Outline. 1. Work. A. First Law of Thermo. 2. Internal Energy. 1. Work continued. Category: Thermodynamics. III. The Laws of Thermodynamics.
|
|
- Jerome Watkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ategory: hermodynamics Outline III. he Laws of hermodynamics A. First Law of hermo B. Second Law of hermo (Entropy). Statistical Mechanics D. References Updated: 04jan A. First Law of hermo. Work 4 Stored eat (a) Recall Definition W=Fx eat into a system is either stored as internal energy, or performs work on the universe EA IN WORK OU (b) (c) For a gas expanding against a piston the work done is: W=Fx=(PA)x=P(Ax) Work done by gas on environment is pressure time change in volume: W=+PV he above formula is only really valid for isobaric process (P=0 ). Generally it s the area under the curve of a PV diagram. (example to right is isothermal process =0 ). Work continued (a) Isobaric Process: P=0 W is the work done BY the system Exact Form: W=+PV (b) Isothermal Process (=0 ): dv W PdV nr V V W nr Ln V. Internal Energy Adding heat to a gas (at constant volume isovolumetric ) increases its internal energy U For monatomic gas (noble gasses, e, Ne) all the internal energy is in the kinetic energy of molecules For diatomic gas (e.g. O or ), there is more energy stored in rotation and vibration of molecule U mv U N k k U nr Note: N=number of molecules, n=number of moles, k=boltzmann s constant, R=gas constant, in Kelvin, & U in Joules nr 6
2 b Specific eat and gamma 7.c Adiabatic Process 8 (a) onstant Volume Molar Specific eat v Monatomic Ideal Gas U nr More generally: U nv for monatomic v R for diatomic v R (b) onstant Pressure Molar Specific eat p = v +R = v = p / v, / for monatomic (7/ diatomic) Definition: =0 (no heat in) A gas that expands adiabatically will cool (by the first law): =0=U+W U W nr PV V V onst PV onst V. First Law of hermodynamics (a) he First Law =U+W is heat INO system U is change of internal energy of system W is the work done by system on environment So its based on the law of ONSERVAION of ENERGY BEWARE: Some authors define work as done ON the system by environment and heat flowing OU of system, so equation will have minus signs. 9 Definition: =U+PV.b Enthalpy hange in Enthalpy: =U+PV+ VP Now insert the nd law to get =+ VP ence Enthalpy will be conserved in a process which is both isobaric (P=0) and adiabatic (=0) Or, for chemistry in an open beaker: = 0.c Gibbs Free Energy B. Second Law of hermo Definition: G=U+PV-S = -S hange in Gibbs: G=VP - S ence Gibbs Energy will be conserved in a process which is both isobaric (P=0) and isothermal (=0) [i.e. hemistry in an open beaker in an ice bath] Spontaneous reactions occur when: G < 0 Why does heat flow from hot to cold (instead of the other way around?). Definition of Entropy: S=/. S Diagrams. Entropy of Ideal Gas
3 . Entropy.b Entropy and First Law (details) 4 (a) Definition Rudolf lausius (86) Extrinsic uantity: Units: Joule/Kelvin S For example, it takes 4 Joules to melt gram of ice. he entropy of the liquid water is bigger than that of ice: 4 J S. 7 K J K From Definition: =S Isentropic Process (S=0) is equivalent to saying process is adiabatic (if reversible) First Law Restated in terms of Entropy: S = U + PV.c Entropy and Gas Volume.d Entropy of Ideal Gas 6 First Law: S = U + PV For ideal gas, isothermal process (=0, or U=0) reduces to: S=PV First Law of hermo: U=S-PV For monatomic ideal gas: U=(/)nR For ideal gas: P=(nR)/V Substitute into first law and solve for entropy: From this we can deduce change in entropy in an isothermal gas expansion is equal to isothermal work done by gas S V NR NR V W S V nr Ln V Integrate to get entropy of monatomic ideal gas S( n,, V ) nr Ln V. Reversibility 7 b. lausius Inequality 8 (a) Second Law of hermodynamics hange in (total) entropy of a closed system tends to increase in time: S0 Explains why heat flows from hot to cold, but not the other way around Example: eat removed from hot water and given to cold water ( > ) S 0 Any process obeys the inequality: For a system to be reversible, all the processes must obey the equality S S Example: Free expansion of gas in vacuum. No heat was added (=0), but the entropy has increased due to increased volume: V S nr Ln V 0
