Sum to Infinity - an Open-ended Investigation
|
|
- Shanon Davis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 67 um to Ifiity - a Ope-eded Ivestigatio Duca amso* Rhodes Uiversity Grahamstow *With the participatio of Nyasha Chiuraise, Christopher Gobae, olomo Johso, Phidile Madiyasi, Mzikayise Mai, Xoliswa Mbelai, Irma Moller, May Moya, Washigto Mushwaa, Cheriyaparambil Raghava, Thembile adi, Maud iaw, Beauty olai ad Mzwadile Zigela. FRF Mathematics Educatio Chair Ope-eded ivestigatios are a woderful way to access a diverse rage of mathematical topics i a meaigful ad egagig maer. Not oly do such topics ofte arise uexpectedly or seredipitously, but ope-eded ivestigatios ca provide a ideal cotext for urturig such importat dispositios as curiosity, creativity ad self-cofidece, alog with feeligs of persoal relevace ad a desire to egage dyamically i a process of geuie mathematical discovery. I preseted Figure to a group of secodary school mathematics teachers i a erichmet programme ru by the FRF Mathematics Educatio Chair at Rhodes Uiversity. What follows is a sythesis of some of the observatios that arose from the sessio, alog with further ideas ad possible aveues for additioal exploratio. FRACTION UM 6 etc. 6 6 Ivestigate Figure. A ope-eded ivestigatio. Table was completed i order to scaffold the ivestigatio, ad this was foud to be a effective meas of ecouragig iitial egagemet with the task. tadard calculators geerally show a maximum of oly te decimal places, but the Widows calculator set to scietific mode displays up to thirty decimal places. Table. ums of fractios expressed i differet formats. um showig idividual terms um as a decimal um as a sigle fractio Learig ad Teachig Mathematics, 8, 67-7
2 68 The teachers sat i groups comprisig three or four members ad were challeged to fid as may patters or iterestig observatios as they could i Table. Before readig o, take twety miutes to try this task yourself. How may of the followig did you otice? The sums ca be expressed as. The sum approaches 0. as more terms are added. The last digit of the deomiators of the idividual terms alterate betwee ad 6. The umerator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio is always more tha the sum of the deomiators of all but the last of the idividual terms. By way of example, i the fractio 6 / 096, , while i the fractio 8 / 6, The sum expressed as a sigle fractio ever simplifies, i.e. the umerator ad deomiator ever share ay commo factors. The deomiator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio is always more tha times the umerator. The sum of the umerator ad deomiator of ay fractio i the third colum gives the value of the umerator i the followig cell. By way of example, for the fractio / 6, 6 ad is the umerator of the followig cell, / 6. This observatio leads to the followig recursive formula for the sum of the first terms: Numerator of Deomiator of Expadig the last two colums of Table yields a umber of iterestig cyclig patters. ice we have idetified a umber of patters relatig to the sum expressed as a sigle fractio, we ca use these patters to expad the fial colum maually ad use the Widows calculator i scietific mode to express the fractio as a decimal. Table. ums of fractios expressed as decimals ad sigle fractios um as a decimal um as a sigle fractio Learig ad Teachig Mathematics, 8,67-7
3 The sum expressed as a decimal always eds with. Other tha 0., all other decimal sums ed with. The digit positioed fourth from the ed of the decimal sums alterates betwee ad 8, i.e. a - digit repeatig patter. The digit positioed fifth from the ed of the decimal sums cycles through a -digit repeatig patter:,0,7,. The digit positioed sixth from the ed of the decimal sums cycles through a 8-digit repeatig patter:,,0,9,8,7,,. We could possibly cojecture that the digit positioed seveth from the ed cycles through a 6-digit repeatig patter. The last digit of the umerator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio alterates betwee ad, a -digit repeatig patter. The first digit of the umerator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio cycles through a -digit repeatig patter:,,,8,. The first digit of the deomiator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio also cycles through a -digit repeatig patter:,,6,,. May of these patters are fasciatig i their ow right, but the mere observatio of regularity is of little cosequece if it caot be developed ito a potetial learig experiece. This is perhaps the critical challege of ay teacher wishig to use a ivestigative approach i the classroom. However, a simple observatio ofte has the potetial to ope up a diverse rage of additioal topics. The challege lies i idetifyig such momets ad egagig with them appropriately. By way of example, take the observatio made by oe group of teachers that the deomiator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio is always more tha times the umerator. Expressed differetly, the umerator is always a third of less tha the deomiator. ice the th sum has deomiator, this meas that the umerator ca be expressed as ( ) /. Learig ad Teachig Mathematics, 8, 67-7
