Investigation of Uncertainty Sources in the Determination of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in the UAL
|
|
- Baldwin Sparks
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Investigation of Uncertainty Sources in the Determination of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in the UAL A. Specification Gamma-spectrometry method is used to identify and determine the activity concentration in Bq/dm 3 of the gamma-emitting radionuclides in urine samples. Measurement procedure The detectors are calibrated for energy and efficiency using certified calibration sources. The sources were prepared dispersing radioactive material in silicon resin. The volume of the resin is 1000±10 cm 3 Cert. No: 9031-OL-83/05 and 9031-OL-85/05 Type: CBSS. The received urine samples are weighted for the volume determination. The end-volume of the bottles must be 1000 cm 3 to have the counting geometry of 1L Bottle. The specific information on how to calibrate and measure is given in the WI-3-UA-04 and WI-3-UA-06. The measure consists of the following stages: Volume determination Preparation of Measuring Geometry Background Determination Gammaspectrometric Determination Calibration RESULT Figure 1: Gamma-spectrometry Measurement 1
2 Calculation The measurand is the nuclide activity concentration in Bq/dm 3, based on the peak at energy, E, is given by: A i N = ε t γ K d [Bq] where: A = the activity of nuclide I i N = the background corrected net peak area ε = the detector efficiency t = the live time γ d C Ai = = the branching ratio for this nuclide the activity concentration of this nuclide V = the volume of the urine sample K = the decay correction T 1/ = the half-life of this nuclide t e K ln t e T1/ = e Ai CA i = [Bq/L] V for this nuclide = the elapsed time between the start of acquisition and the time of sample collection
3 B. Identifying and Analysing Uncertainty Sources The estimation of uncertainties contains the following steps: Exploration of all factors influencing the measurement, Quantification of the uncertainties connected to each factors by measurement results or by expert judgment if applicable, Estimation of the overall uncertainty of the measurement. Uncertainty Sources Net Peak Area Detector Efficiency Branching Ratio Sample Volume Decay Correction Measuring time Temperature The different effects and their influences are shown as a cause and effect diagram in Figure. Quantifying the uncertainty components Net Peak Area, Detector Efficiency, Branching Ratio and Decay Correction The GammaVision evaluation software analyse spectrum files and produce a list of the background, net area, counting uncertainty and net count rate for all peaks in the spectrum. It also gives a list of average activity of the nuclides in the sample, the activity of each nuclide based on each gamma-ray energy in the library. The uncertainties of these components are combined and reported by the software during spectrum analysis. Assuming that the density of the Calibration Standard and the Sample is similar the internal absorption (attenuation) contribution cancels itself out (see Urine Density Determination Study). 3
4 Net Peak Area Determined by the spectrum evaluation software Background correction N = G B where: G = Gross sum of the counts within the peak region (ROI), B = background area counts for the peak. The uncertainty in background area counts. where: n B = 1 + n 1 ( B B ) n B1 B u ( B) = + n1 n n = number of channels in the ROI, BB1 = Area of left background region, width n1 channels, B B = Area of right background region, width n channels. If the background regions are of equal width (n 1 = n ), the uncertainty in background area counts reduces to: u n + ( B ) ( B) = 1 B n 1 In the spectrometry practice the statistical uncertainty of the net peak area, in connection with the Poisson distribution, is commonly expressed as: u ( N) + B = G u( ) (1.a) Subtraction of Peak Environmental Background N = ( G B) I The environmental background interference peak is calculated as I = t t B I B where: I = number of count due to the environmental background 4
5 t B B = the live time of background spectrum I B B = the net peak area of the peak in the background The variance of the background interference can be calculated as: u I = ( ) u( I B tb u(i B ) B = the uncertainty of the net peak area for the interference peak, it can be calculated by equation (1.a). t In case of the presence of an interference peak, i.e. a residual area in the ROI due to environmental background radiation or detector contamination, etc. determined by a separate background measurement, the following equation shall be used instead of (1.a): ( G + u( B) u( ) ) ) u ( N) = + I (1.b) Non-statistical errors connected with the calculation of net peak area and uncertainty of net peak area Determined by the spectrum evaluation software Expert comments: The calculation of net area and net area uncertainty is also associated with no pure statistical errors, as: - Set of ROI, i.e. peak width, - Set of width of background regions, - Peak fitting. Detector Efficiency Determined by the spectrum evaluation software The efficiency calibration consists of the following steps: collection of spectrum of the calibration standard, evaluation of the spectrum, calculation of photo peak efficiencies and fit of the energy-efficiency curve. ε E = A Ei N E t γ K d i Where: K i = the decay correction for radionuclide I, K ln t e T1/ = e t e = the elapsed time between the start of acquisition and the stated reference time in the certificate T 1/ = the half-life of this nuclide 5
6 Uncertainty Sources in the Efficiency Calibration: Activity in the reference standard, Preparation of calibration standard, Peak areas in calibration spectrum, Decay correction, Fitting of energy-efficiency curve, Difference in calibration and measurement geometry, Shift of the peak energy. Branching ratio Activity and preparation of the calibration standard The combined uncertainty of the activity of radionuclides in a reference standard and preparation of the calibration geometry shall be given in the certificate attached with it. The value of relative uncertainties does not exceed 1- percent, generally. If the reported uncertainty is given with confidence level, it has to be divided by the appropriate percentage point on the normal distribution for the level of confidence given to calculate the standard deviation. Without confidence level, it is normally appropriate to assume a rectangular distribution. The uncertainty should be divided by 3 1/ to calculate the standard deviation. Net Peak Area Determined by the spectrum evaluation software Expert comments: The statistical uncertainty of net peak areas of calibration spectrum shall be reduced by use of high activity standards and long measuring time. However, the use of very high activities should also be avoided, because of the possible uncertainty from pile-up in the measuring equipment. In practice, a dead time up to 3-5 percent is quite acceptable. Due to the summation effect the use of radionuclides with cascade decay scheme needs careful investigation for some measuring geometries. It can be stated, however that for the commonly used geometries at the IAEA UAL (bottle) the relative uncertainty from the summation effect is well below 1- percent. The relative statistical uncertainty of the net peak areas in the calibration spectrum can be kept below 5 percent, usually. The variation of background plays only role in case of interference peaks, when the correction of the peak net area is based on a separate background measurement. Therefore, the frequency of background measurement shall be high enough to exclude the deterministic or systematic uncertainty and the measuring time long enough to reduce the relative statistical uncertainty to less than 5-10 percent. For the calculation of it the equation (1.a) or (1.b) can be used. 6