4 c. Irreversibility 9. Efficiency 0 otal entropy of universe increases (this tells us the direction of time!) A open system may decrease in entropy (e.g. freeze water), but the heat exhausted from it increases the entropy of the environment such that the total entropy increases S universe S system S environment 0 (a) arnot Energy Diagram Sadi arnot (84) =eat from fuel W=useful work by engine =waste heat exhausted onserve Energy W Efficiency W b. Engines MUS waste heat From second Law, Entropy must increase S 0 c. arnot ycle (84) he arnot ycle is the best efficient engine that can be made (reversible processes) W Must waste heat to environment. he colder the environment the less heat must be wasted. h h q S S B A his puts a limit on efficiency (arnot 84) W c c q S S D. Statistical Mechanics. he rd law of thermodynamics 4 Aka Nernst s heorem (906). he rd Law of hermodynamics a) Impossible to reach absolute zero. Probability and Equilibrium b) As 0 the heat capacity approaches zero. Boltzmann s Definition of Entropy c) As 0 all thermodynamic processes stop d) At absolute zero the entropy of a system would be minimum (S=0) 4
5 . Probability and Equilibrium c. Large N systems 6 (a) Equilibrium is the most probable situation (b) onsider 4 particles in a box. Each has a 0/0 chance of being on the Left half ( L ) of the box. here are 4 =6 possible microstates he most probable situation is that will be on either side. For example, consider N=40 atoms otal number of microstates is N =,099,,67,776 Macrostate Microstates Frequency Probability 0 LLLL 6.% Only possible for all on same side: Probability 9x0 - % LLLR, LLRL, LRLL, 4 % RLLL LLRR, LRLR, RLLR, 6 7.% RRLL, RLRL, LRRL RRRL, RRLR< 4 % RLRR, LRRR 4 RRRR 6.% For N=0 4 atoms deviations from the average situation are only in the th decimal place!. Boltzmann Entropy Entropy is a measure of the randomness (disorder) of a system Details: S=k Ln() k=boltzmann s onstant =Number of Microstates (for that macrostate), i.e. a measure of disorder. 7 References Good One 8 Maximum order: =, so S=0 Maximum disorder is the average equilibrium situation of half on each side of box N! N! S knln( ) Notes 9 Discuss elmholtz contraction of a star What about Refrigerators? Example: change in entropy by melting ice Demos: Stirling Engine
Lecture Notes 2014March 13 on Thermodynamics A. First Law: based upon conservation of energy
Dr. W. Pezzaglia Physics 8C, Spring 2014 Page 1 Lecture Notes 2014March 13 on Thermodynamics A. First Law: based upon conservation of energy 1. Work 1 Dr. W. Pezzaglia Physics 8C, Spring 2014 Page 2 (c)
More information18.13 Review & Summary
5/2/10 10:04 PM Print this page 18.13 Review & Summary Temperature; Thermometers Temperature is an SI base quantity related to our sense of hot and cold. It is measured with a thermometer, which contains
More informationReversibility. Processes in nature are always irreversible: far from equilibrium
Reversibility Processes in nature are always irreversible: far from equilibrium Reversible process: idealized process infinitely close to thermodynamic equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) Necessary conditions
More informationSPONTANEOUS PROCESSES AND THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
13 CHAPER SPONANEOUS PROCESSES AND HERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM 13.1 he Nature of Spontaneous Processes 13.2 Entropy and Spontaneity: A Molecular Statistical Interpretation 13.3 Entropy and Heat: Macroscopic
More informationHeat Machines (Chapters 18.6, 19)
eat Machines (hapters 8.6, 9) eat machines eat engines eat pumps The Second Law of thermodynamics Entropy Ideal heat engines arnot cycle Other cycles: Brayton, Otto, Diesel eat Machines Description The
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Processes (isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic) Reversible and Irreversible Processes Heat Engines Refrigerators and Heat Pumps The Carnot
More informationPHYS 1101 Practice problem set 6, Chapter 19: 7, 12, 19, 30, 37, 44, 53, 61, 69
PYS 0 Practice problem set 6, hapter 9: 7,, 9, 0, 7, 44,, 6, 69 9.7. Solve: (a) he heat extracted from the cold reservoir is calculated as follows: (b) he heat exhausted to the hot reservoir is K 4.0 00
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationABCD42BEF F2 F8 5 4D65F8 CC8 9
ABCD BEF F F D F CC Physics 7B Fall 2015 Midterm 1 Solutions Problem 1 Let R h be the radius of the hole. R h = 2 3 Rα R h = 2 3 R+ R h = 2 3 R(1+α ) (4 points) In order for the marble to fit through the
More information(prev) (top) (next) (Throughout, we will assume the processes involve an ideal gas with constant n.)
