Outline. Heavy elementary particles. HERA Beauty quark production at HERA LHC. Top quark production at LHC Summary & conclusions
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1 Outline Heavy elementary particles HERA Beauty quark production at HERA LHC Charm, beauty (bottom) and truth (top) Status and plans Top quark production at LHC Summary & conclusions 2
2 Elementary Particles 6 quarks 6 leptons 3 generations + Antiparticles 3 forces Electromagnetic Strong Weak A beautiful picture! Why is there more than one generation? 3
3 Particle Masses Heavy Particles: Charm, Beauty, Top Tau Proton Why are the masses so different? 4
4 HERA Ep=920 GeV Ee=27.6 GeV s 4 E e E p =318 GeV 5
5 HERA Luminosity HERA I HERA II Integrated luminosity on tape ~0.5 fb-1 per experiment 6
6 H1 & ZEUS Detectors protons electrons/ positrons Forward η = -ln tan θ/2 > 0 7
7 Heavy Flavour Production at HERA Boson-gluon fusion (BGF) is main production mechanism Study production mechanism and heavy flavour content of proton: Test QCD (different hard scales, mq, pt, Q2) Gluon Parton Density Function? 8
8 Heavy Flavour Production at HERA Life (QCD) is not quite so simple! Direct Non-Direct Resolved Excitation 9
9 Kinematic Variables and Regimes Q2 = -q2 = (k-k')2 Q2 < 1 GeV2 Photoproduction Q2 > 1 GeV2 Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) 2 Bjorken x Q x= 2 P q Inelasticity y y= P q P k 10
10 Beauty (Charm) Decay Methods to tag HF: Reconstruct D* (or other D mesons) Tag semileptonic decay to e, μ Use long B,D hadron lifetime (~1.5 ps) Jet properties Different tags probe different kinematic regions Fragmentation: Phenomenological Models Hard process: Calculate 11
11 Heavy Flavour Decay ptrel Impact parameter (secondary vertex) 12
12 Theory QCD leading order + parton shower Monte Carlos PYTHIA, RAPGAP, HERWIG, CASCADE Massless & massive matrix elements for charm Massive for beauty Used for acceptance corrections QCD NLO programs Weighted events Do not include parton shower FMNR for Photoproduction HVQDIS for DIS Usually compare with experiment by applying hadronic corrections from LO Monte Carlo 13
13 Inclusive photoproduction analysis Compare measurements of b,c dijet cross-sections with MC and NLO QCD predictions Use long lifetime ( ps) and large mass of b,c quarks to separate b,c jets from each other and from lightquark jets Keep analysis inclusive High statistics Less dependence on branching fractions ZEUS-pub to be submitted to EPJ C 14
14 Event selection No scattered electron 0.2 < y < 0.8 Two highest pt jets 2005 e p data 133 pb-1 Secondary vertex with significance > 3 required η < 2.5, pt > 7(6) GeV 15
15 Secondary vertex procedure Secondary vertex: Find 3-D vertex Project onto XY plane Project onto jet axis Also calculate invariant mass of tracks associated to vertex, mvtx 16
16 Significance distributions Use negative significance to check and tune MC resolution b, c, lf dominate in different mass bins and significance regions Subtract negative from positive significance to (almost) remove light flavour contribution 17
17 Control distributions Jets with associated secondary vertices used for cross-section -1.6 < η < 1.4 S > jets remain 18
18 b-enriched sample As a cross-check, enrich b: mvtx > 2.0 GeV S > 8 Pure sample >90% Good agreement with Monte Carlo 19
19 Mirrored significance Scale factors kb = 1.11 kc = 1.35 Fit distribution to 3 contributions Use unsubtracted distribution to constrain overall normalisation 20
20 NLO QCD predictions Use FMNR program for predictions mb = 4.75 GeV, mc = 1.5 GeV µf = µr = 0.5 (mq2 + pt2) Vary masses and scales (by a factor of 2) to get theory uncertainty Dominant uncertainty comes from scale variation 21
21 Cross-sections Compare measured crosssections with scaled MC and NLO QCD predictions Large theory uncertainty! Small dependence on proton PDF 22