4 70 Thus:, which ca be simplified to, ad fially to... Now, as approaches ifiity, approaches zero, ad thus approaches, which proves oe of. the iitial observatios that as more terms are added the sum approaches 0.. What is pleasig about this outcome is that it ca be arrived at from first priciples, without ay recourse to stadard formulae for geometric series or the sum to ifiity. Havig arrived at the formula, it is iterestig to ote that it ca be rewritte as. x p, which of course is i the stadard format for a expoetial graph, y a. b q. Thus, a graphical represetatio of would yield the basic expoetial graph y reflected about the x-axis ad traslated vertically through of a uit. ice this expoetial graph has y as a horizotal asymptote, this leds visual support to the observatio that as more terms are added the sum approaches 0.. ice ca oly take o discrete values (atural umbers), this also has the potetial to ope up a discussio o discrete versus cotiuous variables. Let us ow cosider the observatio made by aother group that the umerator of the sum expressed as a sigle fractio is always more tha the sum of the deomiators of all but the last of the idividual terms. This ca be represeted symbolically as follows: i 0 6 i I geeral, etc. ( ) Usig the formula for a geometric progressio yields, which is the same formula as arrived at previously. It is perhaps also iterestig to ote that the series forms part of a class of covergig series i which the first term ad commo ratio are ot oly the same, but are of the form p. For such series it ca be readily show that. p Although there are o doubt may more aveues to explore with this ivestigatio, we have already touched o a diverse rage of topics: ratioal umbers, geometric series, sigma otatio, covergig series ad sum to ifiity, cojecturig, attemptig to prove cojectures, expoetial fuctios, reflectios, Learig ad Teachig Mathematics, 8,67-7
5 traslatios, discrete versus cotiuous variables, ad explicit versus recursive formulae. What is particularly meaigful is that this diverse rage of topics could be accessed ot oly through a sigle ivestigatio, but through a process of geuie mathematical discovery cetred o ecouragig a spirit of dyamic egagemet. Below are two further ivestigatios cetred o fractios. It is strogly recommeded that before usig them i a classroom settig, teachers first sped time thoroughly explorig ad persoally egagig with each task. This will provide critical isights ito the challeges ad appropriateess of each ivestigatio. Furthermore, it will assist i idetifyig those magical momets which have the potetial to lead to meaigful learig experieces which are the hallmark of a ivestigative approach. 7 DENOMINATOR FRACTION Oe third ca be writte as a sum of two uit fractios. Ivestigate I this sequece, each term is obtaied from the precedig term by the rule: x x y y x y Ivestigate TECHNO TIP If you do t like havig to use the mouse to isert expoets, fractios ad the like i Equatio Editor, here are some useful cotrol keys that will speed up your typig. CTRL + h produces a superscript for expoets CTRL + l produces subscript CTRL + 9 produces ( ) CTRL + f produces a fractio CTRL + g allows you to type the ext letter as a Greek symbol (e.g. q becomes theta, θ) CTRL + r produces square root symbol ( ) Learig ad Teachig Mathematics, 8, 67-7
MAT 271 Project: Partial Fractions for certain rational functions
MAT 7 Project: Partial Fractios for certai ratioal fuctios Prerequisite kowledge: partial fractios from MAT 7, a very good commad of factorig ad complex umbers from Precalculus. To complete this project,
More informationA sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece,, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet as
More informationOnce we have a sequence of numbers, the next thing to do is to sum them up. Given a sequence (a n ) n=1
. Ifiite Series Oce we have a sequece of umbers, the ext thig to do is to sum them up. Give a sequece a be a sequece: ca we give a sesible meaig to the followig expressio? a = a a a a While summig ifiitely
More informationTopic 1 2: Sequences and Series. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or
Topic : Sequeces ad Series A sequece is a ordered list of umbers, e.g.,,, 8, 6, or,,,.... A series is a sum of the terms of a sequece, e.g. + + + 8 + 6 + or... Sigma Notatio b The otatio f ( k) is shorthad
More informationSection 6.4: Series. Section 6.4 Series 413
ectio 64 eries 4 ectio 64: eries A couple decides to start a college fud for their daughter They pla to ivest $50 i the fud each moth The fud pays 6% aual iterest, compouded mothly How much moey will they
More informationCurve Sketching Handout #5 Topic Interpretation Rational Functions
Curve Sketchig Hadout #5 Topic Iterpretatio Ratioal Fuctios A ratioal fuctio is a fuctio f that is a quotiet of two polyomials. I other words, p ( ) ( ) f is a ratioal fuctio if p ( ) ad q ( ) are polyomials
More information7 Sequences of real numbers