1 of 9 8/22/12 9:51 PM (prev) (top) (next) Thermodynamics 1 Thermodynamic processes can be: 2 isothermal processes, ΔT = 0 (so P ~ 1 / V); isobaric processes, ΔP = 0 (so T ~ V); isovolumetric or isochoric
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationChapter 5. The Second Law of Thermodynamics (continued)
hapter 5 he Second Law of hermodynamics (continued) Second Law of hermodynamics Alternative statements of the second law, lausius Statement of the Second Law It is impossible for any system to operate
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationHandout 12: Thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
1 Handout 12: Thermodynamics Zeroth law of thermodynamics When two objects with different temperature are brought into contact, heat flows from the hotter body to a cooler one Heat flows until the temperatures
More informationHandout 12: Thermodynamics. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
1 Handout 12: Thermodynamics Zeroth law of thermodynamics When two objects with different temperature are brought into contact, heat flows from the hotter body to a cooler one Heat flows until the temperatures
More informationAP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers!
AP PHYSICS 2 WHS-CH-15 Thermodynamics Show all your work, equations used, and box in your answers! Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832) Sadi Carnot was a French military engineer and physicist, often
More informationClass 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
Class 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy The second law of thermodynamics The first law relates heat energy, work and the internal thermal energy of a system, and is essentially a statement
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS1013W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 ENERGY AND MATTER Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 8 questions. Answers to Section A and Section B must be in separate
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationChapter 16 Thermodynamics
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 16 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Introduction Another area of physics is thermodynamics Continues with the principle of conservation of energy
More informationChap. 3. The Second Law. Law of Spontaneity, world gets more random
Chap. 3. The Second Law Law of Spontaneity, world gets more random Kelvin - No process can transform heat completely into work Chap. 3. The Second Law Law of Spontaneity, world gets more random Kelvin
More informationfiziks Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamics OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS IIT-JAM-2005
Institute for NE/JRF, GAE, II JAM, JES, IFR and GRE in HYSIAL SIENES Kinetic heory, hermodynamics OBJEIE QUESIONS II-JAM-005 5 Q. he molar specific heat of a gas as given from the kinetic theory is R.
More informationCHEM Thermodynamics. Entropy, S
hermodynamics Change in Change in Entropy, S Entropy, S Entropy is the measure of dispersal. he natural spontaneous direction of any process is toward greater dispersal of matter and of energy. Dispersal
More informationEntropy. Entropy Changes for an Ideal Gas
Entropy and Entropy Changes for an Ideal Gas Ron Reifenberger Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University March 28, 2012 Lecture 10 1 Recall that we discussed an idealized process called reversible A
More informationThermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics SCQF Level 9, U03272, PHY-3-ThermStat. Thursday 24th April, a.m p.m.
