Supplemental Material
|
|
- Hope McLaughlin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Supplemental Material uman NF-α amin acid sequence: 1 VRSSSRPS PVAVVANP QAEQLQWLN RRANALLAN VELRNQLVV PSELYLIYS 61 QVLFQP SVLLI SRIAVSYQ VNLLSAISP QREPEAE APWYEPIYL 121 VFQLE RLSAEINRP YLFAESQV YFIIAL Extinctin cefficient used fr determinatin f cncentratin: ε NF(278nm) = M -1 cm -1 Fab f adalimumab amin acid sequence: Light chain: 1 IQMQSPSS LSASVRV IRASQIR NYLAWYQQP APLLIYA ASLQSVPS 61 RFSSS FLISSLQP EVAYYQR YNRAPYFQ VEIRV AAPSVFIFPP 121 SEQLSA SVVLLNNFY PREAVQWV NALQSNSQ ESVEQS SYSLSSL 181 LSAYE VYAEVQ LSSPVSFN RE eavy chain: 1 EVQLVES LVQPRSLRL SAASFF YAMWVRQA PLEWVSA IWNSIY 61 ASVERFI SRNANSLY LQMNSLRAE AVYYAVS YLSASSLY WQLVVS 121 SASPSVF PLAPSSSS AALLV YFPEPVV SWNSALS VFPAVLQS 181 SLYSLSSVV VPSSSLQ YINVNP SNVVE PS Extinctin cefficient used fr determinatin f cncentratin: ε Fab(278nm) = M -1 cm -1 SS PAE electrphresis: SS PAE electrphresis was emplyed t cnfirm suitability f the mnmlecular denaturatin mdel used fr the interpretatin f urea induced unflding curves. he data suggests that Fab is cmpsed f tw plypeptide chains f similar length (20-0 ka) cnnected with a disulphide bnd. his is als in accrdance with the amin acid sequence data presented abve. SI-Figure 1. SS PAE electrphresis f Fab under reducing nn-reducing cnditins. 1
2 hermdynamic Analysis f Experimental ata lbal Mdel Analysis f Urea-induced Unflding urves Mnitred by -Urea denaturatin f Fab, NF-α the Fab-NF-α cmplex can be successfully described in terms f a tw-state r three-state mdel. he mdels can be defined as fllws, 1(,u ) I F1(,u ) F I Mdels 1- F(,u ) F F F 2(,u ) F2(,u ) F where F, F represent Fab mnmer, NF-α trimer NF-α-Fab heterhexamer in their native (N) states, respectively, whereas superscript dentes the prteins in their denatured () states. he transitins t the intermediate states I I F accmpanying the denaturatin f F cmplex is assumed t be mnmlecular. he apparent equilibrium cnstants in Mdels 1- are F F, functins f temperature () urea cncentratin ( can be defined as: F( I, I I F F I 1(, 2( F1( F. F2 ( he quantities in the square brackets represent the crrespnding equilibrium mlar cncentratins Θ ) at a that are dependent n u. Accrding t the mdels the measured mlar ellipticity ( ( given wavelength, u can be expressed in terms f the crrespnding cntributins N( Θ I( Θ ( that characterize states N, I, as fllws, Θ Θ N(, Θ I(, Θ (, ) (, N(, I(, (, u F Θ, (SI-Eq. 1) where N(, I( ( represent fractins f prteins in states N, I respectively, at given u. In the case f F denaturatin, the fractins are defined as F F ( F ( t ( 1 t N(, u ) F(, u ) t F F, in the case f denaturatin as N( ( t (, u ) in the case f F denaturatin F t N( F (, whereas ( Θ ( are defined as Θ Θ Θ, respectively ([F] t, [ ] t [ F ] ( (, (, F (, ( F ( represent ttal Fab, NF-α trimer Fab-NF-α cmplex cncentratins, respectively). WhileΘ ( Θ N(, Θ ( can be btained frm the experiment ( Θ ( is the measured signal, while Θ N( Θ ( can be estimated at any measured as linear functins f u frm pre- psttransitinal base lines), I( ( can be calculated frm the mdel, as shwn belw. Fr tw state denaturatin f F the secnd term in SI-Eq. 1 is equal t zer. In the case f r F Θ was included in the glbal mdeling as a linear functin f independent f u. denaturatin I( I( ( can be cnnected t the thermdynamics f unflding thrugh prpsed mdels (Mdels 1-) the general characteristics f urea denaturatin that the stard ibbs free energy f unflding ( ) fr any transitin i (i = F, 1, 2, F1 r F2) appears t be a linear functin f u i (, u ) ) i ( i ( mi u (SI-Eq. 2) 2
