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7 Prtns and Electrns Matter and Enery STUDENT GUIDE Part I: Prtns, Electrns, and Neutrns, cntinued The infratin in each bx n the Peridic Table prides yu with all f the infratin yu need t deterine the nuber f prtns, neutrns, and electrns in a neutral at. Atic Nuber = Nuber f Prtns In an electrically neutral at, the prtns and electrns are equal ydren Atic Mass (runded) inus Nuber f Prtns = Nuber f Neutrns Yu will use a Peridic Table t ake dels f the first 18 eleents and deterine the nuber f prtns, neutrns, and electrns. Prcedure 1. Build a neutral hydren at with a ttal ass f 1 au and atic nuber f ne n the Student Reference Sheet: Atic Structure prided by yur teacher. 1. Place ne prtn (black bean) n the nucleus f the handut because the atic nuber fr hydren is D nt place any neutrns n the nucleus because the ttal ass inus the prtn ass is equal t. (1 au ttal - 1 au fr each prtn = au fr neutrn ass cntributin). Place ne electrn (lentil) in either circle f the first enery leel n the handut because in a neutral at the nuber f neatie electrns is the sae as the nuber f psitie prtns. 4. Use the del yu built t cplete the diara f this hydren at in yur Student Jurnal. a) Fill ne f the epty circles n the first enery leel with a red clred pencil t represent ne electrn n the Student Jurnal diara. This exaple has been dne fr yu, lk at it! b) Write p+ in the nucleus f the diara t represent ne prtn. This exaple has been dne fr yu. c) Cplete the questins fr this at at the side f the diara. This exaple has been dne fr yu. 5. Disasseble the hydren at yu built n the Atic Structure andut t prepare fr the next at. Cntinue with Part I n the next pae. Accelerate 25"14-2"95 Accee'te L 'n{_! - All t,hts Rese'ed 2

8 Prtns and Electrns Matter and Enery STUDENT GUIDE Part I: Prtns, Electrns, and Neutrns, cntinued 2. Build a neutral heliu at with a ttal ass f 4 au and atic nuber f Place tw prtns (black beans) n the nucleus f the handut because the atic nuber fr heliu is Place tw neutrns (nay beans) n the nucleus (4 au ttal - 2 au fr prtns = 2 au fr neutrns).. Place tw electrns (lentils) n the first enery leel n the handut (ne n each circle) because in a neutral at the nuber f neatie electrns is the sae as the nuber f psitie prtns. 4. Use the del yu built t cplete the diara f this heliu at in yur Student Jurnal. a) Fill tw f the epty circles n the first enery leel with a red clred pencil t represent tw electrns n yur Jurnal diara. This exaple has been dne fr yu. b) Write 2p in the nucleus f the diara t represent tw prtns. This exaple has been dne fr yu. c) Write 2n in the nucleus f the diara t represent tw neutrns. This exaple has been dne fr yu. d) Cplete the questins fr this at at the side f the diara. This exaple has been dne fr yu. 5. Disasseble the heliu at yu built n the Atic Structure andut t prepare fr the next at.. Build a neutral lithiu at with a ttal ass f 7 au and an atic nuber f. 1. Place three prtns (black beans) n the nucleus f the handut because the atic nuber fr lithiu is. 2. Place fur neutrns (nay beans) n the nucleus (7 au ttal- au fr prtns = 4 au fr neutrns). There are three electrns (lentils) in a neutral lithiu at. Place tw electrns n the first enery leel, and ne electrn n the secnd enery leel (in any f the circles), because in a neutral at the nuber f neatie electrns is the sae as the nuber f psitie prtns. 4. Use the del yu built t cplete the diara f this lithiu at in yur Student Jurnal. Aain this is an exaple that has been dne fr yu. 5. Cntinue buildin neutral ats fr the first 18 eleents f the Peridic Table. First, build the at n the handut usin the black beans, nay beans and lentils= Then transfer the infratin t yur Student Jurnal diara and cplete the tablt the side fr each. Disasseble the ats after cpletin each diara. Cplete Part I in yur Student Jurnal. Accelerate LearninTM

9 Prtns and Electrns Matter and Enery STUDENT GUIDE Part I1: Valence Electrns and Reactiity w ats cbine with each ther t fr new substances depends n the nuber f electrns in the hihest enery leel. Think f this leel as the skin f the at. It is nly the nuber f electrns in this uter layer that cntrls hw r if ats react with ther ats. This cntrllin layer is called the alence shell and electrns in the alence shell are called alence electrns. Lk at the diaras yu built fr hydren and heliu. ydren has ne alence electrn and is nt full because ne f the tw spaces n the alance shell is epty. eliu has tw alence electrns and is FULL because the lwest enery leel can nly accept tw electrns. Lk at yur diara fr lithiu. Lithiu has ne alence electrn. The secnd enery leel can hld 8 electrns, s the alence shell is nt full fr lithiu. Aain, the first shell can hld up t 2 electrns, the secnd shell can hld up t 8 electrns, and the third and furth can hld up t 8 as well. This akes 2 and 8 key nubers. They tend t cbine s that their alence shells are full f electrns. This is called the ctet rule. (Nte the rt ct = 8 in the wrd ctet, like ctpus!). This eans tw thins: 1. If a neutral at' s alence shell is full, then the at will nt react with ther ats. 2. If a neutral at' s alence shell has space aailable, then the at will react with ther ats based n the nuber f electrns fund in the alence shell. Se ats nly need 1, 2, r re electrns t fill the alence shell. There is a tendency fr these ats t ain electrns fr ther ats when they react. Se ats need t lse 1,2, r electrns t hae the enery layer belw bece the alence shell that is already full. There is a tendency fr these ats t lse electrns which are in turn accepted by ther ats when they react. Se ats tend t react with ther ats by sharin electrns rather than iin up r receiin electrns. Ats with 4 alence electrns will likely share electrns with ther ats t fill the alence shell. Cplete Part in yur Student Jurnal. ), 4 Accelerate., 214-2I 5 Accete'ate,, I,,e,,aA)*,, - A!] Rihts Resetsd.

10 Prtns and Electrns Matter and Enery STUDENT GUIDE Part 1: Identifyin Eleents What akes flurine "flurine"? Or sdiu "sdiu"? We knw they are bth ade f prtns, neutrns, and electrns. We just learned that ats can ie up, accept r share alence electrns with ther ats when they react, s we can't cunt n the nuber f electrns stayin the sae fr any particular at. What abut prtns r neutrns? Prtns and neutrns are nt ien up, accepted, r shared with ther ats. And reeber, the nuber f prtns is the sae as the atic nuber, which is pretty cnenient because the atic nuber is printed by each eleent n the Peridic Table. G t yur Student Jurnal and try t identify se ystery ats. After cpletin yur predictins usin the clues prided, yur teacher will identify each f the ystery ats. Cplete all reainin questins in the Student Jurnal 4, Accelerate Learnin C),,,1") Acee':#e,, t a i,',,,'l A/Rht: Resered 5