College of Science and Engineering School of Physics H T O F E E U D N I I N V E B R U S I R T Y H G Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics SCQF Level 9, U03272, PHY-3-ThermStat Thursday 24th April, 2008
More information1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. Second Law of hermodynamics he first law describes how the state of a system changes in response to work it performs and heat absorbed. he second law deals with direction of thermodynamic processes
More informationChapter 19. Heat Engines
Chapter 19 Heat Engines Thermo Processes Eint = Q+ W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 18. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 18 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 18 The Laws of Thermodynamics Units of Chapter 18 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Processes
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationKinetic Theory continued
Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics E int = Q + W other state variables E int is a state variable, so only depends on condition (P, V, T, ) of system. Therefore, E int only depends on initial and final states
More informationPhysical Biochemistry. Kwan Hee Lee, Ph.D. Handong Global University
Physical Biochemistry Kwan Hee Lee, Ph.D. Handong Global University Week 3 CHAPTER 2 The Second Law: Entropy of the Universe increases What is entropy Definition: measure of disorder The greater the disorder,
More informationLecture Ch. 2a. Lord Kelvin (a.k.a William Thomson) James P. Joule. Other Kinds of Energy What is the difference between E and U? Exact Differentials
Lecture Ch. a Energy and heat capacity State functions or exact differentials Internal energy vs. enthalpy st Law of thermodynamics Relate heat, work, energy Heat/work cycles (and path integrals) Energy
More informationKinetic Theory continued
Chapter 12 Kinetic Theory continued 12.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases The particles are in constant, random motion, colliding with each other and with the walls of the container. Each collision changes the
More informationTHE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5 Chemical Equilibrium N 2 + 3 H 2 2 NH 3 Chemical reactions go in both directions Systems started from any initial state
More information(Heat capacity c is also called specific heat) this means that the heat capacity number c for water is 1 calorie/gram-k.
Lecture 23: Ideal Gas Law and The First Law of Thermodynamics 1 (REVIEW) Chapter 17: Heat Transfer Origin of the calorie unit A few hundred years ago when people were investigating heat and temperature
More informationLecture 7: Kinetic Theory of Gases, Part 2. ! = mn v x
Lecture 7: Kinetic Theory of Gases, Part 2 Last lecture, we began to explore the behavior of an ideal gas in terms of the molecules in it We found that the pressure of the gas was: P = N 2 mv x,i! = mn
More informationChapter 12 Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 Thermodynamics 12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes System: definite quantity of matter with real or imaginary boundaries If heat transfer is impossible, the system is thermally
More information1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
1. Second Law of hermodynamics he first law describes how the state of a system changes in response to work it performs and heat absorbed. However, the first law cannot explain certain facts about thermal
More informationTemperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines
Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry Heat Engines Zeroeth Law Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third
More informationHeat What is heat? Work = 2. PdV 1
eat What is heat? eat (Q) is the flow or transfer of energy from one system to another Often referred to as heat flow or heat transfer Requires that one system must be at a higher temperature than the
More information11/29/2017 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES. UNIT 2 Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory
11/9/017 AP PHYSICS UNIT Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory CHAPTER 13 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES The U G of the water-earth system at the
More informationEntropy in Macroscopic Systems
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Review Entropy in Macroscopic Systems
More informationIrreversible Processes
Lecture 15 Heat Engines Review & Examples p p b b Hot reservoir at T h p a a c adiabats Heat leak Heat pump Q h Q c W d V 1 V 2 V Cold reservoir at T c Lecture 15, p 1 Irreversible Processes Entropy-increasing
More informationThe Direction of Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
The Direction of Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy Reading: from Petrucci, Harwood and Herring (8th edition): Required for Part 1: Sections 20-1 through 20-4. Recommended for Part 1: Sections
More informationChapter 19. Heat Engines
Chapter 19 Heat Engines QuickCheck 19.11 The efficiency of this Carnot heat engine is A. Less than 0.5. B. 0.5. C. Between 0.5 and 1.0. D. 2.0. E. Can t say without knowing Q H. 2013 Pearson Education,
More informationTemperature and Its Measurement
Temperature and Its Measurement When the physical properties are no longer changing, the objects are said to be in thermal equilibrium. Two or more objects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
More informationChapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 20 Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian First Law of Thermodynamics Review Review: The first law states that a change in internal energy in a system can
More informationT s change via collisions at boundary (not mechanical interaction)
Lecture 14 Interaction of 2 systems at different temperatures Irreversible processes: 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Heat Engines and Refrigerators Thermal interactions T s change via collisions
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Expansion of Solids
Slide 1 / 66 1 What is the name of the following statement: "When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other"? A B C D E First Law
More informationChapter 4 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 4 - The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it. -Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton Fall 2013 An irreversible process is a process
More informationS = k log W CHEM Thermodynamics. Change in Entropy, S. Entropy, S. Entropy, S S = S 2 -S 1. Entropy is the measure of dispersal.