40 7 Sequeces of real umbers 7. Defiitios ad examples Defiitio 7... A sequece of real umbers is a real fuctio whose domai is the set N of atural umbers. Let s : N R be a sequece. The the values of s are
More information11.1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series
11.1 Arithmetic Sequeces ad Series A itroductio 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 9, 1, 7, 15 6., 6.6, 7, 7.4 ππ+, 3, π+ 6 Arithmetic Sequeces ADD To get ext term 35 1 7. 3π + 9, 4, 8, 16, 3 9, 3, 1, 1/ 3 1,1/ 4,1/16,1/
More informationSequences A sequence of numbers is a function whose domain is the positive integers. We can see that the sequence
Sequeces A sequece of umbers is a fuctio whose domai is the positive itegers. We ca see that the sequece 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3,... is a fuctio from the positive itegers whe we write the first sequece elemet
More informationAddition: Property Name Property Description Examples. a+b = b+a. a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c
Notes for March 31 Fields: A field is a set of umbers with two (biary) operatios (usually called additio [+] ad multiplicatio [ ]) such that the followig properties hold: Additio: Name Descriptio Commutativity
More informationKNOWLEDGE OF NUMBER SENSE, CONCEPTS, AND OPERATIONS
DOMAIN I. COMPETENCY.0 MATHEMATICS KNOWLEDGE OF NUMBER SENSE, CONCEPTS, AND OPERATIONS Skill. Apply ratio ad proportio to solve real-world problems. A ratio is a compariso of umbers. If a class had boys
More informationInfinite Sequences and Series
Chapter 6 Ifiite Sequeces ad Series 6.1 Ifiite Sequeces 6.1.1 Elemetary Cocepts Simply speakig, a sequece is a ordered list of umbers writte: {a 1, a 2, a 3,...a, a +1,...} where the elemets a i represet
More informationKinetics of Complex Reactions
Kietics of Complex Reactios by Flick Colema Departmet of Chemistry Wellesley College Wellesley MA 28 wcolema@wellesley.edu Copyright Flick Colema 996. All rights reserved. You are welcome to use this documet
More informationSNAP Centre Workshop. Basic Algebraic Manipulation
SNAP Cetre Workshop Basic Algebraic Maipulatio 8 Simplifyig Algebraic Expressios Whe a expressio is writte i the most compact maer possible, it is cosidered to be simplified. Not Simplified: x(x + 4x)
More informationChapter 7: Numerical Series
Chapter 7: Numerical Series Chapter 7 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals
More informationCHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES 10.1 Sequeces 10.2 Ifiite Series 10.3 The Itegral Tests 10.4 Compariso Tests 10.5 The Ratio ad Root Tests 10.6 Alteratig Series: Absolute ad Coditioal Covergece
More informationENGI Series Page 6-01
ENGI 3425 6 Series Page 6-01 6. Series Cotets: 6.01 Sequeces; geeral term, limits, covergece 6.02 Series; summatio otatio, covergece, divergece test 6.03 Stadard Series; telescopig series, geometric series,
More informationUnit 6: Sequences and Series
AMHS Hoors Algebra 2 - Uit 6 Uit 6: Sequeces ad Series 26 Sequeces Defiitio: A sequece is a ordered list of umbers ad is formally defied as a fuctio whose domai is the set of positive itegers. It is commo
More informationXT - MATHS Grade 12. Date: 2010/06/29. Subject: Series and Sequences 1: Arithmetic Total Marks: 84 = 2 = 2 1. FALSE 10.
ubject: eries ad equeces 1: Arithmetic otal Mars: 8 X - MAH Grade 1 Date: 010/0/ 1. FALE 10 Explaatio: his series is arithmetic as d 1 ad d 15 1 he sum of a arithmetic series is give by [ a ( ] a represets
More information... and realizing that as n goes to infinity the two integrals should be equal. This yields the Wallis result-
INFINITE PRODUTS Oe defies a ifiite product as- F F F... F x [ F ] Takig the atural logarithm of each side oe has- l[ F x] l F l F l F l F... So that the iitial ifiite product will coverge oly if the sum
More informationChapter 6: Numerical Series
Chapter 6: Numerical Series 327 Chapter 6 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals
More informationSequences, Mathematical Induction, and Recursion. CSE 2353 Discrete Computational Structures Spring 2018
CSE 353 Discrete Computatioal Structures Sprig 08 Sequeces, Mathematical Iductio, ad Recursio (Chapter 5, Epp) Note: some course slides adopted from publisher-provided material Overview May mathematical
More informationChapter 10: Power Series
Chapter : Power Series 57 Chapter Overview: Power Series The reaso series are part of a Calculus course is that there are fuctios which caot be itegrated. All power series, though, ca be itegrated because
More informationChapter 6 Overview: Sequences and Numerical Series. For the purposes of AP, this topic is broken into four basic subtopics:
Chapter 6 Overview: Sequeces ad Numerical Series I most texts, the topic of sequeces ad series appears, at first, to be a side topic. There are almost o derivatives or itegrals (which is what most studets
More information(Figure 2.9), we observe x. and we write. (b) as x, x 1. and we write. We say that the line y 0 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of f.