7 Decay correction Determined by the spectrum evaluation software The uncertainty of the decay correction factor is calculated as K ln() t u( K) = e u( T1/ ) ( T ) 1/ In all cases, if the u(t 1/ ) is not available, it is set to zero. Fitting of energy-efficiency curve Determined by the spectrum evaluation software Expert Comments: Most of the spectrum evaluation software offer the possibility to fit different energy-efficiency curves on the measured values. To decide the goodness of fit of the efficiency curve the following criteria shall be evaluated: chi-square value of fit and systematic difference between the fitted curve and several measuring points in any energy regions. The relative uncertainty associated with the efficiency curve fit shall not exceed -3 percent. Difference in calibration and measurement geometry Determined by expert judgment. The equality of calibration and measurement geometries shall refer to the following factors in general: distribution of radionuclide, volume, shape or dimensions, mass, density, atomic number or effective atomic number, mass number. The identity of geometries for measurement of urine by gamma-spectrometry can be achieved to be a great extent, i.e. the relative uncertainty shall be less than 1 percent. Shift of the peak energy Determined by expert judgment. The shift of the photopeak energy has only minor influence on the efficiency, usually. The maximum of the derivative of the efficiency curve, except of again the energies below kev, is about 10-7 /kev, which is negligible comparing the efficiency of approx
8 Combined standard uncertainty for the efficiency calibration The standard uncertainty u(ε) of the detector efficiency can be calculated as: u( N) u( A) u( γ ) u( K) u( ε ) = ε N A γ K Branching ratio Determined by the spectrum evaluation software Expert comments: There are many nuclide libraries, data sets containing gamma photon emission probabilities (yields) for radionuclides. The spectrum evaluation software contains also editable nuclide library, usually. There could be no remarkable differences of yields given in different data sources, at least for string peaks of commonly used radionuclides. However, it is worth to mention, that the gamma emission probabilities are given for the decay of the radionuclide and not the parent nuclide, generally. A simple example: 137 C is a pure beta-emitting radionuclide, the gamma photons of kev are emitted by the radioactive daughter, 137m Ba. The yield of 137m 137 the gamma line of the above energy is for Ba, however the Cs transition to 137m Ba has a branching fraction of It means, that the gamma emission probability for the decay of 137 Cs is 0.898x0.946 = 0.85, instead of 0.898, even if the parent and daughter radionuclides are in radioactive equilibrium. Finally, it can be concluded, that following a careful check of nuclide library of the spectrum evaluation software, the uncertainty associated with the gamma emission probability is usually negligible. Measuring time Determined by expert judgment. Although, the dead time of the ADC is compensated for each measuring equipment (live-time correction) the very high count rates, resulting dead time higher than about 5-10 percent without pile up rejection shall be avoided. In normal spectrometry practice the count rates are very low usually, therefore the uncertainty of the measuring time is negligible. Environmental effects Determined by expert judgment. The most important environmental factor, which might influence the measurement result, is temperature. However, the change of temperature can cause mainly the change of amplification, which results in peak shift. As it was stated above the peak shift has only minor effect on efficiency. Otherwise, the temperature stability of the spectrometers are high enough to ensure that there is no observable peak shift for the temperature range of normal laboratory conditions. 8
9 Volume of the Sample The volume of the sample in the bottle is subject to three major sources of uncertainty: The mass of the sample m-v calibration of the Balance Model equation: V V water sample = msample [L] mwater Sample Mass (m gross) The gross mass of the sample is obtained by weighing the urine together with the bottle. The manufacturer identifies three uncertainty sources for the tare weighing: The repeatability The readability (digital resolution) of the balance scale The contribution due to the uncertainty in the calibration function of the scale (linearity and sensitivity). Model equation: m = m + m + m sample rep lin read [g] The uncertainty associated with the mass of the sample is estimated using data from the manufacturer s recommendations. Repeatability : the standard deviation is quoted as ±0.01 g. Normal distribution. Readability : the digital resolution of the balance is 0.01 g. A rectangular distribution is assumed: Linearity 0.01g = 0.006g 3 : the difference from the actual weigh on the scale pan and the reading of the scale is within the limits of ±0.0 g. A rectangular distribution is assumed. 0.0g = 0.01g 3 The three components are combined to give the standard uncertainty u(m gross ). u( msample) = = g 9