3 where m i is an empirical parameter crrelated strngly t the amunt f prtein surface area-expsed t the slvent upn denaturatin (1) assumed t be temperature-independent. is the stard ibbs free energy f unflding in the absence f urea (u = 0) that may be expressed in terms f crrespnding stard ibbs free energy ( ) stard enthalpy f unflding ( ) at a reference temperature 0 = 7 º stard heat capacity f unflding ( temperature-independent, thrugh the ibbs-elmhltz relatin (integrated frm). 1 ln i( ) i ( ) 0 i( ) 0 P, i ), assumed t be (SI-Eq. ) It fllws frm SI-Eq. 2 SI-Eq. that the mdel (adjustable) parameters,,, m i define i (, u ) thus the crrespnding i( [ R i ( exp i( ]. nsequently, they specify the ppulatins f species in slutin ( i(,u ) = f ( j( ; j N,I, ), 1 j( ) the mdel functin (SI-Eq. 1) at any u. he best glbal fit values f j j (, (able 1) btained using the nnlinear Levenberg-Marquardt regressin prcedure (2) were used t estimate (integrated frm), i( ) i( ) P, i 0 (frm SI-Eq. ), frm the irchhff s law (SI-Eq. 4) the crrespnding entrpy cntributin, S frm the general relatin (SI-Eq. 5) i( ) i( ) Si ( ) lbal Mdel Analysis f I Binding urves-mdel functin describing binding f Fab t three equivalent independent binding sites n NF-α was fitted t the sets f I curves measured at varius temperatures as described belw. he mdel functin at a given can be defined as fllws (,4) rp,, 1 (SI-Eq. 6) where i( ) n is the stard enthalpy f Fab binding t the binding site f NF-α, is an average n i F i i1 number f Fab bund n NF-α ( t ), r is a mlar rati between ttal cncentratin f Fab NF-α in the measuring cell. he derivative in SI-Eq. 6 can be expressed as r = (12)(1+[-r-c][r 2-2r(-c)+(1+c) 2 ] 12 ), where c = 1( () [ ] t ), () is an apparent P,, n1 cnstant f Fab binding t any f the three binding sits n NF-α [ ] t is the ttal cncentratin f NF-α in the measuring cell. he crrespnding stard ibbs free energy stard enthalpy at 0 = 7 º stard heat capacity f binding temperature independent) define (assumed t be at any by SI-Eqs. 4. hus the values f adjustable parameters, cmpletely define the temperature dependence f the binding cnstant [ i() = exp(- R)], the mdel functin (SI-Eq. 6) at any
4 cnsequently the crrespnding thermdynamic prfiles (Fig. 6 in the main text). he best fit values f the adjustable parameters (able 1 in the main text) were btained using the nnlinear Levenberg- Marquardt regressin prcedure (2). It shuld be mentined that a significant curvature f the I curve at FabNF-α mlar rati r (Fig 2) frm which a safe binding cnstant can be estimated is bserved nly at the highest measured temperature. herefre, ne may be a bit skeptical abut the accuracy f the btained binding cnstant. wever, since the glbal mdel gives gd descriptin f all I istherms, the ne with the curvature the thers with nticeable breaks at r, we believe that the crrespnding estimate f the binding cnstant is reasnable. Structural interpretatin f NF-α-Fab assciatin- Numerus recent studies f prtein unflding prtein-prtein binding prcesses have shwn that the crrespnding enthalpy ( ) heat capacity ( ) changes can be parameterized in terms f changes in slvent accessible plar (ΔA P ) nnplar (ΔA N ) surface areas accmpanying these prcesses (1,5-9). Such a parameterizatin is based n the estimatin f the nnplar (A N ) plar (A P ) slvent-accessible areas f prteins in the initial (unbund) final (bund) states. A N A P f NF-α-Fab cmplex were calculated frm structural mdel btained by mlecular mdeling (described in the main text) by applying the prgram NAESS versin 2.1 using the prbe size f 1.4 Å (10). A N A P f unbund NF-α Fab were btained frm the structural mdel f the cmplex by deleting the crdinates f either f the binding partners by applying the same prgram as fr the cmplex. ΔA N, BIN ΔA P, BIN were estimated as a difference between A N (A P ) f the NF-α-Fab cmplex the sum A N (A P ) f the unbund NFα Fab. he heat capacity ( ) enthalpy changes ( P, BIN BIN ( ) BIN ( ) ( )) accmpanying binding can be expressed as the sum f nnplar (subscript N) P, BIN plar (subscript P) cntributins (5-9). P, BIN P, BIN, N P, BIN, P