The symbol for ifiity ( ) does ot represet a real umber. We use to describe the behavior of a fuctio whe the values i its domai or rage outgrow all fiite bouds. For eample, whe we say the limit of f as
More informationCHAPTER 2 SEQUENCES AND SERIES OUTLINE Geometric Series Infinite Geometric Series and Sigma Notation 4 Review
CHAPTER SEQUENCES AND SERIES OUTLINE Day Sectio Topic.7 Geometric Sequeces.8 Geometric Series 3.9 Ifiite Geometric Series ad Sigma Notatio 4 Review 5 Review 6 Chapter Test Terry Fox Math 007 .7 GEOMETRIC
More informationBuilding Sequences and Series with a Spreadsheet (Create)
Overview I this activity, studets will lear how to costruct a.ts file to ivestigate sequeces ad series ad to discover some iterestig patters while avoidig tedious calculatios. They will explore both arithmetic
More informationWORKING WITH NUMBERS
1 WORKING WITH NUMBERS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW The defiitio of the differet umber sets: is the set of atural umbers {0, 1,, 3, }. is the set of itegers {, 3,, 1, 0, 1,, 3, }; + is the set of positive itegers;
More informationSection 7 Fundamentals of Sequences and Series
ectio Fudametals of equeces ad eries. Defiitio ad examples of sequeces A sequece ca be thought of as a ifiite list of umbers. 0, -, -0, -, -0...,,,,,,. (iii),,,,... Defiitio: A sequece is a fuctio which
More informationG r a d e 1 1 P r e - C a l c u l u s M a t h e m a t i c s ( 3 0 S )
G r a d e 1 1 P r e - C a l c u l u s M a t h e m a t i c s ( 3 0 S ) Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Mathematics (30S) is desiged for studets who ited to study calculus ad related mathematics as part of post-secodary
More informationAPPENDIX F Complex Numbers
APPENDIX F Complex Numbers Operatios with Complex Numbers Complex Solutios of Quadratic Equatios Polar Form of a Complex Number Powers ad Roots of Complex Numbers Operatios with Complex Numbers Some equatios
More informationa 3, a 4, ... are the terms of the sequence. The number a n is the nth term of the sequence, and the entire sequence is denoted by a n
60_090.qxd //0 : PM Page 59 59 CHAPTER 9 Ifiite Series Sectio 9. EXPLORATION Fidig Patters Describe a patter for each of the followig sequeces. The use your descriptio to write a formula for the th term
More informationTEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
COMPETENCY 1. ALGEBRA SKILL 1.1 1.1a. ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Kow why the real ad complex umbers are each a field, ad that particular rigs are ot fields (e.g., itegers, polyomial rigs, matrix rigs) Algebra
More informationCS284A: Representations and Algorithms in Molecular Biology
CS284A: Represetatios ad Algorithms i Molecular Biology Scribe Notes o Lectures 3 & 4: Motif Discovery via Eumeratio & Motif Represetatio Usig Positio Weight Matrix Joshua Gervi Based o presetatios by
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES
9 SEQUENCES AND SERIES INTRODUCTION Sequeces have may importat applicatios i several spheres of huma activities Whe a collectio of objects is arraged i a defiite order such that it has a idetified first
More informationACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER / Statistics
ACCESS TO SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE: MATHEMATICS 1 MATH00030 SEMESTER 1 018/019 DR. ANTHONY BROWN 8. Statistics 8.1. Measures of Cetre: Mea, Media ad Mode. If we have a series of umbers the
More informationis also known as the general term of the sequence
Lesso : Sequeces ad Series Outlie Objectives: I ca determie whether a sequece has a patter. I ca determie whether a sequece ca be geeralized to fid a formula for the geeral term i the sequece. I ca determie
More informationAnalysis of Experimental Measurements
Aalysis of Experimetal Measuremets Thik carefully about the process of makig a measuremet. A measuremet is a compariso betwee some ukow physical quatity ad a stadard of that physical quatity. As a example,
More informationPrinciple Of Superposition
ecture 5: PREIMINRY CONCEP O RUCUR NYI Priciple Of uperpositio Mathematically, the priciple of superpositio is stated as ( a ) G( a ) G( ) G a a or for a liear structural system, the respose at a give
More informationBuilding Blocks Problem Related to Harmonic Series
The Mathematics Ethusiast Volume 3 Number Article -006 Buildig Blocks Problem Related to Harmoic Series Yutaka Nishiyama Let us kow how access to this documet beefits you. Follow this ad additioal works