10 m-v Calibration of the Balance To obtain the volume of the sample the balance has to be calibrated. Water Volume The volume of the water contained in the volumetric flask, used for the volume measurement, is subject to three major sources of uncertainty: The uncertainty in the certified internal volume of the flask. Variation in filling the flask to the mark The actual temperature differs from the temperature at which the volume of the flask was calibrated Calibration: The manufacturer quotes a volume for the Grade A volumetric flask of 1000±0.4mL measured a temperature of 0 o C. A triangular distribution is assumed. 0.4mL = 0.163mL 6 Repeatability: The uncertainty due to the variations of filling was estimated from a series of ten fill and weight experiment and gave a standard uncertainty of 0.167mL. Temperature: According to the manufacturer the volumetric flask has been calibrated at temperature of 0 o o C, whereas the laboratory temperature varies between ±5 C. The uncertainty from this effect can be calculated from the estimation of temperature range and the coefficient of volume expansion for water. During the balance calibration the room temperature was 5 o C. o o 1000mL ± 5 C.1E 4 C 1 = 1. 05mL The standard uncertainty is calculated using the assumption of a rectangular distribution for the temperature variation: 1.05mL = 0.606mL 3 The three contribution are combined to the standard uncertainty u(v) of the water volume. u( V water ) = = mL 10
11 Water Mass The gross mass is obtained by weighing the water together with the bottle. As the same balance is used the standard uncertainty of the water mass is the same like the standard uncertainty of the sample mass. u( mwater ) = = g The maximum bias (Bρ) due to the difference between urine and water density is 1%. The bias of the bottle (B ) is assumed to be 0.5% bottle The combine uncertainty for the slope is: 1. u( slope) = 8.96E 04 water ) water ) = slope + Bρ water water u( V V 6.49E 04 1 u( m + m B bottle = = 1.417E 05L / g Using the internal counting function of the balance, the program allows automatic conversion of weights into piece counts based on a reference sample weight (1L of Water). The pieces readout is converted to volume in L divided it by the factor of 100. It makes possible the quickly determination of the sample volume in the UAL, avoiding cross contamination. Calibration data Parameters Description x y m SLOPE(y,x) b INTERCEPT(y,x) g 100 pcs f 0.01 Conversion factor to L Table 1- Regression Calibration of the Balance Derived data Derived values x y Slope, m m 8.96E-04 SLOPE(y,x) Intercept, b b 8.88E-16 INTERCEPT(y,x) Observations, n n COUNT(x) Std error in estimate, Syx SYX 1.09E-08 STEYX(y,x) Average x XAVG AVERAGE(x) SSX SSX 1.15E+06 DEVSQ(x) t(a,df) t.8 TINV(0.05,n-) Table - Regression Line Confidence Interval 11
12 . Combining with the regression standard deviation u ( slope, c) = (1.417E 05) + (1.09E 08) = 1.417E 05L / g The combine uncertainty for the sample volume is: u( V sample ) = V sample u( m m sample sample ) u( slope, c) + slope [ L] The relative uncertainty of sample weighing is less than 0.1 %. Therefore it can be neglected. The result for the relative standard uncertainty for the sample volume is assumed to be 1.581%. Calculating the combined standard uncertainty N Ai = [Bq] ε t γ K Ai CA i = [Bq/L] V u( A u V i ) ( sample ) u( CA ) = C A + + Ej i i A [Bq/L] i V sample Ej is the expert judgment regarding to the difference between the calibration and counting geometry. Its value is 1% with is entered as systematic error into the evaluation software. The expanded uncertainty is obtained by multiplying the combined standard uncertainty with a coverage factor of. d For the determination of the combined standard uncertainty the GUM Workbench will be used. Spectrum/Nuclide Evaluation Software Report Combining Relative Standard Uncertainty GUM Workbench QAF0A4.An1/Am %.3.9 Attached Table 7 Attached Table 3 Quantified Uncertainty by different methods 1
13 Example Calculations Example 1: 137 Cs in mix gamma standard source (file QAFoA4.An1) Description Value x u(x) u(x)/x Time corrected activity and sigma total uncertainty 1.99E+03 Bq Bq Certified Volume L 0.01 L Table 4: Values and uncertainties u( C Ai u( A ) u( V ) i sample ) = C A + = 1.99E = 3.591E + 01Bq/L i Ai Vsample 1 A V Value 1.99E Uncertainty A 1.99E E E+03 6 V CA 1.99E E E+03 9 u(y,xi) u(y), u(y,xi) u(c A ) 3.591E+01 Table 5: Spreadsheet calculation of uncertainty V A CA 0.00E E+01.00E E E+01 u(y,xi) Figure Uncertainty contributions in Measurement of Activity Concentration Reporting expanded uncertainty (@ σ) Cs-137 Activity concentration: 1.99E+03 ± 7.18E+01 Bq/L 13
14 Example : Using 15 Eu standard source in the file in the file QA4D4.An1as urine sample to simulate the procedure A B C D E F Slope, 1 A msample Vsample [L] regression Value 3.33E E Uncertainty E E A 3.33E E E E E+04 6 m sample Slope,reg. [L/g] 8.96E E E E E-04 8 V sample [L] E C A 3.36E E E E E+04 1 u(y,xi) [Bq/L] 1.03E E E+0-5.4E+0 13 u(y), u(y,xi) 1.6E E+06.68E-01.74E+05.74E u(c A ) [Bq/L] 1.7E % Table 6 - Spreadsheet calculation of uncertainty The values of the parameters are entered in the second row into C, E and F. The D value is calculated from F and E. Their standard uncertainties are in the row bellow (C3-E3). The standard uncertainty of the sample volume (F3) is calculated combining the standard uncertainties entered in D3 and E3. The spreadsheet copies the values from C-F into the second column from B5 to B8. The result (C A ) using B5 and B8 is given in B11. The C5 shows the value of A from C plus its uncertainty given in C3. The result of the calculation using values C5 and C8 is given in C11. The columns D-F follow a similar procedure. The values shown in row 1 (C1-F1) are the differences of the row (C11-F11) minus the value given in B11. In row 13 (C13-F13) the values of row 1 (C1-F1) are squared and summed to give value shown in B13. B15 gives the combined standard uncertainty, which is the square root of B13. The value shown in C15 is the relative standard uncertainty. 14
15 msample Vsample [L] A CA 0.00E+00.00E E E E E E E+03 u(y,xi) [Bq/L] Figure 3 Uncertainty contributions in Measurement of Activity Concentration The graph shows that the major contribution is coming from the calculation of the activity by the software. The reported extended uncertainty will be the reported during spectrum analysis, which is already multiply by the coverage factor of. 15
16 Practical Example Intercomparison 004 Sample B File Cs-137 activity [Bq/L] Total reported uncertainty [%] Reference Date Measuring date: Method Spectrum Evaluation Software GammaVision 1464.An : :54 Description Uncertainty in Percent Net Peak Area (includes *) 3.38 statistical (Poisson distribution) and * Non-statistical (set of ROI, peak fitting) * Efficiency (includes *).37 Activity in the reference standard (certificate) * Curve fitting * Decay correction * Net Peak Area (statistical and non-statistical) * Branching ratio * Nuclide data (includes *) < 0.1 Decay correction * Branching ratio * Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors difference in calibration and counting geometry 1 Expert Judgment Cascade summing (calibration) - shift of photopeak energy < 0.1 gamma emission probability < 0.1 measuring time( dead time) < 0.1 stability against environmental effects < 0.1 Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors 1 Laboratory Sample Volume The overall combined uncertainty for the activity in this example is: Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors.5 u( A) = A = 1sigma 16