aan, BIN bap, BIN (SI-Eq. 7) BIN ( ) BIN ( ), N BIN ( ), P c a( ) A N, BIN d b( ) A P, BIN (SI-Eq. 8) Parameters a = 0.45 calml -1-1 Å -2, b = calml -1-1 Å -2, c = calml -1 Å -2, d = 1.4 calml -1 Å -2 are btained frm Murphy Freire (5) Xie Freire (6), whereas is parameterized as i( ) can dap represents the enthalpy f unflding bserved with mst glbal prteins at their median transitin temperature f = 60 º. he entrpy change ( ) accmpanying binding prcesses can be expressed as fllws, S BIN, S ln( ) S BIN, P, BIN S R (SI-Eq. 9) where first term in SI-Eq. 9 is an estimate f change in slvatin entrpy upn binding S 112 º is the reference temperature at which slvatin entrpy is assumed t be zer (7). he secnd term SR = -50 cal ml -1-1 is an estimate f the translatinal rtatinal entrpy lss accmpanying a rigid-bdy assciatin (8). Empirical relatins between structural thermdynamic parameters in cmbinatin with experimentally btained quantities enable us t parse the thermdynamics f binding int a cntributin f rigid-bdy assciatin ( ) cntributin f cnfrmatinal change ( F ONF ; see Eq. 1 in the main text). F F F, (SI-Eq. 10) BIN ONF F BIN 4
5 where F,, S,. mentined abve while P F was btained frm the I experiments. was estimated as F F ONF ONF F F BIN F BIN was calculated as. he calculated P, values enable us t estimate changes in slvent accessible plar nnplar surface ONF( ) areas accmpanying cnfrmatin change ( A P, ONF, A N, ONF ) by emplying SI-Eqs References: 1. Mayers, J.., Pace,. N., Schltz, M. J., (1995) Prtein Sci. 4, Press, W.., Flannery, B. P., euklvski, S. A., Vetterling, W.., (1992) Numerical Recipes, Oxfrd, U: ambridge University Press. Lah, J., rbnak, I., linar, M., Vesnaver,., (2008) Nucleic Acid Res. 6, Bnčina, M., Lah, J., Reščič, J., Vlachy, V. (2010) J.Phys. hem. B. 114, Murphy,. P., Freire, E. (1992) Adv. Prtein hem. 4, Xie,., Freire, E. (1994) Prteins Struct. Funct. enet. 19, Baldwin, R. L., (1986) Prc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 8, Splar, R. S., Recrd, M.., Jr. (1994) Science 26, Makhatadze,. I., Privalv, P. L. (1995) Adv. Prtein hem. 47, ubbard, S. J., hrntn, J. M. (199) NAES, University llege, Lndn ONF 5
Lecture 23: Lattice Models of Materials; Modeling Polymer Solutions
Lecture 23: 12.05.05 Lattice Mdels f Materials; Mdeling Plymer Slutins Tday: LAST TIME...2 The Bltzmann Factr and Partitin Functin: systems at cnstant temperature...2 A better mdel: The Debye slid...3
More informationLecture 24: Flory-Huggins Theory
Lecture 24: 12.07.05 Flry-Huggins Thery Tday: LAST TIME...2 Lattice Mdels f Slutins...2 ENTROPY OF MIXING IN THE FLORY-HUGGINS MODEL...3 CONFIGURATIONS OF A SINGLE CHAIN...3 COUNTING CONFIGURATIONS FOR
More informationNORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Professor Bjørn E. Christensen, Department of Biotechnology
1 NRWEGIAN UNIVERSITY F SCIENCE AND TECNLGY DEPARTMENT F BITECNLGY Prfessr Bjørn E. Christensen, Department f Bitechnlgy Cntact during the exam: phne: 73593327, 92634016 EXAM TBT4135 BIPLYMERS 11 December
More informationSupporting information
Electrnic Supplementary Material (ESI) fr Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics This jurnal is The wner Scieties 01 ydrgen perxide electrchemistry n platinum: twards understanding the xygen reductin reactin
More information5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics Spring 2008
MIT OpenCurseWare http://cw.mit.edu 5.60 Thermdynamics & Kinetics Spring 2008 Fr infrmatin abut citing these materials r ur Terms f Use, visit: http://cw.mit.edu/terms. 5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture #17 page
More informationThermodynamics Partial Outline of Topics
Thermdynamics Partial Outline f Tpics I. The secnd law f thermdynamics addresses the issue f spntaneity and invlves a functin called entrpy (S): If a prcess is spntaneus, then Suniverse > 0 (2 nd Law!)
