Measurement of Radiation: Exposure. Purpose. Quantitative description of radiation

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1 Measurement of Radaton: Exposure George Starkschall, Ph.D. Department of Radaton Physcs U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Purpose To ntroduce the concept of radaton exposure and to descrbe and evaluate varous methods for measurng exposure Quanttatve descrpton of radaton too lttle radaton recurrence of tumor too much radaton undesrable sde effects too lttle penetraton nadequate tumor dosage too much penetraton possble rradaton of crtcal organs 1

2 Two propertes of radaton Quantty how much radaton Qualty how much energy Radaton as partcle beam Partcle flux densty φ φ = ΔN/AΔt Number of partcles passng gven unt area per unt tme Partcle fluence Φ Number of partcles per unt area If φ s constant over tme, then Φ = φ t Radaton as partcle beam Energy flux densty ψ ψ = ΔE/AΔt Energy per unt area per unt tme If all partcles have same energy e (or hν for photons) then ψ = φ e = φ hν 2

3 Radaton as partcle beam Energy fluence Ψ Energy per unt area Ψ = Φ e = Φ hν Energy dstrbuton Let f fracton of partcles wth energy e I or hν I Then, ψ = Ψ = f φ e f Φ e f Φ h ν f φ h ν Practcal measurement Concepts of flux densty and fluence are mportant for understandng of radaton exposure and dose, but not easy to measure clncally Introduce quanttes that are more relevant to what radaton actually does 3

4 Ionzaton Radaton produces on pars Prmary secondary # of on pars (IP) produced proportonal to amount of radaton Ionzaton Let Q amount of charge produced (negatve or postve) Q(coul) ) = n(ip) coul/ip Defne exposure as amount of charge produced/unt mass of ar X = Q/m Exposure Q reflects producton of both prmary and secondary on pars Unt of exposure: 1 Roentgen (R) = coul/kg of ar SI unt coul/kg Older defn of R: 1 R = 1 esu/ g of ar g = 1 cm 3 at 760 mm Hg and 0 0 C 4

5 Lmtatons on roentgen Only vald for x-rays x and gamma rays Only vald n ar Only vald for energes less than 3 MeV Energy absorbed n ar Recall W = 33.7 ev/ip produced coul/kg 1R = coul/ip 15 = IP/kg Ths quantty s known as ar kerma (neglectng fracton of energy re-radated) radated) Energy absorbed n ar Multply ths by W: IP/kg 33.7 ev/ip = ev/kg 1.6 J/eV -3 = 8.69 J/kg For every roentgen exposure, energy absorbed n ar s J/kg. 5

6 Measurement of exposure To measure exposure use defnton Defne mass of ar: Generally easer to defne volume and multply by ar densty Count number of on pars produced Some IP produced nsde volume, depost energy outsde volume, other IP produced outsde volume, depost energy nsde volume Measurement of exposure Electronc equlbrum Energy lost outsde volume by IP created nsde volume equals energy deposted nsde volume by IP created outsde volume Free-ar onzaton chamber 2 parallel plate electrodes A grounded B hghly negatve Electrons produced n collecton volume collected at A 6

7 Free-ar onzaton chamber Volume of chamber: Area A Length L # IP/unt volume = N/AL Charge collected at collectng electrode Q = N Free-ar onzaton chamber Charge collected per unt mass of ar Q = N/ALρ Dvde by to get exposure n roentgens X(R) = N/ALρ Two problems For electronc equlbrum to occur, all secondary electrons produced n the measurement volume must depost ther energy ether n the measurement volume or outsde the volume n ar That s, the collectng electrodes must le beyond the range of the secondary electrons 7

8 Two problems Ths provdes mnmum value for sze of chamber Ths provdes maxmum energy value for practcal measurement of exposure Range and percent of total onzaton produced by photoelectrons and Compton electrons for x-rays generated at 0, 200, and 00 kvp Photoelectrons Compton Electrons x-ray tube voltage (kvp) Range n ar (cm) % of total onzaton Range n ar (cm) % of total onzaton Electrode separaton n free-ar onzaton chamber cm m Suffcent potental dfference to attract all ons to electrodes saturaton voltage Two problems 8

9 Saturaton voltage must be hgh enough to prevent recombnaton of ons Saturaton voltage ncreases wth exposure rate Two problems May cause problems wth very hgh exposure rates Two problems Correctons to measurements Attenuaton of x-rays x by ar between daphragm and collecton volume Recombnaton of on pars wthn chamber Ar densty (temperature and pressure) Humdty Scattered photons Inadequate separaton of electrodes 9

10 Accuracy and applcaton Accuracy of measurement around 0.5% Use free-ar chambers as standard of measurement Thmble chamber Prncple: Amount of onzaton collected n small volume of ar s ndependent of what surrounds volume, provded medum surroundng volume has same atomc number as ar Thmble chamber Replace ar by dense medum wth same atomc number Effectve atomc number of ar = 7.64 Replace ar by ar- equvalent wall

11 Wall thckness: Thmble chamber Greater than range of secondary electrons Small to mnmze attenuaton of prmary photons Thmble chamber Cannot construct thmble chamber wth response at all energes dentcal to that of free-ar onzaton chamber Calbrate thmble chamber aganst free-ar onzaton chamber at dfferent energes Chamber as capactor Place charge dfference on chamber chamber has capactance Expose chamber to X chamber becomes partally dscharged Amount of dscharge s proportonal to X Voltage drop V = Q/C whch wll be proportonal to the exposure X 11

12 Chamber as capactor Thus a measurement of the voltage drop across the capactor can be drectly related to a measurement of the exposure Stem effect Problem: Addtonal onzaton may take place n stem of onzaton chamber Stem effect need to make correcton May be several percent 12

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