17 Am-41 activity [Bq/L] Bq/L 1sigma in the report 1.59 % Reference Date :00 Measuring date: :4 Method Description Uncertainty in Percent Spectrum Evaluation Software Net Peak Area (includes *) 0.9 GammaVision statistical (Poisson distribution) and * Non-statistical (set of ROI, peak fitting) * Efficiency (includes *) 1.73 Activity in the reference standard (certificate) * Curve fitting * Decay correction * Net Peak Area (statistical and non-statistical) * Branching ratio * Nuclide data (includes *) < 0.1 Decay correction * Branching ratio * Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors Expert Judgment difference in calibration and counting geometry 1 Cascade summing (calibration) - shift of photopeak energy < 0.1 gamma emission probability < 0.1 measuring time( dead time) < 0.1 stability against environmental effects < 0.1 Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors 1 Laboratory Sample Volume Square of combined uncertainty of the above factors.5 Total Combined Relative Standard Uncertainty.6 Table 7 Combined Relative Standard Uncertainty for high activity 17
18 N Sample γ d Sample Expert judgment K Sample Background Correction Attenuation T 1/i Attenuation N Ei Standard K Standard T 1/ ε γ Ei Standard A Ei Standard m gross Sample Repeatability Calibration Balance Linearity Readability V Sample Repeatability Calibration Flask Linearity m gross Water V Water C Ai Calibration Balance Readability m-v Calibration Temperature Repeatability Figure 4: Uncertainties in Gamma Measurement 18
Investigation of Uncertainty Sources in the Determination of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in the WBC
Investigation of Uncertainty Sources in the Determination of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides in the WBC A. Specification Whole body counting method is used to detect the gamma rays emitted by radio nuclides,
More informationPerformance of the True Coincidence Correction Method in GammaVision. Keyser, Ronald M., Haywood, Susan E., and Upp, Daniel L.
Performance of the True Coincidence Correction Method in GammaVision Keyser, Ronald M., Haywood, Susan E., and Upp, Daniel L. ORTEC, PerkinElmer Instruments, Inc. 801 South Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge,
More informationCALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. A.Gnanavelu
CALCULATION OF UNCERTAINTY IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS A.Gnanavelu UNCERTAINTY (U) Every measurement has error which is unknown and unknowable. This unknown error is called measurement uncertainty. Types of Error
More informationGuide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)- An Overview
Estimation of Uncertainties in Chemical Measurement Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)- An Overview Angelique Botha Method of evaluation: Analytical measurement Step 1: Specification
More informationExample A1: Preparation of a Calibration Standard
Suary Goal A calibration standard is prepared fro a high purity etal (cadiu) with a concentration of ca.1000 g l -1. Measureent procedure The surface of the high purity etal is cleaned to reove any etal-oxide
More informationWhat is measurement uncertainty?
What is measurement uncertainty? What is measurement uncertainty? Introduction Whenever a measurement is made, the result obtained is only an estimate of the true value of the property being measured.
More informationSCINTILLATION DETECTORS & GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION
SCINTILLATION DETECTORS & GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY: AN INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this experiment is to use an NaI(Tl) detector, photomultiplier tube and multichannel analyzer software system
More information29th Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies AUTOMATED QA/QC CHECK
AUTOMATED QA/QC CHECK FOR β- COINCIDENCE DETECTOR Matthew W. Cooper, James C. Hayes, Tom R. Heimbigner, Charles W. Hubbard, Justin I. McIntyre, Michael D. Ripplinger, and Brian T. Schrom Pacific Northwest
More informationAUTOMATIC AND INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR BETA- GAMMA COINCIDENCE SYSTEMS USED IN CTBT MONITORING
ABSTRACT AUTOMATIC AND INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR BETA- GAMMA COINCIDENCE SYSTEMS USED IN CTBT MONITORING J. Rynes, K.M.F. Biegalski, P. Donohoe, and S. Biegalski Veridian Pacific-Sierra Research
More informationEFFICIENCY SIMULATION OF A HPGE DETECTOR FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LABORATORY/CDTN USING A MCNP-GAMMAVISION METHOD
2011 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2011 Belo Horizonte,MG, Brazil, October 24-28, 2011 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 978-85-99141-04-5 EFFICIENCY SIMULATION OF
More informationIndian J.Sci.Res.2(3) :25-32, 2011
Indian J.Sci.Res.2(3) :25-32, 211 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) via technical cooperation and coordinated research projects (CRP), expert services, and fellowship awards developed a nondestructive,
More informationCOUNTING ERRORS AND STATISTICS RCT STUDY GUIDE Identify the five general types of radiation measurement errors.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 2.03.01 Identify the five general types of radiation measurement errors. 2.03.02 Describe the effect of each source of error on radiation measurements. 2.03.03 State the two purposes
More informationTHE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007
B2-1 THE COMPTON EFFECT Last Revised: January 5, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How does the energy of a scattered photon change after an interaction with an electron? INTRODUCTION: When a photon is
More informationSince the publication of the ISO Guide to the Expression
DE SILVA: JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL VOL. 86, NO. 5, 003 1077 SPECIAL GUEST EDITOR SECTION Uncertainty of Analytical Determinations GALAPPATTI M.S. DE SILVA 4, PB Alwis Perera Mawatha, Katubedda, Sri
More informationProject Memorandum. N N o. = e (ρx)(µ/ρ) (1)
Project Memorandum To : Jebediah Q. Dingus, Gamma Products Inc. From : Patrick R. LeClair, Material Characterization Associates, Inc. Re : 662 kev Gamma ray shielding Date : January 5, 2010 PH255 S10 LeClair
More informationQuality Assurance. Purity control. Polycrystalline Ingots
Quality Assurance Purity control Polycrystalline Ingots 1 Gamma Spectrometry Nuclide Identification Detection of Impurity Traces 1.1 Nuclides Notation: Atomic Mass Atomic Number Element Neutron Atomic
More informationFundamentals of Radionuclide Metrology
Fundamentals of Radionuclide Metrology Brian E. Zimmerman, PhD Physical Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD USA SIM Metrology Workshop Buenos Aires, Argentina
More informationhν' Φ e - Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous?