More informationActivity 3: Length Measurements with the Four-Sided Meter Stick
Activity 3: Legth Measuremets with the Four-Sided Meter Stick OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this experimet is to study errors ad the propagatio of errors whe experimetal data derived usig a four-sided meter
More informationSection 1 of Unit 03 (Pure Mathematics 3) Algebra
Sectio 1 of Uit 0 (Pure Mathematics ) Algebra Recommeded Prior Kowledge Studets should have studied the algebraic techiques i Pure Mathematics 1. Cotet This Sectio should be studied early i the course
More informationSECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES
SECTION 1.5 : SUMMATION NOTATION + WORK WITH SEQUENCES Read Sectio 1.5 (pages 5 9) Overview I Sectio 1.5 we lear to work with summatio otatio ad formulas. We will also itroduce a brief overview of sequeces,
More informationOn a Smarandache problem concerning the prime gaps
O a Smaradache problem cocerig the prime gaps Felice Russo Via A. Ifate 7 6705 Avezzao (Aq) Italy felice.russo@katamail.com Abstract I this paper, a problem posed i [] by Smaradache cocerig the prime gaps
More informationIntroduction to Signals and Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary
EEL33: Discrete-Time Sigals ad Systems Itroductio to Sigals ad Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary Itroductio to Sigals ad Systems, Part V: Lecture Summary So far we have oly looked at examples of o-recursive
More informationQ-BINOMIALS AND THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR. Keith R. Slavin 8474 SW Chevy Place, Beaverton, Oregon 97008, USA.
INTEGERS: ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL NUMBER THEORY 8 2008, #A05 Q-BINOMIALS AND THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR Keith R. Slavi 8474 SW Chevy Place, Beaverto, Orego 97008, USA slavi@dsl-oly.et Received:
More informationDefine and Use Sequences and Series
. a., A..A; P..A, P..B TEKS Defie ad Use Sequeces ad Series Before You idetified ad wrote fuctios. Now You will recogize ad write rules for umber patters. Why? So you ca fid agle measures, as i Ex.. Key
More informationSigma notation. 2.1 Introduction
Sigma otatio. Itroductio We use sigma otatio to idicate the summatio process whe we have several (or ifiitely may) terms to add up. You may have see sigma otatio i earlier courses. It is used to idicate
More informationRecurrence Relations
Recurrece Relatios Aalysis of recursive algorithms, such as: it factorial (it ) { if (==0) retur ; else retur ( * factorial(-)); } Let t be the umber of multiplicatios eeded to calculate factorial(). The
More informationEE / EEE SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL. GATE, IES & PSUs Signal System. Electrical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course
Sigal-EE Postal Correspodece Course 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Electrical Egieerig EE / EEE Postal Correspodece Course GATE, IES & PSUs Sigal System Sigal-EE Postal Correspodece Course CONTENTS 1. SIGNAL
More informationMeasures of Spread: Standard Deviation
Measures of Spread: Stadard Deviatio So far i our study of umerical measures used to describe data sets, we have focused o the mea ad the media. These measures of ceter tell us the most typical value of
More informationt distribution [34] : used to test a mean against an hypothesized value (H 0 : µ = µ 0 ) or the difference
EXST30 Backgroud material Page From the textbook The Statistical Sleuth Mea [0]: I your text the word mea deotes a populatio mea (µ) while the work average deotes a sample average ( ). Variace [0]: The
More informationClassroom. We investigate and further explore the problem of dividing x = n + m (m, n are coprime) sheep in
Classroom I this sectio of Resoace, we ivite readers to pose questios likely to be raised i a classroom situatio. We may suggest strategies for dealig with them, or ivite resposes, or both. Classroom is
More informationQ.11 If S be the sum, P the product & R the sum of the reciprocals of a GP, find the value of
Brai Teasures Progressio ad Series By Abhijit kumar Jha EXERCISE I Q If the 0th term of a HP is & st term of the same HP is 0, the fid the 0 th term Q ( ) Show that l (4 36 08 up to terms) = l + l 3 Q3
More informationExamine each chart, what connections are there between the ratio!p!n and your findings in Task 2.1.1? Explain your reasoning.