More informationPressure And Entropy Variations Across The Weak Shock Wave Due To Viscosity Effects
Pressure And Entrpy Variatins Acrss The Weak Shck Wave Due T Viscsity Effects OSTAFA A. A. AHOUD Department f athematics Faculty f Science Benha University 13518 Benha EGYPT Abstract:-The nnlinear differential
More informationComputational modeling techniques
Cmputatinal mdeling techniques Lecture 4: Mdel checing fr ODE mdels In Petre Department f IT, Åb Aademi http://www.users.ab.fi/ipetre/cmpmd/ Cntent Stichimetric matrix Calculating the mass cnservatin relatins
More informationMore Tutorial at
Answer each questin in the space prvided; use back f page if extra space is needed. Answer questins s the grader can READILY understand yur wrk; nly wrk n the exam sheet will be cnsidered. Write answers,
More informationEstimation of Thermodynamic Properties and Ionic Equilibria of Cobalt Chloride Solution at 298 K
Materials Transactins, Vl., N. () pp. 117 t 11 # The Japan Institute f Metals Estimatin f Thermdynamic Prperties and Inic Equilibria f Cbalt Chlride Slutin at 98 K Man-seung Lee 1 and Yung-j Oh 1 Department
More informationChapter 17 Free Energy and Thermodynamics
Chemistry: A Mlecular Apprach, 1 st Ed. Nivald Tr Chapter 17 Free Energy and Thermdynamics Ry Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Cmmunity Cllege Wellesley Hills, MA 2008, Prentice Hall First Law f Thermdynamics
More informationPartial Molar Volumes of Aluminium Chloride, Aluminium Sulphate and Aluminium Nitrate in Water-rich Binary Aqueous Mixtures of Tetrahydrofuran
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY An Internatinal Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Jurnal www.rientjchem.rg ISSN: 97-2 X CODEN: OJCHEG 214, Vl. 3, N. (4): Pg. 237-241 Partial Mlar Vlumes f Aluminium
More informationPart One: Heat Changes and Thermochemistry. This aspect of Thermodynamics was dealt with in Chapter 6. (Review)
CHAPTER 18: THERMODYNAMICS AND EQUILIBRIUM Part One: Heat Changes and Thermchemistry This aspect f Thermdynamics was dealt with in Chapter 6. (Review) A. Statement f First Law. (Sectin 18.1) 1. U ttal
More informationChapters 29 and 35 Thermochemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics
Chapters 9 and 35 Thermchemistry and Chemical Thermdynamics 1 Cpyright (c) 011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. Thermchemistry Thermchemistry is the study f the energy effects that accmpany
More informationCalculating the optimum pressure and temperature for vacancy minimization from theory; Niobium is an example. Jozsef Garai
Calculating the ptimum pressure and temperature fr vacancy minimizatin frm thery; Nibium is an example Jzsef Garai Department f Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Flrida Internatinal University, Miami,
More informationCHAPTER 3 INEQUALITIES. Copyright -The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
CHAPTER 3 INEQUALITIES Cpyright -The Institute f Chartered Accuntants f India INEQUALITIES LEARNING OBJECTIVES One f the widely used decisin making prblems, nwadays, is t decide n the ptimal mix f scarce
More informationA Few Basic Facts About Isothermal Mass Transfer in a Binary Mixture
Few asic Facts but Isthermal Mass Transfer in a inary Miture David Keffer Department f Chemical Engineering University f Tennessee first begun: pril 22, 2004 last updated: January 13, 2006 dkeffer@utk.edu
More informationLecture 13: Electrochemical Equilibria
3.012 Fundamentals f Materials Science Fall 2005 Lecture 13: 10.21.05 Electrchemical Equilibria Tday: LAST TIME...2 An example calculatin...3 THE ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIAL...4 Electrstatic energy cntributins
More informationlecture 5: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
lecture 5: Nuclephilic Substitutin Reactins Substitutin unimlecular (SN1): substitutin nuclephilic, unimlecular. It is first rder. The rate is dependent upn ne mlecule, that is the substrate, t frm the
More informationAppendix I: Derivation of the Toy Model
SPEA ET AL.: DYNAMICS AND THEMODYNAMICS OF MAGMA HYBIDIZATION Thermdynamic Parameters Appendix I: Derivatin f the Ty Mdel The ty mdel is based upn the thermdynamics f an isbaric twcmpnent (A and B) phase
More informationLecture 17: Free Energy of Multi-phase Solutions at Equilibrium
Lecture 17: 11.07.05 Free Energy f Multi-phase Slutins at Equilibrium Tday: LAST TIME...2 FREE ENERGY DIAGRAMS OF MULTI-PHASE SOLUTIONS 1...3 The cmmn tangent cnstructin and the lever rule...3 Practical
More informationLHS Mathematics Department Honors Pre-Calculus Final Exam 2002 Answers
LHS Mathematics Department Hnrs Pre-alculus Final Eam nswers Part Shrt Prblems The table at the right gives the ppulatin f Massachusetts ver the past several decades Using an epnential mdel, predict the
More informationDr M. BROUARD. 5. Thermodynamic formulation of Transition State Theory Entropy of activation. Thermochemical kinetics. CHEMICAL REACTION RATES
CHEMICAL REACTION RATES Dr M. BROUARD Trinity Term 2003 A. Bimlecular Reactins 5 Lectures 1. Intrductin Simple cllisin thery. Ptential energy curves and surfaces. The reactin crdinate and barriers t reactin.