Gamma spectroscopy - Prelab questions 1. What characteristics distinguish x-rays from gamma rays? Is either more intrinsically dangerous? 2. Briefly discuss dead time in a detector. What factors are important
More informationThe IAEA-CU world wide open proficiency test on the determination of radionuclides in soil, spinach and water
The IAEA-CU-2007-03 world wide open proficiency test on the determination of radionuclides in soil, spinach and water Laboratory s Final Report Laboratory Code: 146 (CuNo: 13949) Total Pages (with cover):
More informationMulti Channel Analyzer (MCA) Analyzing a Gamma spectrum
Multi Channel Analyzer (MCA) Analyzing a Gamma spectrum Objective: Using the MCA to acquire spectrums for different gamma sources and to identify an unknown source from its spectrum, furthermore to investigate
More informationETNA (Efficiency Transfer for Nuclide Activity measurement)
ETNA (Efficiency Transfer for Nuclide Activity measurement) ETNA is a software for computing efficiency transfer and coincidence summing corrections for gamma-ray spectrometry. The software has been developed
More informationAccuracy Calibration Certificate
gl06-0-067-acc Mettler Toledo Service Business Unit Industrial 900 Polaris Parkway Columbus, OH 0-800-- Services Provided By: Customer Accuracy Calibration Certificate Company: Sample Company Test Address:
More informationBasic hands-on gamma calibration for low activity environmental levels
Basic hands-on gamma calibration for low activity environmental levels Iolanda Osvath Presented by Mats Eriksson Environment Laboratories Marine Environment Laboratories, Monaco Radiometrics Laboratory
More informationUnit 4. Statistics, Detection Limits and Uncertainty. Experts Teaching from Practical Experience
Unit 4 Statistics, Detection Limits and Uncertainty Experts Teaching from Practical Experience Unit 4 Topics Statistical Analysis Detection Limits Decision thresholds & detection levels Instrument Detection
More informationDetermination of the activity of radionuclides
BUREAU NATIONAL DE MÉTROLOGIE COMMISSARIAT À L'ÉNERGIE ATOMIQUE LABORATOIRE NATIONAL HENRI BECQUEREL Note technique LNHB/04-33 Determination of the activity of radionuclides contained in volume samples
More informationThe measurement of tritium in environmental water samples
The measurement of tritium in environmental water samples 1. Introduction The Hidex 300 SL automatic TDCR liquid scintillation provides an excellent solution for the determination of H-3 in drinking water.
More informationEXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE URANIUM ENRICHMENT RATIO
NUCLER PHYSICS EXPERIMENTL DETERMINTION OF THE URNIUM ENRICHMENT RTIO. LUC Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH), 407 tomistilor Street, PO Box MG-6, Magurele,
More informationK 40 activity and Detector Efficiency
K 40 activity and Detector Efficiency Your goal in this experiment is to determine the activity of a salt substitute purchased in a local store. The salt subsitute is pure KCl. Most of the potassium found
More informationCharacterization of semiconductor detectors for γ-ray and x-ray spectrometry
Author: Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Advisor: José M. Fernández-Varea Semiconductor detectors are routinely used in γ-ray and x-ray spectrometry.
More informationExperiment Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado
Experiment 10 1 Introduction Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado Some radioactive isotopes formed billions of years ago have half- lives so long
More informationIntroduction to Environmental Measurement Techniques Radioactivity. Dana Pittauer 1of 48
Introduction to Environmental Measurement Techniques 2016 Radioactivity Dana Pittauer (dpittauer@marum.de) 1of 48 Introduction Radioisotopes are of interest in environmental physics for several reasons:
More informationSAMPLE. Accuracy Calibration Certificate. Instrument Type: EURAMET cg-18 v. 4.0 Sample ACC ISO17025 WI v.1.0
076-0-067-ACC-USL-S Mettler Toledo, LLC 900 Polaris Parkway Columbus, OH 0.800.METTLER Customer Accredited by the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (ALA) CALIBRATION CERT #788.0 SAMPLE
More informationOddo-Harkins rule of element abundances
Page 1 of 5 Oddo-Harkins rule of element abundances To instructors This is a simple exercise that is meant to introduce students to the concept of isotope ratios, simple counting statistics, intrinsic
More informationRadioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado
Experiment 10 1 Introduction Radioactive Decay of 220 Rn and 232 Th Physics 2150 Experiment No. 10 University of Colorado Some radioactive isotopes formed billions of years ago have half-lives so long
More informationSlides by: Prof. Abeer Alharbi
Slides by: Prof. Abeer Alharbi electromagnetic radiation of high energy. They are produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, such as electron-positron annihilation, neutral pion decay, radioactive decay,
More informationSAMPLE. Accuracy Calibration Certificate. Mettler Toledo 1900 Polaris Parkway Contact: Instrument Type: EURAMET cg-18 v. 4.0 Sample ACC WI v.1.
