position flow separate In solids, particles move back and forth, but do not change Different kinds of solids have of different shapes. Particles in a liquid have more energy than do solid particles. Liquid particles can over and around each other. Because of this kind of particle motion, liquids are able to. Because particles of a liquid are very close to one another, a liquid has a definite. The particles in a gas have more than do liquid particles. Gas particles can completely from one another. A gas does not have a definite or volume. The most common form of matter in the universe is Matter expands when it is. Matter expands because particles apart in all directions. Matter when it is cooled.

6 REINFORCEMENT Chapter 8 Matter and Temperature Text s Answer the following questions in the blanks provided. Use complete sentences where appropriate. 1. What are the three common states of matter? a. b. c. What is the fourth state of matter? 2. Complete the following chart describing the shape and volume for the three common states of matter. State of Matter Volume Shape Solid Liquid Gas How does the fourth state of matter differ from the other three? 6 3. Use the kinetic theory of matter to explain the behavior of the three common states of matter. 4. In general, when you heat a substance, it expands. This phenomenon is called thermal expansion. Use the kinetic theory to explain thermal expansion. Give an example of thermal expansion that you have observed.

7 7 Aim: Interpret state changes in terms of the kinetic theory of matter. Kinds of State Changes The amount of energy needed to change a material from the solid state to the liquid state is the of that material. The amount of energy needed to change a material from the liquid state to the gaseous state is the of that material.

8 This is a graph of energy vs. Temperature for any material 8 Energy Where the graph shows a sloping line, the temperature of the substance is increasing. Where there is a "flat line" on the graph, the temperature of the substance is not changing. However, the substance is changing state. Assignment 1. STUDY GUIDE "Changes in State" 2. REINFORCEMENT "Changes in State" 3. ENRICHMENT "Changes in State"

9 9 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 8 Changes in State Text s Solve the following crossword puzzle by using the clues provided Across 3. The state of a material depends on this. 5. change of a solid directly to a gas 9. When ice melts, the particles of solid water energy. 10. gaseous water 13. energy needed to change a material from solid to liquid (3 words) 15. change of a liquid to gas below the boiling point 16. has definite volume but no definite shape 17. The kinetic energy of a substance is the kinetic energy of its particles. 18. to change from a liquid to a gas at temperatures above those normal to the liquid state 19. process that occurs during boiling Down 1. to change from solid to liquid 2. energy needed to change a material from liquid to gas (3 words) 4. occurs when a gas cools and changes to a liquid 6. Liquids have a definite volume and. 7. a unit of heat 8. no definite shape, no definite volume 11. theory used to explain changes of state 12. has a definite volume and shape 14. determined by motion and spacing of particles

10 10 REINFORCEMENT Chapter 8 Changes in State Text s Look carefully at the graph. It was drawn from the data collected when a substance was heated at a constant rate. To heat at a constant rate means to add heat evenly as time passes. Use the graph to complete the paragraphs that follow. At the start of observations, Point A, the substance exists in the state. The temperature at this point is. As energy is, the ternperature of the substance rises at a constant rate for two minutes. At Point B, the temperature is, and the solid begins to. The temperature remains constant until the change from solid to is complete. It has taken three minutes to add enough energy to melt the solid completely. From Point C to Point D, the substance is in the state. Its temperature rises at a constant rate to. The temperature remains constant while the liquid changes to a. At Point E, the substance exists as a. Its temperature rises as energy is added. When the gaseous substance is allowed to cool, it energy. The cooling curve will be the reverse of the warming curve. Energy will be released as the substance changes from a to a and also from a to a. The amount of energy released during condensation will be the same as the amount during vaporization.

11 11 ENRICHMENT Chapter 8 Changes in State Text s HEAT OF FUSION As a substance cools, energy is given off. From Chapter 5 you learned that the amount of energy given off is the specific heat of the substance. The specific heat of water is 4.19 kj/kg 0 C. This means that for every decrease of temperature of 1 0 C, each kilogram of water releases 4.19 kj of energy. For a solid to melt, the solid must be heated. The amount of energy needed for a substance to melt is its heat of fusion. For water, the heat of fusion is 334 kj/kg. When a liquid freezes, the reverse occurs. Energy is given off. The amount of energy given off is the same as the amount absorbed when the solid melts. Thus, when a kilogram of water freezes, 334 kilojoules of energy are released. Similarly, energy is needed for a substance to evaporate or boil. This amount of energy is the heat of vaporization. For water it is 2260 kj/kg. 1. A barrel holds about 210 kg of water. How many kilojoules of energy are released when the temperature of the water in the barrel decreases from C to 0 0 C? 2. How many kilojoules of energy are released when all the water in a rain barrel freezes? 3. How much energy is needed to melt a 12-kg block of ice at 0 0 C, heat the water to boiling, and change it to water vapor?