More informationDetermining the Accuracy of Modal Parameter Estimation Methods
Determining the Accuracy f Mdal Parameter Estimatin Methds by Michael Lee Ph.D., P.E. & Mar Richardsn Ph.D. Structural Measurement Systems Milpitas, CA Abstract The mst cmmn type f mdal testing system
More informationProcess Engineering Thermodynamics E (4 sp) Exam
Prcess Engineering Thermdynamics 42434 E (4 sp) Exam 9-3-29 ll supprt material is allwed except fr telecmmunicatin devices. 4 questins give max. 3 pints = 7½ + 7½ + 7½ + 7½ pints Belw 6 questins are given,
More informationChem 112, Fall 05 (Weis/Garman) Exam 4A, December 14, 2005 (Print Clearly) +2 points
+2 pints Befre yu begin, make sure that yur exam has all 7 pages. There are 14 required prblems (7 pints each) and tw extra credit prblems (5 pints each). Stay fcused, stay calm. Wrk steadily thrugh yur
More informationCS 477/677 Analysis of Algorithms Fall 2007 Dr. George Bebis Course Project Due Date: 11/29/2007
CS 477/677 Analysis f Algrithms Fall 2007 Dr. Gerge Bebis Curse Prject Due Date: 11/29/2007 Part1: Cmparisn f Srting Algrithms (70% f the prject grade) The bjective f the first part f the assignment is
More informationChapter 4. Unsteady State Conduction
Chapter 4 Unsteady State Cnductin Chapter 5 Steady State Cnductin Chee 318 1 4-1 Intrductin ransient Cnductin Many heat transfer prblems are time dependent Changes in perating cnditins in a system cause
More informationMass transport with varying diffusion- and solubility coefficient through a catalytic membrane layer
Mass transprt with varying diffusin- and slubility cefficient thrugh a catalytic membrane layer Prceedings f Eurpean Cngress f Chemical Engineering (ECCE-6) Cpenhagen, 6-0 September 007 Mass transprt with
More informationA) 0.77 N B) 0.24 N C) 0.63 N D) 0.31 N E) 0.86 N. v = ω k = 80 = 32 m/s. Ans: (32) 2 = 0.77 N
Q1. A transverse sinusidal wave travelling n a string is given by: y (x,t) = 0.20 sin (2.5 x 80 t) (SI units). The length f the string is 2.0 m and its mass is 1.5 g. What is the magnitude f the tensin
More informationComputational modeling techniques
Cmputatinal mdeling techniques Lecture 2: Mdeling change. In Petre Department f IT, Åb Akademi http://users.ab.fi/ipetre/cmpmd/ Cntent f the lecture Basic paradigm f mdeling change Examples Linear dynamical
More informationLCAO APPROXIMATIONS OF ORGANIC Pi MO SYSTEMS The allyl system (cation, anion or radical).
Principles f Organic Chemistry lecture 5, page LCAO APPROIMATIONS OF ORGANIC Pi MO SYSTEMS The allyl system (catin, anin r radical).. Draw mlecule and set up determinant. 2 3 0 3 C C 2 = 0 C 2 3 0 = -
More informationrcrit (r C + t m ) 2 ] crit + t o crit The critical radius is evaluated at a given axial location z from the equation + (1 , and D = 4D = 555.
hapter 1 c) When the average bld velcity in the capillary is reduced by a factr f 10, the delivery f the slute t the capillary is liited s that the slute cncentratin after crit 0.018 c is equal t er at
More information" 1 = # $H vap. Chapter 3 Problems
Chapter 3 rblems rblem At 1 atmsphere pure Ge melts at 1232 K and bils at 298 K. he triple pint ccurs at =8.4x1-8 atm. Estimate the heat f vaprizatin f Ge. he heat f vaprizatin is estimated frm the Clausius
More informationOverview of the Molecule:
Prtein Mdeling Event Guide t Scring the Invitatinal Pre-Build Mdel Fr Science Olympiad 2016 Invitatinal Cmpetitin These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped
More informationComparing Several Means: ANOVA. Group Means and Grand Mean
STAT 511 ANOVA and Regressin 1 Cmparing Several Means: ANOVA Slide 1 Blue Lake snap beans were grwn in 12 pen-tp chambers which are subject t 4 treatments 3 each with O 3 and SO 2 present/absent. The ttal
More informationChE 471: LECTURE 4 Fall 2003
ChE 47: LECTURE 4 Fall 003 IDEL RECTORS One f the key gals f chemical reactin engineering is t quantify the relatinship between prductin rate, reactr size, reactin kinetics and selected perating cnditins.
More informationCHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS CHEMISTRY
Chemical Kinetics Name: Batch: Date: Rate f reactin. 4NH 3 (g) + 5O (g) à 4NO (g) + 6 H O (g) If the rate f frmatin f NO is 3.6 0 3 ml L s, calculate (i) the rate f disappearance f NH 3 (ii) rate f frmatin
More informationMethods for Determination of Mean Speckle Size in Simulated Speckle Pattern
0.478/msr-04-004 MEASUREMENT SCENCE REVEW, Vlume 4, N. 3, 04 Methds fr Determinatin f Mean Speckle Size in Simulated Speckle Pattern. Hamarvá, P. Šmíd, P. Hrváth, M. Hrabvský nstitute f Physics f the Academy
More informationFinding the Earth s magnetic field
Labratry #6 Name: Phys 1402 - Dr. Cristian Bahrim Finding the Earth s magnetic field The thery accepted tday fr the rigin f the Earth s magnetic field is based n the mtin f the plasma (a miture f electrns
More informationSynchronous Motor V-Curves
Synchrnus Mtr V-Curves 1 Synchrnus Mtr V-Curves Intrductin Synchrnus mtrs are used in applicatins such as textile mills where cnstant speed peratin is critical. Mst small synchrnus mtrs cntain squirrel
More information( ) kt. Solution. From kinetic theory (visualized in Figure 1Q9-1), 1 2 rms = 2. = 1368 m/s
.9 Kinetic Mlecular Thery Calculate the effective (rms) speeds f the He and Ne atms in the He-Ne gas laser tube at rm temperature (300 K). Slutin T find the rt mean square velcity (v rms ) f He atms at
More information[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ J] dt x x hard to solve in general solve it numerically. If there is no convection. is in the absence of reaction n
.3 The material balance equatin Net change f [J] due t diffusin, cnvectin, and reactin [ ] [ ] [ ] d J J J n = D v k [ J ] fr n - th reactin dt x x hard t slve in general slve it numerically If there is
More informationChapter 17: Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes
Chapter 17: hermdynamics: Spntaneus and Nnspntaneus Reactins and Prcesses Learning Objectives 17.1: Spntaneus Prcesses Cmparing and Cntrasting the hree Laws f hermdynamics (1 st Law: Chap. 5; 2 nd & 3
More informationEntropy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
Nv. 26 Chapter 19 Chemical Thermdynamics Entrpy, Free Energy, and Equilibrium Nv. 26 Spntaneus Physical and Chemical Prcesses Thermdynamics: cncerned with the questin: can a reactin ccur? A waterfall runs
More informationMaterials Engineering 272-C Fall 2001, Lecture 7 & 8 Fundamentals of Diffusion
Materials Engineering 272-C Fall 2001, Lecture 7 & 8 Fundamentals f Diffusin Diffusin: Transprt in a slid, liquid, r gas driven by a cncentratin gradient (r, in the case f mass transprt, a chemical ptential
More informationThermodynamics and Equilibrium
Thermdynamics and Equilibrium Thermdynamics Thermdynamics is the study f the relatinship between heat and ther frms f energy in a chemical r physical prcess. We intrduced the thermdynamic prperty f enthalpy,
More informationKinetics of Particles. Chapter 3
Kinetics f Particles Chapter 3 1 Kinetics f Particles It is the study f the relatins existing between the frces acting n bdy, the mass f the bdy, and the mtin f the bdy. It is the study f the relatin between
More informationEnhancing Performance of MLP/RBF Neural Classifiers via an Multivariate Data Distribution Scheme
Enhancing Perfrmance f / Neural Classifiers via an Multivariate Data Distributin Scheme Halis Altun, Gökhan Gelen Nigde University, Electrical and Electrnics Engineering Department Nigde, Turkey haltun@nigde.edu.tr
More informationChem 75 February 16, 2017 Exam 2 Solutions
1. (6 + 6 pints) Tw quick questins: (a) The Handbk f Chemistry and Physics tells us, crrectly, that CCl 4 bils nrmally at 76.7 C, but its mlar enthalpy f vaprizatin is listed in ne place as 34.6 kj ml
More informationGeneral Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 1)
General Chemistry II, Unit II: Study Guide (part 1) CDS Chapter 21: Reactin Equilibrium in the Gas Phase General Chemistry II Unit II Part 1 1 Intrductin Sme chemical reactins have a significant amunt
More informationWhat determines how matter behaves? Thermodynamics.
What determines hw matter ehaves? hermdynamics.. What determines hw matter ehaves? Final Stale State Equilirium State Gis free energy: Minimum (at specific, ). Classical thermdynamics Macrscpic phenmena.