076-00-067-ACC-S Mettler Toledo, LLC 900 Polaris Parkway Columbus, OH 0.800.METTLER Customer SAMPLE Accuracy Calibration Certificate Company: Address: City: Zip / Postal: State / Province: Mettler Toledo
More informationJoint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data: Theory and Evaluation. 28 April - 9 May, ENSDF Decay (Decay Data)
1939-23 Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data: Theory and Evaluation 28 April - 9 May, 2008 ENSDF Decay (Decay Data) Edgardo BROWNE MORENO Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Nuclear
More informationLaboraty Equipment. Dose Calibrator. General. J Habraken, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein Sara H Muller, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
LABORATY EQUIPMENT Laboraty Equipment J Habraken, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein Sara H Muller, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam Dose Calibrator General 1. Introduction A dose calibrator
More informationMeasurement Uncertainty, March 2009, F. Cordeiro 1
Measurement Uncertainty, March 2009, F. Cordeiro 1 Uncertainty Estimation on the Quantification of Major Proteins in Milk by Liquid Chromatography Contribution to a Chemical Reference Measurement System
More informationAttenuation of Radiation in Matter. Attenuation of gamma particles
Attenuation of Radiation in Matter In this experiment we will examine how radiation decreases in intensity as it passes through a substance. Since radiation interacts with matter, its intensity will decrease
More informationEffect of Co-60 Single Escape Peak on Detection of Cs-137 in Analysis of Radionuclide from Research Reactor. Abstract
Organized and hosted by the Canadian Nuclear Society. Vancouver, BC, Canada. 2006 September 10-14 Effect of Co-60 Single Escape Peak on Detection of Cs-137 in Analysis of Radionuclide from Research Reactor
More informationSemiconductor Detector
Semiconductor Detector General 1. Introduction A semiconductor detector is used for a. checking the radionuclidic purity of radiopharmaceuticals and calibration sources; b. the quantitative analysis of
More informationNeutron activation analysis. Contents. Introduction
Neutron activation analysis Contents Neutron activation analysis... 1 Introduction... 1 Principle of method... 2 Detection of radionuclides... 3 Kinetics of activation... 4 Choosing the appropriate procedure...
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 3: Measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18589-3 First edition 2007-12-01 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 3: Measurement of gamma-emitting radionuclides Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement
More informationApplied Radiation and Isotopes
Applied Radiation and Isotopes 70 (2012) 2091 2096 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Applied Radiation and Isotopes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apradiso Disintegration rate
More informationarxiv:nucl-ex/ v2 21 Jul 2005
Gamma-spectrometric uranium age-dating using intrinsic efficiency calibration arxiv:nucl-ex/0506029v2 21 Jul 2005 Cong Tam Nguyen and József Zsigrai Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
More informationIntroduction to the evaluation of uncertainty
Manual of Codes of Practice for the Determination of Uncertainties in Mechanical Tests on Metallic Materials SECTION 1 Introduction to the evaluation of uncertainty F A Kandil National Physical Laboratory
More informationRadiation Detection and Measurement
Radiation Detection and Measurement June 2008 Tom Lewellen Tkldog@u.washington.edu Types of radiation relevant to Nuclear Medicine Particle Symbol Mass (MeV/c 2 ) Charge Electron e-,! - 0.511-1 Positron
More informationSpecific Accreditation Guidance. Infrastructure and Asset Integrity. Measurement Uncertainty in Geotechnical Testing
Specific Accreditation Guidance Infrastructure and Asset Integrity Measurement Uncertainty in Geotechnical Testing January 2018 Copyright National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia 2018 This
More informationDISTRIBUTION LIST To be filled out by Document Author or person requesting document deletion
DISTRIBUTION LIST To be filled out by Document Author or person requesting document deletion: Once approved, the new or revised document or the notice of deleted document(s) should be distributed to all
More informationISOCS / LabSOCS. Calibration software for Gamma Spectroscopy
ISOCS / LabSOCS Calibration software for Gamma Spectroscopy Counts Setup Hardware Peak Shaping Parameters Rise Time Flat Top Pole-zero Number of Channels Signal Gain Setting up a detector for measurement
More informationGamma Spectroscopy. References: Objectives:
Gamma Spectroscopy References: G.F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000) W. R. Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments: A How-to Approach,
More informationA Digital Method for Dead Time Compensation in Nuclear Spectroscopy
A Digital Method for Dead Time Compensation in Nuclear Spectroscopy Keyser, Ronald M., Gedcke, Dale A., Upp, Daniel L., Twomey, Timothy R., and Bingham, Russell D. ORTEC, PerkinElmer Instruments, Inc.
More information22.S902 IAP 2015 (DIY Geiger Counters), Lab 1
22.S902 IAP 2015 (DIY Geiger Counters), Lab 1 Due January 12th January 7, 2015 In these laboratory exercises, you will fully characterize your Geiger counters, the background in the room, and your shielding.