22 pt c-jet comparison Reasonable agreement with previous ZEUS measurements Good agreement with NLO QCD predictions Addition of H1 measurements ongoing 23
23 pt comparison b Good agreement with previous ZEUS and H1 measurements Good agreement with NLO QCD predictions 24
24 Beauty in DIS HERA II dataset (363 pb-1) DIS events: At least one jet Q2 > 10 GeV < y < 0.7 ptjet > 2.5 GeV At least one candidate electron from semileptonic b decay 0.9 < pte < 8 GeV η < 1.5 Eur. Phys. J. C 71, 1573 (2011) 25
25 Beauty in DIS Select b e semileptonic decays Variables sensitive to electrons, e.g. de/dx Variables sensitive to decay, e.g. ptrel + decay length Charm and background electrons too similar to separate (in DIS) 26
26 Beauty in DIS Evaluate likelihood for event to be from semileptonic decay of a b hadron (including cascade decays) Fit to b signal other electrons non-electron background Scale factor kb = 1.32 ±
27 Beauty in DIS Good description of kinematic variables as well as scattered electron in Monte Carlo Similar technique to enhance beauty as in photoproduction analysis Cut here on T <
28 Systematic uncertainties Statistical and systematic uncertainties of similar size No dominant systematic 29
29 Beauty in DIS Predictions agree well with crosssections as a function of kinematic and electron variables Use cross-sections as a function of Q2 and x to extract F2bb 30
30 Extracting F bb 2 Define F2bb in terms of double differential cross-section: d 2 b b b b 2 2 b b = [ 1 1 y ] F 2 x,q y F L 2 4 dx dq xq Extract F2bb at reference point using: b b 2 F x i, Qi2 = d 2 b e F b2 b, NLO xi,q 2i 2 dx dq 2 d 2 bnlo / dx dq e 31
31 Beauty in DIS Good agreement between different analyses NLO/NNLO QCD describes data fairly well b e analysis has good precision Inclusive analysis will be best (when published) 32
32 Beauty & Charm in DIS Can also extract charm cross-section in inclusive and D+ (and D*) analyses Work ongoing to combine H1 and ZEUS measurements Precise knowledge of c,b content in proton important for many LHC measurements 33
33 HERA Summary Precise inclusive and exclusive measurements of b- and c-quark cross-sections made in photoproduction and DIS regimes at HERA Comparison of different measurements leads to a consistent picture of heavy quark production in ep collisions NLO QCD predictions agree with data Theory errors are rather large NNLO calculations? Combined ZEUS/H1 measurements for light and heavy quarks is the longer-term goal HERA PDFs are now well-established First F2cc combination exists 34
34 ZEUS Group Members b/c quarks in dijet photoproduction (V. Schönberg, S. Mergelmeyer, O. Arslan, I. Brock, M. Jüngst, O.M. Kind) b/c quarks in DIS (R. Shehzadi, M. Jüngst) Diffraction at HERA (E. Paul) 35
35 LHC Experiments 36
36 Proton (Anti)Proton CrossSections tt cross-section 165 pb (NNLO QCD) 20x higher than Tevatron LHC is a top factory Top interesting in its own right Also very useful to calibrate and understand detector Finding new physics is harder than a needle in a haystack! W,Z Top Higgs CM Energy (TeV) 37
37 ATLAS Detector 38
38 2010 Data First collisions at 7 TeV on 31 Mar 2010 Collected ~45pb-1 in 2010 Detector efficiency high from the beginning! Typically 35pb-1 used in top-quark analyses Real data-taking in 2011 started last week 39
39 2011 Data Already more than doubled data sample Have to worry about multiple interactions per bunch-crossing 40
40 Top-Antitop Production Channels Rediscover top at LHC with first data Use top quark to look for new physics Gluon-gluon Dominant at LHC Quark-antiquark Dominant at Tevatron 41
41 Top Decay Top decays before it can form a hadron! Each top decay produces a b jet 42
42 Top Decay and Signatures Single lepton channel Dilepton channel W lν, W lν Clean signal, small BR (1/9) All hadronic W lν, W jj Best compromise of BR (4/9) and clean signal W jj, W jj Hard to trigger and very large background 43