More informationx x
Mdeling the Dynamics f Life: Calculus and Prbability fr Life Scientists Frederick R. Adler cfrederick R. Adler, Department f Mathematics and Department f Bilgy, University f Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
More informationIN a recent article, Geary [1972] discussed the merit of taking first differences
The Efficiency f Taking First Differences in Regressin Analysis: A Nte J. A. TILLMAN IN a recent article, Geary [1972] discussed the merit f taking first differences t deal with the prblems that trends
More informationAP CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 6 NOTES THERMOCHEMISTRY
AP CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 6 NOTES THERMOCHEMISTRY Energy- the capacity t d wrk r t prduce heat 1 st Law f Thermdynamics: Law f Cnservatin f Energy- energy can be cnverted frm ne frm t anther but it can be neither
More informationABSORPTION OF GAMMA RAYS
6 Sep 11 Gamma.1 ABSORPTIO OF GAMMA RAYS Gamma rays is the name given t high energy electrmagnetic radiatin riginating frm nuclear energy level transitins. (Typical wavelength, frequency, and energy ranges
More informationElectric Current and Resistance
Electric Current and Resistance Electric Current Electric current is the rate f flw f charge thrugh sme regin f space The SI unit f current is the ampere (A) 1 A = 1 C / s The symbl fr electric current
More information3. Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction
8 3. Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactin 3. Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactin In the fllwing, the fundamentals f desrptin with chemical reactin, which are applied t the prblem f CO 2 desrptin in ME distillers,
More informationCHEM-443, Fall 2013, Section 010 Midterm 2 November 4, 2013
CHEM-443, Fall 2013, Sectin 010 Student Name Midterm 2 Nvember 4, 2013 Directins: Please answer each questin t the best f yur ability. Make sure yur respnse is legible, precise, includes relevant dimensinal
More informationACCELEROGRAPH RECORDINGS OF THE M USA EARTHQUAKE 16 SEPTEMBER, 1972
115 ACCELEROGRAPH RECORDINGS OF THE M USA EARTHQUAKE 16 SEPTEMBER, 1972 B.Gauir SUMMARY On 16 September, 1972 at 04 15 09.8 UT an earthquake f magnitude ML 5.0 ccurred in sutheast Papua within abut 20
More informationThis section is primarily focused on tools to aid us in finding roots/zeros/ -intercepts of polynomials. Essentially, our focus turns to solving.
Sectin 3.2: Many f yu WILL need t watch the crrespnding vides fr this sectin n MyOpenMath! This sectin is primarily fcused n tls t aid us in finding rts/zers/ -intercepts f plynmials. Essentially, ur fcus
More informationv , Michael E. Hanyak, Jr., All Rights Reserved Page 7-18
v07.08.04 007, Michael E. Hanyak, Jr., All Rights Reserved age 7-8 Energy Balance Intrductin Functinal frm: Hw t evaluate hmix,,? [ X H 0.60* + 0.40* + Δ () mix Ĥ is mlar enthalpy (kj/gml) f mixture at
More informationGuide to Using the Rubric to Score the Caspase-3 Pre-Build Model for Science Olympiad National Competition
Guide t Using the Rubric t Scre the Caspase-3 Pre-Build Mdel fr Science Olympiad 2011-2012 Natinal Cmpetitin These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped by
More informationDIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FEW AMINO ACIDS FOR FIVE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES IN AQUEOUS SODIUM ACETATE SOLUTION
Internatinal Jurnal f Advanced Research in Engineering and Technlgy (IJARET) Vlume 0, Issue, January- February 209, pp. 8-87, Article ID: IJARET_0_0_07 Available nline at http://www.iaeme.cm/ijaret/issues.asp?jtype=ijaret&vtype=0&itype=0
More informationIn the half reaction I 2 2 I the iodine is (a) reduced (b) oxidized (c) neither of the above
6.3-110 In the half reactin I 2 2 I the idine is (a) reduced (b) xidized (c) neither f the abve 6.3-120 Vitamin C is an "antixidant". This is because it (a) xidizes readily (b) is an xidizing agent (c)
More informationSmall Angle Neutron Scattering. Mark Telling
Small Angle Neutrn Scattering a tl fr the study f mlecular structure Mark Telling ISIS Facility e-mail: mark.telling@stfc.ac.uk Lecture 3 : Overview SANS : why and what gemetry f a SANS experiment cntributins
More informationChapter 8 Predicting Molecular Geometries
Chapter 8 Predicting Mlecular Gemetries 8-1 Mlecular shape The Lewis diagram we learned t make in the last chapter are a way t find bnds between atms and lne pais f electrns n atms, but are nt intended
More informationEstimation of excited state electric dipole moment of gome Bubgtitated benzonitriles
Indian J. Phys. 64B (6). 447-463 (1990) stimatin f excited state electric diple mment f gme Bubgtitated benznitriles I. Rekha Ra and M A Shashidhar Department f Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580
More informationNUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CHLORIDE DIFFUSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH CRACKS
VIII Internatinal Cnference n Fracture Mechanics f Cnete and Cnete Structures FraMCS-8 J.G.M. Van Mier, G. Ruiz, C. Andrade, R.C. Yu and X.X. Zhang (Eds) NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CHLORIDE DIFFUSION IN REINFORCED
More informationDead-beat controller design
J. Hetthéssy, A. Barta, R. Bars: Dead beat cntrller design Nvember, 4 Dead-beat cntrller design In sampled data cntrl systems the cntrller is realised by an intelligent device, typically by a PLC (Prgrammable
More informationFind this material useful? You can help our team to keep this site up and bring you even more content consider donating via the link on our site.