More informationGamma-ray spectroscopy with the scintillator/photomultiplierand with the high purity Ge detector: Compton scattering, photoeffect, and pair production
Experiment N2: Gamma-ray spectroscopy with the scintillator/photomultiplierand with the high purity Ge detector: Compton scattering, photoeffect, and pair production References: 1. Experiments in Nuclear
More informationK 40 activity and Detector Efficiency
K 40 activity and Detector Efficiency Your goal in this experiment is to determine the activity of a salt substitute purchased in a local store. The salt subsitute is pure KCl. Most of the potassium found
More informationGamma-ray spectroscopy with the scintillator/photomultiplierand with the high purity Ge detector: Compton scattering, photoeffect, and pair production
Experiment N2: Gamma-ray spectroscopy with the scintillator/photomultiplierand with the high purity Ge detector: Compton scattering, photoeffect, and pair production References: 1. Experiments in Nuclear
More informationISO Water quality Strontium 90 and strontium 89 Test methods using liquid scintillation counting or proportional counting
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13160 First edition 2012-07-15 Water quality Strontium 90 and strontium 89 Test methods using liquid scintillation counting or proportional counting Qualité de l eau Strontium
More informationNatural Radiation K 40
Natural Radiation There are a few radioisotopes that exist in our environment. Isotopes that were present when the earth was formed and isotopes that are continuously produced by cosmic rays can exist
More informationISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 5: Measurement of strontium 90
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18589-5 First edition 2009-03-01 Measurement of radioactivity in the environment Soil Part 5: Measurement of strontium 90 Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement Sol
More informationInternational Atomic Energy Agency. Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications. IAEA Environment Laboratories
International Atomic Energy Agency Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications IAEA Environment Laboratories Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria REFERENCE SHEET CERTIFIED
More informationDUNPL Preliminary Energy Calibration for Proton Detection
DUNPL Preliminary Energy Calibration for Proton Detection DUNPL Professor Alexander Komives By: Josh Wyant and Andrew Bever Report Number: TR-PD01 April 28, 2005 Throughout the semester we have been working
More informationLab 14. RADIOACTIVITY
Lab 14. RADIOACTIVITY 14.1. Guiding Question What are the properties of different types of nuclear radiation? How does nucelar decay proceed over time? 14.2. Equipment 1. ST360 Radiation Counter, G-M probe
More informationTECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ITWG GUIDELINE ON IN-FIELD APPLICATIONS OF HIGH- RESOLUTION GAMMA SPECTROMETRY FOR ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL
NUCLE A R FORENSIC S INTERN ATION A L TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ITWG GUIDELINE ON IN-FIELD APPLICATIONS OF HIGH- RESOLUTION GAMMA SPECTROMETRY FOR ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL NUCLEAR MATERIAL This document was designed
More informationHalf-life of 31 Si I. INTRODUCTION
Half-life of 31 Si G. D Agostino (1), M. Di Luzio (1),(2), G. Mana (3) and M. Oddone (2) (1) Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Unit of Radiochemistry and Spectroscopy, c/o Department of
More informationScience. Approaches to measurement uncertainty evaluation. Introduction. for a safer world 28/05/2017. S L R Ellison LGC Limited, Teddington, UK
Approaches to measurement uncertainty evaluation S L R Ellison LGC Limited, Teddington, UK Science for a safer world 1 Introduction Basic principles a reminder Uncertainty from a measurement equation Gradient
More informationActivity determination of 88 Y by means of 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting
Activity determination of 88 Y by means of 4πβ(LS)-γ coincidence counting Justyna Marganiec-Galazka Ole J. Nähle Karsten Kossert Division 6 Ionizing Radiation Department 6.1 Radioactivity Working Group
More informationAUTOMATIC AND INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR BETA- GAMMA COINCIDENCE SYSTEMS USED IN CTBT MONITORING
ABSTRACT AUTOMATIC AND INTERACTIVE ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR BETA- GAMMA COINCIDENCE SYSTEMS USED IN CTBT MONITORING J. Rynes, K.M.F. Biegalski, P. Donohoe, and S. Biegalski Veridian Pacific-Sierra Research
More informationJazan University College of Science Physics Department. Lab Manual. Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys. 8 th Level. Academic Year: 1439/1440
Jazan University College of Science Physics Department جاهعة جازان كلية العل وم قسن الفيزياء Lab Manual Nuclear Physics (2) 462 Phys 8 th Level Academic Year: 1439/1440 1 Contents No. Name of the Experiment
More informationModern Physics. Laboratory Experiment. Compton Scattering. Boston University International Program. Technische Universität Dresden
Modern Physics Laboratory xperiment Compton Scattering Boston University International Program Technische Universität Dresden Spring/Summer 009 1 COMPTO SCATTRIG Determination of the nergy γ of Scattered
More informationEXPERIMENT FOUR - RADIOACTIVITY This experiment has been largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD
EXPERIMENT FOUR - RADIOACTIVITY This experiment has been largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis MD MATERIALS: (total amounts per lab) small bottle of KCl; isogenerator
More informationETNA (Efficiency Transfer for Nuclide Activity measurement)
ETNA (Efficiency Transfer for Nuclide Activity measurement) ETNA is a software for computing efficiency transfer and coincidence summing corrections for gamma-ray spectrometry. The software has been developed
More informationEPRI Project. Hard-to-Measure Nuclides in Effluents
EPRI Project Hard-to-Measure Nuclides in Effluents Jim Breeden CN Associates RETS-REMP Workshop & EPRI Groundwater Protection Workshop June 25-27, 2013 Westminster, Colorado Definitions: Hard-to-Detect,
More informationCHAPTER 5. Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
CHAPTE 5 STATISTICS FO ADIATIO MEASUEMET M.G. LÖTTE Department of Medical Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa 5.1. SOUCES OF EO I UCLEA MEDICIE MEASUEMET Measurement errors
More informationBUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES
1 BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES International comparison of activity measurements of a solution of 3 H (January 2009) Participating laboratory: T ½ = (4 496.862 d; u = 9.131 d)* Ampoule number
More informationStrontium 90 in Urine: Evaluation of Radiotoxicological Techniques by International PROCORAD Comparison Exercises
Strontium 90 in Urine: Evaluation of Radiotoxicological Techniques by International PROCORAD Comparison Exercises R Fottorino 1, M. Ruffin 1 and Ph. Bérard 2 1 CEA Cadarache, LABM, Bâtiment 102, 13108
More informationIDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN HISTORICAL WASTE AT ANSTO