Algebra II: Strad. Liear Fuctios; Topic. Liear Patters; Task.. TASK..: FINITE DIFFERENCES. Refer to your charts from Task.. ad add two colums to each chart: a. A colum o the left of the chart labeled Chage
More information6.3 Testing Series With Positive Terms
6.3. TESTING SERIES WITH POSITIVE TERMS 307 6.3 Testig Series With Positive Terms 6.3. Review of what is kow up to ow I theory, testig a series a i for covergece amouts to fidig the i= sequece of partial
More informationCSE 1400 Applied Discrete Mathematics Number Theory and Proofs
CSE 1400 Applied Discrete Mathematics Number Theory ad Proofs Departmet of Computer Scieces College of Egieerig Florida Tech Sprig 01 Problems for Number Theory Backgroud Number theory is the brach of
More informationStatistics 511 Additional Materials
Cofidece Itervals o mu Statistics 511 Additioal Materials This topic officially moves us from probability to statistics. We begi to discuss makig ifereces about the populatio. Oe way to differetiate probability
More informationFind a formula for the exponential function whose graph is given , 1 2,16 1, 6
Math 4 Activity (Due by EOC Apr. ) Graph the followig epoetial fuctios by modifyig the graph of f. Fid the rage of each fuctio.. g. g. g 4. g. g 6. g Fid a formula for the epoetial fuctio whose graph is
More informationAssignment 2 Solutions SOLUTION. ϕ 1 Â = 3 ϕ 1 4i ϕ 2. The other case can be dealt with in a similar way. { ϕ 2 Â} χ = { 4i ϕ 1 3 ϕ 2 } χ.
PHYSICS 34 QUANTUM PHYSICS II (25) Assigmet 2 Solutios 1. With respect to a pair of orthoormal vectors ϕ 1 ad ϕ 2 that spa the Hilbert space H of a certai system, the operator  is defied by its actio
More informationRoberto s Notes on Infinite Series Chapter 1: Sequences and series Section 3. Geometric series
Roberto s Notes o Ifiite Series Chapter 1: Sequeces ad series Sectio Geometric series What you eed to kow already: What a ifiite series is. The divergece test. What you ca le here: Everythig there is to
More informationMa 530 Infinite Series I
Ma 50 Ifiite Series I Please ote that i additio to the material below this lecture icorporated material from the Visual Calculus web site. The material o sequeces is at Visual Sequeces. (To use this li
More informationChapter 9 - CD companion 1. A Generic Implementation; The Common-Merge Amplifier. 1 τ is. ω ch. τ io
Chapter 9 - CD compaio CHAPTER NINE CD-9.2 CD-9.2. Stages With Voltage ad Curret Gai A Geeric Implemetatio; The Commo-Merge Amplifier The advaced method preseted i the text for approximatig cutoff frequecies
More information7. Modern Techniques. Data Encryption Standard (DES)
7. Moder Techiques. Data Ecryptio Stadard (DES) The objective of this chapter is to illustrate the priciples of moder covetioal ecryptio. For this purpose, we focus o the most widely used covetioal ecryptio
More informationMEI Casio Tasks for Further Pure
Task Complex Numbers: Roots of Quadratic Equatios. Add a ew Equatio scree: paf 2. Chage the Complex output to a+bi: LpNNNNwd 3. Select Polyomial ad set the Degree to 2: wq 4. Set a=, b=5 ad c=6: l5l6l
More informationCALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW
CALCULUS BASIC SUMMER REVIEW NAME rise y y y Slope of a o vertical lie: m ru Poit Slope Equatio: y y m( ) The slope is m ad a poit o your lie is, ). ( y Slope-Itercept Equatio: y m b slope= m y-itercept=
More information1 Generating functions for balls in boxes
Math 566 Fall 05 Some otes o geeratig fuctios Give a sequece a 0, a, a,..., a,..., a geeratig fuctio some way of represetig the sequece as a fuctio. There are may ways to do this, with the most commo ways
More information62. Power series Definition 16. (Power series) Given a sequence {c n }, the series. c n x n = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 +
62. Power series Defiitio 16. (Power series) Give a sequece {c }, the series c x = c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + is called a power series i the variable x. The umbers c are called the coefficiets of
More informationChapter 7 COMBINATIONS AND PERMUTATIONS. where we have the specific formula for the binomial coefficients:
Chapter 7 COMBINATIONS AND PERMUTATIONS We have see i the previous chapter that (a + b) ca be writte as 0 a % a & b%þ% a & b %þ% b where we have the specific formula for the biomial coefficiets: '!!(&)!