, S is the measure of dispersal. The natural spontaneous direction of any process is toward greater dispersal of matter and of energy. Dispersal of matter: Thermodynamics We analyze the constraints on
More informationThermodynamics. AP Physics B
Thermodynamics AP Physics B ork done by a gas Suppose you had a piston filled with a specific amount of gas. As you add heat, the temperature rises and thus the volume of the gas expands. The gas then
More informationIrreversible Processes
Irreversible Processes Examples: Block sliding on table comes to rest due to friction: KE converted to heat. Heat flows from hot object to cold object. Air flows into an evacuated chamber. Reverse process
More informationClasses at: - Topic: Thermodynamics. = E v. = G f T 1
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY by: SHAILENDRA KR. Classes at: - SCIENCE TUTORIALS; Opp. Khuda Baksh Library, Ashok Rajpath, Patna PIN POINT STUDY CIRCLE; House No. 5A/65, Opp. Mahual Kothi, Alpana Market, Patna Topic:
More informationPY2005: Thermodynamics
ome Multivariate Calculus Y2005: hermodynamics Notes by Chris Blair hese notes cover the enior Freshman course given by Dr. Graham Cross in Michaelmas erm 2007, except for lecture 12 on phase changes.
More information10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes
10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes I. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A. SYSTEMS AND SURROUNDING B. PV DIAGRAMS AND WORK DONE V -1 Source: Physics for the IB Diploma Study
More informationPhysics 207 Lecture 23
ysics 07 Lecture ysics 07, Lecture 8, Dec. Agenda:. Finis, Start. Ideal gas at te molecular level, Internal Energy Molar Specific Heat ( = m c = n ) Ideal Molar Heat apacity (and U int = + W) onstant :
More informationMore Thermodynamics. Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes
More Thermodynamics Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Cycle Efficiency of Engines Entropy More Thermodynamics 1 Specific Heat of Gases
More informationCh. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Ch. 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases In this chapter we consider the physics of gases. If the atoms or molecules that make up a gas collide with the walls of their container, they exert a pressure p on
More informationTHE ZEROTH AND FISRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Saeda Al-Mhyawi secend Tearm 1435H
H ZROH AND FISR LAW OF HRMODYNAMIS Saeda Al-Mhyawi secend earm 435H HAR II H ZROH AND FISR LAW OF HRMODYNAMIS Lecture () Outline Introduction he Zeroth Law of hermodynamics he First Law of hermodynamics
More informationIntroduction to thermodynamics
Chapter 6 Introduction to thermodynamics Topics First law of thermodynamics Definitions of internal energy and work done, leading to du = dq + dw Heat capacities, C p = C V + R Reversible and irreversible
More informationPHY101: Major Concepts in Physics I
Welcome back to PHY101: Major Concepts in Physics I Photo: S. T. Cummins Photo: S. T. Cummins Announcements Today is our final class! We will first discuss more on Chapters 14-15 and then conduct a short
More informationS = S(f) S(i) dq rev /T. ds = dq rev /T
In 1855, Clausius proved the following (it is actually a corollary to Clausius Theorem ): If a system changes between two equilibrium states, i and f, the integral dq rev /T is the same for any reversible
More informationThe first law of thermodynamics. U = internal energy. Q = amount of heat energy transfer
Thermodynamics Investigation of the energy transfer by heat and work and how natural systems behave (Q) Heat transfer of energy due to temp differences. (W) Work transfer of energy through mechanical means.
More informationChapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics When we previously studied the first law of thermodynamics, we observed how conservation of energy provided us with a relationship between U, Q, and W, namely
More informationChapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 19 The First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is an extension of the principle of conservation of energy. It includes the transfer of both mechanical and thermal energy. First
More informationTHERMODINAMICS. Tóth Mónika
THERMODINAMICS Tóth Mónika 2014 monika.a.toth@aok.pte.hu Temperature Temperature: is related to the average energy of the motion of the particles of an object or system. Different temperature scales. Thermometer
More informationS = k log W 11/8/2016 CHEM Thermodynamics. Change in Entropy, S. Entropy, S. Entropy, S S = S 2 -S 1. Entropy is the measure of dispersal.
Entropy is the measure of dispersal. The natural spontaneous direction of any process is toward greater dispersal of matter and of energy. Dispersal of matter: Thermodynamics We analyze the constraints
More informationPhysics 231. Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics. Alex Brown Dec MSU Physics 231 Fall
Physics 231 Topic 14: Laws of Thermodynamics Alex Brown Dec 7-11 2015 MSU Physics 231 Fall 2015 1 8 th 10 pm correction for 3 rd exam 9 th 10 pm attitude survey (1% for participation) 10 th 10 pm concept
More informationClassical Physics I. PHY131 Lecture 36 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Lecture 36 1
Classical Physics I PHY131 Lecture 36 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Lecture 36 1 Recap: (Ir)reversible( Processes Reversible processes are processes that occur under quasi-equilibrium conditions:
More informationPhysical Chemistry. Chapter 3 Second Law of Thermodynamic
Physical Chemistry Chapter 3 Second Law of hermodynamic by Izirwan Bin Izhab FKKSA izirwan@ump.edu.my Chapter Description Aims Develop the calculational path for property change and estimate enthalpy and
More informationAdiabatic Expansion (DQ = 0)
Adiabatic Expansion (DQ = 0) Occurs if: change is made sufficiently quickly and/or with good thermal isolation. Governing formula: PV g = constant where g = C P /C V Adiabat P Isotherms V Because PV/T
More informationHeat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 2 Heat, Work, Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy (U) Translational energy of molecules Potential
More informationA) 2.0 atm B) 2.2 atm C) 2.4 atm D) 2.9 atm E) 3.3 atm
Name: Date: 1. On a cold day ( 3 C), the gauge pressure on a tire reads 2.0 atm. If the tire is heated to 27 C, what will be the absolute pressure of the air inside the tire? A) 2.0 atm B) 2.2 atm C) 2.4
More informationEntropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics
PHYS102 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 20 Entropy & the Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy gases Entropy solids & liquids Heat engines Refrigerators Second law of thermodynamics 1. The efficiency of
More informationAljalal-Phys March 2004-Ch21-page 1. Chapter 21. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Aljalal-Phys.102-27 March 2004-Ch21-page 1 Chapter 21 Entropy and the Second Law of hermodynamics Aljalal-Phys.102-27 March 2004-Ch21-page 2 21-1 Some One-Way Processes Egg Ok Irreversible process Egg
More informationUNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON. University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS. For The Following Qualifications:-
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON University of London EXAMINATION FOR INTERNAL STUDENTS For The Following Qualifications:- B.Sc. M.Sci. Physics 1B28: Thermal Physics COURSE CODE : PHYSIB28 UNIT VALUE : 0.50 DATE
More informationPhysics 202 Homework 5
Physics 202 Homework 5 Apr 29, 2013 1. A nuclear-fueled electric power plant utilizes a so-called boiling water reac- 5.8 C tor. In this type of reactor, nuclear energy causes water under pressure to boil
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationHeat Capacities, Absolute Zero, and the Third Law
Heat Capacities, Absolute Zero, and the hird Law We have already noted that heat capacity and entropy have the same units. We will explore further the relationship between heat capacity and entropy. We
More informationPhysics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, Physics 121. April 24, Course Information
Physics 121, April 24. Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Physics 121. April 24, 2008. Course Information Topics to be discussed today: Heat First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics
More informationChemistry. Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations. NC State University
Chemistry Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations NC State University Thermodynamic state functions expressed in differential form We have seen that the internal energy is conserved and depends on mechanical (dw)
More informationPhys 22: Homework 10 Solutions W A = 5W B Q IN QIN B QOUT A = 2Q OUT 2 QOUT B QIN B A = 3Q IN = QIN B QOUT. e A = W A e B W B A Q IN.