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN HISTORICAL WASTE AT ANSTO McOrist G D., Bowles C.J., Fernando K. and Wong R. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Australia Abstract
More informationScintillation Detector
Scintillation Detector Introduction The detection of ionizing radiation by the scintillation light produced in certain materials is one of the oldest techniques on record. In Geiger and Marsden s famous
More informationEfficiency. Calculations for Selected Scintillators. > Detector Counting. Efficiency. > Photopeak Efficiency of Various Scintillation Materials
Efficiency Calculations for Selected Scintillators > Detector Counting Efficiency > Photopeak Efficiency of Various Scintillation Materials > Transmission Efficiency of Window Materials > Gamma and X-ray
More informationB. Tucker Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure 11 Northeastern Boulevard Salem, NH 03079
The Use of Uncertainties in Determination of Measurement Variance - 11118 B. Tucker Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure 11 Northeastern Boulevard Salem, NH 03079 D. Hays Unites States Army Corps of Engineers
More information4 α or 4 2 He. Radioactivity. Exercise 9 Page 1. Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 132 Laboratory Section:
Exercise 9 Page 1 Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 132 Laboratory Section: Radioactivity Name: Equipment Geiger Counter Alpha, Beta, and Gamma source Objectives The objectives of this experiment are
More information1220 QUANTULUS The Ultra Low Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer
1220 QUANTULUS The Ultra Low Level Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer PerkinElmer LAS (UK) Ltd, Chalfont Rd, Seer Green, Beaconsfield, Bucks HP9 2FX tel: 0800 896046 www.perkinelmer.com John Davies January
More informationIAEA-TECDOC-1049 XA
IAEA-TECDOC-1049 XA9848352.. Software The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was Physics Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 With FOREWORD EDITORIAL NOTE In
More informationDependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution
Dependence Of Gamma Ray Attenuation On Concentration Of Manganese (II) Chloride Solution Chikkappa Udagani Abstract: This paper presents the precise method to estimate the dependence of linear and mass
More informationNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TESTING AUTHORITIES (NATA) REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCREDITATION OF ICP-MS TECHNIQUES
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TESTING AUTHORITIES (NATA) REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCREDITATION OF ICP-MS TECHNIQUES The National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) requirements for accreditation have undergone
More informationAnalytical Measurement Uncertainty APHL Quality Management System (QMS) Competency Guidelines
QMS Quick Learning Activity Analytical Measurement Uncertainty APHL Quality Management System (QMS) Competency Guidelines This course will help staff recognize what measurement uncertainty is and its importance
More informationDetection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy
Detection and measurement of gamma-radiation by gammaspectroscopy Gamma-radiation is electromagnetic radiation having speed equal to the light in vacuum. As reaching a matter it interact with the different
More informationRADIOACTIVITY MATERIALS: PURPOSE: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DISCUSSION:
RADIOACTIVITY This laboratory experiment was largely adapted from an experiment from the United States Naval Academy Chemistry Department MATERIALS: (total amounts per lab) small bottle of KCl; isogenerator
More informationIn a radioactive source containing a very large number of radioactive nuclei, it is not
Simulated Radioactive Decay Using Dice Nuclei Purpose: In a radioactive source containing a very large number of radioactive nuclei, it is not possible to predict when any one of the nuclei will decay.
More informationEssentials of expressing measurement uncertainty
Essentials of expressing measurement uncertainty This is a brief summary of the method of evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement adopted widely by U.S. industry, companies in other countries,
More informationPractical Solutions to Radioactive Waste Characterization
Practical Solutions to Radioactive Waste Characterization Ronald Keyser, Timothy Twomey EG&G ORTEC Richard Hagenauer Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Oak Ridge, TN Abstract The movement or storage of containers
More informationDOE S RADIOLOGICAL TRACEABILITY PROGRAM FOR RADIOANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS: WORK IN PROGRESS
DOE S RADIOLOGICAL TRACEABILITY PROGRAM FOR RADIOANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS: WORK IN PROGRESS D. E. McCurdy, Duke Engineering & Services, Bolton, MA and J. S. Morton, Department of Energy, Office of Environmental
More informationarxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det] 8 Feb 2013
Preprint typeset in JINST style - HYPER VERSION arxiv:1302.0278v2 [physics.ins-det] 8 Feb 2013 Investigation of gamma ray detection performance of thin LFS scintillator with MAPD readout E.Guliyev a, F.Ahmadov
More informationSLAC Radioanalysis Laboratory
SLAC Radioanalysis Laboratory Henry Brogonia Dosimetry and Radiological Protection Group (DREP) DOE Environmental Radiation Protection Program Review (July 23-24, 2007) Radioanalysis Laboratory Mission
More informationSample Spectroscopy System Hardware
Semiconductor Detectors vs. Scintillator+PMT Detectors Semiconductors are emerging technology - Scint.PMT systems relatively unchanged in 50 years. NaI(Tl) excellent for single-photon, new scintillation
More informationSODIUM PERTECHNETATE ( 99m Tc) INJECTION (FISSION): Revised Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (January September 2009)
September 2009 RESTRICTED SODIUM PERTECHNETATE ( 99m Tc) INJECTION (FISSION): Revised Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (January September 2009) [Note from the Secretariat: This
More informationWM2013 Conference, February 24 28, 2013, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
The Underwater Spectrometric System Based on CZT Detector for Survey of the Bottom of MR Reactor Pool 13461 Victor Potapov, Alexey Safronov, Oleg Ivanov, Sergey Smirnov, Vyacheslav Stepanov National Research
More informationTechnical Notes for EPA Method Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in Drinking Water
Technical Notes for EPA Method 900.0 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in Drinking Water 1. Scope and Application 1.1 The current regulation that stipulates acceptable methods is 40 CFR 141.25 and
More informationAbsolute activity measurement
Absolute activity measurement Gábor Veres, Sándor Lökös Eötvös University, Department of Atomic Physics January 12, 2016 Financed from the financial support ELTE won from the Higher Education Restructuring
More informationMinimum Detectable and Maximum Missable Activities
and Maximum Missable The HPA Approach David Williams 18 May 2005 Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Radiation Protection Division formerly the National Radiological Protection Board
More information