More information(3) If you replace row i of A by its sum with a multiple of another row, then the determinant is unchanged! Expand across the i th row:
Math 5-4 Tue Feb 4 Cotiue with sectio 36 Determiats The effective way to compute determiats for larger-sized matrices without lots of zeroes is to ot use the defiitio, but rather to use the followig facts,
More informationRandom Variables, Sampling and Estimation
Chapter 1 Radom Variables, Samplig ad Estimatio 1.1 Itroductio This chapter will cover the most importat basic statistical theory you eed i order to uderstad the ecoometric material that will be comig
More informationExponents. Learning Objectives. Pre-Activity
Sectio. Pre-Activity Preparatio Epoets A Chai Letter Chai letters are geerated every day. If you sed a chai letter to three frieds ad they each sed it o to three frieds, who each sed it o to three frieds,
More informationSEQUENCES AND SERIES
Sequeces ad 6 Sequeces Ad SEQUENCES AND SERIES Successio of umbers of which oe umber is desigated as the first, other as the secod, aother as the third ad so o gives rise to what is called a sequece. Sequeces
More informationThe z-transform. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The z-transform Derivation of the z-transform: x[n] = z n LTI system, h[n] z = re j
The -Trasform 7. Itroductio Geeralie the complex siusoidal represetatio offered by DTFT to a represetatio of complex expoetial sigals. Obtai more geeral characteristics for discrete-time LTI systems. 7.
More informationREGRESSION (Physics 1210 Notes, Partial Modified Appendix A)
REGRESSION (Physics 0 Notes, Partial Modified Appedix A) HOW TO PERFORM A LINEAR REGRESSION Cosider the followig data poits ad their graph (Table I ad Figure ): X Y 0 3 5 3 7 4 9 5 Table : Example Data
More information= = =
Sec 5.8 Sec 6. Mathematical Modelig (Arithmetic & Geometric Series) Name: Carl Friedrich Gauss is probably oe of the most oted complete mathematicias i history. As the story goes, he was potetially recogiized
More informationSet Notation Review. N the set of positive integers (aka set of natural numbers) {1, 2, 3, }
11. Notes o Mathematical Iductio Before we delve ito the today s topic, let s review some basic set otatio Set Notatio Review N the set of positive itegers (aa set of atural umbers) {1,, 3, } Z the set
More informationThe Phi Power Series
The Phi Power Series I did this work i about 0 years while poderig the relatioship betwee the golde mea ad the Madelbrot set. I have fially decided to make it available from my blog at http://semresearch.wordpress.com/.
More informationSquare-Congruence Modulo n
Square-Cogruece Modulo Abstract This paper is a ivestigatio of a equivalece relatio o the itegers that was itroduced as a exercise i our Discrete Math class. Part I - Itro Defiitio Two itegers are Square-Cogruet
More informationMedian and IQR The median is the value which divides the ordered data values in half.
STA 666 Fall 2007 Web-based Course Notes 4: Describig Distributios Numerically Numerical summaries for quatitative variables media ad iterquartile rage (IQR) 5-umber summary mea ad stadard deviatio Media
More informationII. Descriptive Statistics D. Linear Correlation and Regression. 1. Linear Correlation
II. Descriptive Statistics D. Liear Correlatio ad Regressio I this sectio Liear Correlatio Cause ad Effect Liear Regressio 1. Liear Correlatio Quatifyig Liear Correlatio The Pearso product-momet correlatio
More informationP.3 Polynomials and Special products
Precalc Fall 2016 Sectios P.3, 1.2, 1.3, P.4, 1.4, P.2 (radicals/ratioal expoets), 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2 I Polyomial defiitio (p. 28) a x + a x +... + a x + a x 1 1 0 1 1 0 a x + a x +... +
More informationPhysics 116A Solutions to Homework Set #1 Winter Boas, problem Use equation 1.8 to find a fraction describing
Physics 6A Solutios to Homework Set # Witer 0. Boas, problem. 8 Use equatio.8 to fid a fractio describig 0.694444444... Start with the formula S = a, ad otice that we ca remove ay umber of r fiite decimals
More informationEssential Question How can you recognize an arithmetic sequence from its graph?