HRK 26.7 Summarizing the information given in the question One way of doing this is as follows. W A = 5W Q IN A = Q IN Q OU A = 2Q OU Use e A = W A Q IN = QIN A QOU Q IN A A A and e = W Q IN = QIN QOU
More informationDistinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas (2)
1. This question is about thermodynamic processes. (a) Distinguish between an isothermal process and an adiabatic process as applied to an ideal gas.......... An ideal gas is held in a container by a moveable
More informationProcess Nature of Process
AP Physics Free Response Practice Thermodynamics 1983B. The pv-diagram above represents the states of an ideal gas during one cycle of operation of a reversible heat engine. The cycle consists of the following
More informationEnthalpy and Adiabatic Changes
Enthalpy and Adiabatic Changes Chapter 2 of Atkins: The First Law: Concepts Sections 2.5-2.6 of Atkins (7th & 8th editions) Enthalpy Definition of Enthalpy Measurement of Enthalpy Variation of Enthalpy
More informationThe goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work. Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy
Thermodynamics The goal of thermodynamics is to understand how heat can be converted to work Main lesson: Not all the heat energy can be converted to mechanical energy This is because heat energy comes
More information5. We use the following relation derived in Sample Problem Entropy change of two blocks coming to equilibrium:
Chapter 20 5. We use the following relation derived in Sample Problem Entropy change of two blocks coming to equilibrium: Tf S = mc ln. Ti (a) The energy absorbed as heat is given by Eq. 19-14. Using Table
More informationChemical thermodynamics the area of chemistry that deals with energy relationships
Chemistry: The Central Science Chapter 19: Chemical Thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics the area of chemistry that deals with energy relationships 19.1: Spontaneous Processes First law of thermodynamics
More informationHeat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics lass Notes 8, Phyx I. INTRODUTION The science of thermodynamics was born from the realization that microscopic energy (such as the internal kinetic energy
More informationUnit 05 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Unit 05 Kinetic Theory of Gases Unit Concepts: A) A bit more about temperature B) Ideal Gas Law C) Molar specific heats D) Using them all Unit 05 Kinetic Theory, Slide 1 Temperature and Velocity Recall:
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SPRING 2007
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SPRING 007 5.9 Energy Environment and Society (a Project Based First Year Subject supported by the d'arbeloff Program) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationChapter 21: Temperature, Heat and Expansion
Chapter 21: Temperature, Heat and Expansion All matter solid, liquid and gas is made of atoms or molecules, which are continually jiggling. As this jiggling is a movement, all these particles must have
More informationChemistry 163B Heuristic Tutorial Second Law, Statistics and Entropy
Chemistry 163B Heuristic Tutorial Second Law, Statistics and Entropy 3 Lower energy states are more stable Systems naturally go to lower energy???? falling apples excited state ground state chemistry 163B
More informationHence. The second law describes the direction of energy transfer in spontaneous processes
* Heat and Work The first law of thermodynamics states that: Although energy has many forms, the total quantity of energy is constant. When energy disappears in one form, it appears simultaneously in other
More informationA thermodynamic system is taken from an initial state X along the path XYZX as shown in the PV-diagram.
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Thermodynamics 1. The maximum efficiency of a heat engine that operates between temperatures of 1500 K in the firing chamber and 600 K in the exhaust chamber is most
More informationUnit 7 (B) Solid state Physics
Unit 7 (B) Solid state Physics hermal Properties of solids: Zeroth law of hermodynamics: If two bodies A and B are each separated in thermal equilibrium with the third body C, then A and B are also in
More informationPhase Changes and Latent Heat
Review Questions Why can a person remove a piece of dry aluminum foil from a hot oven with bare fingers without getting burned, yet will be burned doing so if the foil is wet. Equal quantities of alcohol
More informationEntropy and the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
CHAPTER 5 Entropy and the Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics Key Points Entropy, S, is a state function that predicts the direction of natural, or spontaneous, change. Entropy increases for a spontaneous
More information