43 Finding tt events 2010 data sample: 35pb-1 Require 1 hard lepton Require 4 or more jets Require missing transverse energy, ETmiss b tagging helps Estimate QCD and W+jets background from data 44
44 Reducing QCD background So-called triangular cut is very useful W T l T M = 2p E miss T 1 cos l E miss T MC w/o QCD Data w/o triangular cut Data 45
45 Data-driven techniques Use region of low Etmiss (QCD dominated) and comparison of non-isolated leptons and isolated leptons to estimate QCD background in high Etmiss (signal) Use W+1(2) jets events and Z+jets events to estimate W+4 jet background in top-quark signal region Methods sound simple, but need a lot of careful checking 46
46 W signal 47
47 Using b tagging 48
48 Combining information Jets b tags 49
49 Cross-section summary Different techniques and channels for cross-section: Compare Tevatron and LHC: 50
50 Looking for FCNC FCNC are expected to be highly suppressed Look for FCNC in top-quark production One top quark and nothing else Use multivariate techniques to suppress background 51
51 Looking for FCNC No signal seen Set an upper limit (at 95% C.L.) of: qg t b l 17.3 pb One of first uses of neural networks in ATLAS physics analyses 52
52 Group Activities in ATLAS Extract top cross-section from first data using cut & count (B. Radics) Data-driven techniques for background in tt (B. Radics, S. Sezer) W and Z production (A.E. Nuncio Quiroz, S. Sezer) Search for FCNC in top-quark production (M. Alhroob) b tagging efficiency with System8 (M. Müller) Top mass with lepton pt (P. Mehnert, J. Stillings, I. Nasser) Self-learning multi-variate techniques (P. Köversárki) Wt production (J. Stillings, T. Loddenkötter) 53
53 Summary Heavy quark (c,b) production at HERA provides an important test of QCD Structure function measurements are a necessary input for LHC measurements 1st measurements of F2bb made, better precision to come LHC is a top factory Established top signal with first ATLAS data Use W/Z/top to check and calibrate detector Looked for FCNC in top production Limits already close to Tevatron 54
54 Conclusions There's already a lot of beauty in particle physics The limited amount of truth (top) produced so is taking a big step forward with the LHC running Maybe someday we will even understand why we need strangeness, charm, beauty and truth when the world around us is only made of up and down! 55
55 Backup 56
56 HERA Tunnel 57
57 ZEUS 58
58 Theory uncertainty Assess theory uncertainty by requiring physical observable to be independent of scale for a given order of calculation d l 1 =O pp X S 2 d ln Equation motivates commonly adopted approach of varying renormalisation and factorisation scale by ½ and 2 59
59 Electroweak Unification 60
60 HERA Kinematic Variables Q 2=s x y 1 1 x Q 2= q 2= k k ' 2 2 W =Q 2 Q2 x= 2 P q P q y= P k Q 2=2 E E ' 1 cos y=1 E' 1 cos 2E 61
61 Data and MC samples 2005 e p data 133 pb-1 Monte Carlo (MC): b, c samples (high statistics) Generate direct, resolved and excitation samples Light flavour (lf) sample (1x data) PYTHIA with CTEQ5L + GRV-G LO mb = 4.75 GeV, mc = 1.5 GeV PYTHIA with CTEQ4L + GRV-G LO 62
62 c-enriched sample As a cross-check, enrich c: Sample purity 0.8 < mvtx < 2.0 GeV ~70% Good agreement with Monte Carlo Ongoing studies to improve mvtx 63
63 Systematic uncertainties Uncertainties for total cross-section Parameter Uncertainty (%) b c Trigger efficiency +4.2/ /-3.2 Jet energy scale ±0.6 ±4.3 Tracking/Decay length +6.0/ /-0.7 Jet reweighting Charm mesons /-2.2 Fragmentation +1.8/ /-1.3 Luminosity ±1.8 ±1.8 Total +7.8/ /-7.0 No single dominant contribution 64
64 b e in DIS 65
65 b e in DIS 66
66 Beauty in DIS Double-differential cross-sections used to extract structure function 67
67 Beauty in DIS Structure function in Q2 bins 68
68 Beauty & Charm in DIS Split data into Q2 - x (Bjorken) bins Extract F2 from reduced crosssections: 2 y c c c c x, Q 2 = F c2 c F L y Combine HERA I & HERA II measurements 69
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