. Aalyzig Arithmetic Sequeces ad Series COMMON CORE Learig Stadards HSF-IF.A.3 HSF-BF.A. HSF-LE.A. Essetial Questio How ca you recogize a arithmetic sequece from its graph? I a arithmetic sequece, the
More informationCEE 522 Autumn Uncertainty Concepts for Geotechnical Engineering
CEE 5 Autum 005 Ucertaity Cocepts for Geotechical Egieerig Basic Termiology Set A set is a collectio of (mutually exclusive) objects or evets. The sample space is the (collectively exhaustive) collectio
More information10.2 Infinite Series Contemporary Calculus 1
10. Ifiite Series Cotemporary Calculus 1 10. INFINITE SERIES Our goal i this sectio is to add together the umbers i a sequece. Sice it would take a very log time to add together the ifiite umber of umbers,
More informationSequences I. Chapter Introduction
Chapter 2 Sequeces I 2. Itroductio A sequece is a list of umbers i a defiite order so that we kow which umber is i the first place, which umber is i the secod place ad, for ay atural umber, we kow which
More informationPolynomial Functions and Their Graphs
Polyomial Fuctios ad Their Graphs I this sectio we begi the study of fuctios defied by polyomial expressios. Polyomial ad ratioal fuctios are the most commo fuctios used to model data, ad are used extesively
More informationNumber Representation
Number Represetatio 1 Number System :: The Basics We are accustomed to usig the so-called decimal umber system Te digits :: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Every digit positio has a weight which is a power of 10 Base
More informationPROPERTIES OF AN EULER SQUARE
PROPERTIES OF N EULER SQURE bout 0 the mathematicia Leoard Euler discussed the properties a x array of letters or itegers ow kow as a Euler or Graeco-Lati Square Such squares have the property that every
More informationProbability, Expectation Value and Uncertainty
Chapter 1 Probability, Expectatio Value ad Ucertaity We have see that the physically observable properties of a quatum system are represeted by Hermitea operators (also referred to as observables ) such
More informationWorksheet on Generating Functions
Worksheet o Geeratig Fuctios October 26, 205 This worksheet is adapted from otes/exercises by Nat Thiem. Derivatives of Geeratig Fuctios. If the sequece a 0, a, a 2,... has ordiary geeratig fuctio A(x,
More information3. Z Transform. Recall that the Fourier transform (FT) of a DT signal xn [ ] is ( ) [ ] = In order for the FT to exist in the finite magnitude sense,
3. Z Trasform Referece: Etire Chapter 3 of text. Recall that the Fourier trasform (FT) of a DT sigal x [ ] is ω ( ) [ ] X e = j jω k = xe I order for the FT to exist i the fiite magitude sese, S = x [
More informationTeaching Mathematics Concepts via Computer Algebra Systems
Iteratioal Joural of Mathematics ad Statistics Ivetio (IJMSI) E-ISSN: 4767 P-ISSN: - 4759 Volume 4 Issue 7 September. 6 PP-- Teachig Mathematics Cocepts via Computer Algebra Systems Osama Ajami Rashaw,
More informationAppendix F: Complex Numbers
Appedix F Complex Numbers F1 Appedix F: Complex Numbers Use the imagiary uit i to write complex umbers, ad to add, subtract, ad multiply complex umbers. Fid complex solutios of quadratic equatios. Write
More information18.440, March 9, Stirling s formula
Stirlig s formula 8.44, March 9, 9 The factorial fuctio! is importat i evaluatig biomial, hypergeometric, ad other probabilities. If is ot too large,! ca be computed directly, by calculators or computers.
More informationSequences. Notation. Convergence of a Sequence
Sequeces A sequece is essetially just a list. Defiitio (Sequece of Real Numbers). A sequece of real umbers is a fuctio Z (, ) R for some real umber. Do t let the descriptio of the domai cofuse you; it
More informationMa 530 Introduction to Power Series
Ma 530 Itroductio to Power Series Please ote that there is material o power series at Visual Calculus. Some of this material was used as part of the presetatio of the topics that follow. What is a Power
More informationCALCULATION OF FIBONACCI VECTORS
CALCULATION OF FIBONACCI VECTORS Stuart D. Aderso Departmet of Physics, Ithaca College 953 Daby Road, Ithaca NY 14850, USA email: saderso@ithaca.edu ad Dai Novak Departmet of Mathematics, Ithaca College
More informationSINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING PROBLEMS APPROACH
SINGLE-CHANNEL QUEUING ROBLEMS AROACH Abdurrzzag TAMTAM, Doctoral Degree rogramme () Dept. of Telecommuicatios, FEEC, BUT E-mail: xtamta@stud.feec.vutbr.cz Supervised by: Dr. Karol Molár ABSTRACT The paper
More information