Find this material useful? Yu can help ur team t keep this site up and bring yu even mre cntent cnsider dnating via the link n ur site. Still having truble understanding the material? Check ut ur Tutring
More informationANSWER KEY FOR MATH 10 SAMPLE EXAMINATION. Instructions: If asked to label the axes please use real world (contextual) labels
ANSWER KEY FOR MATH 10 SAMPLE EXAMINATION Instructins: If asked t label the axes please use real wrld (cntextual) labels Multiple Chice Answers: 0 questins x 1.5 = 30 Pints ttal Questin Answer Number 1
More informationExaminer: Dr. Mohamed Elsharnoby Time: 180 min. Attempt all the following questions Solve the following five questions, and assume any missing data
Benha University Cllege f Engineering at Banha Department f Mechanical Eng. First Year Mechanical Subject : Fluid Mechanics M111 Date:4/5/016 Questins Fr Final Crrective Examinatin Examiner: Dr. Mhamed
More informationSGP - TR - 30 PROCEEDINGS FOURTH WORKSHOP GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ENGINEERING. Editors. December13-15, , 1978 SGP - TR - 30 CONF
SGP - TR - 30 SGP - TR - 30 CON-781222-26 PROCEEDINGS OURTH WORKSHOP GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR ENGINEERING Paul Paul Krugerand and Henry.. Ramey, Ramey., r. r. Editrs December13-15, 13-15., 1978 DISTRIBUTION
More informationAircraft Performance - Drag
Aircraft Perfrmance - Drag Classificatin f Drag Ntes: Drag Frce and Drag Cefficient Drag is the enemy f flight and its cst. One f the primary functins f aerdynamicists and aircraft designers is t reduce
More informationThermodynamic Properties of Solid Systems AgCl + NaCl and AgBr + NaBr from Miscibility Gap Measurements
Thermdynamic Prperties f Slid Systems AgCl + NaCl and + frm Miscibility Gap Measurements CESARE SINISTRI, R I C C A R D O R I C C A R D I, C H I A R A MARGHERITIS, a n d P A O L O TITTARELLI Centr di studi
More informationPhysics 2B Chapter 23 Notes - Faraday s Law & Inductors Spring 2018
Michael Faraday lived in the Lndn area frm 1791 t 1867. He was 29 years ld when Hand Oersted, in 1820, accidentally discvered that electric current creates magnetic field. Thrugh empirical bservatin and
More informationRevision: August 19, E Main Suite D Pullman, WA (509) Voice and Fax
.7.4: Direct frequency dmain circuit analysis Revisin: August 9, 00 5 E Main Suite D Pullman, WA 9963 (509) 334 6306 ice and Fax Overview n chapter.7., we determined the steadystate respnse f electrical
More informationThermochemistry. Thermochemistry
Thermchemistry Petrucci, Harwd and Herring: Chapter 7 CHEM 1000A 3.0 Thermchemistry 1 Thermchemistry The study energy in chemical reactins A sub-discipline thermdynamics Thermdynamics studies the bulk
More information3D FE Modeling Simulation of Cold Rotary Forging with Double Symmetry Rolls X. H. Han 1, a, L. Hua 1, b, Y. M. Zhao 1, c
Materials Science Frum Online: 2009-08-31 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vls. 628-629, pp 623-628 di:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.623 2009 Trans Tech Publicatins, Switzerland 3D FE Mdeling Simulatin f Cld
More informationBOUNDED UNCERTAINTY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS. Christopher Costello, Andrew Solow, Michael Neubert, and Stephen Polasky
BOUNDED UNCERTAINTY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICS Christpher Cstell, Andrew Slw, Michael Neubert, and Stephen Plasky Intrductin The central questin in the ecnmic analysis f climate change plicy cncerns
More informationAvances en Química ISSN: Universidad de los Andes Venezuela
Avances en Química ISSN: 1856-5301 clarez@ula.ve Universidad de ls Andes Venezuela Gmaa, E.; Hamada, M.; Galal, R. Apparent Mlal Vlumes f Sdium Fluride in Mixed Aqueus-Ethanl Slvents Avances en Química,
More informationIntroduction to Smith Charts
Intrductin t Smith Charts Dr. Russell P. Jedlicka Klipsch Schl f Electrical and Cmputer Engineering New Mexic State University as Cruces, NM 88003 September 2002 EE521 ecture 3 08/22/02 Smith Chart Summary
More informationCHEM 2400/2480. Lecture 19
Lecture 19 Metal In Indicatr - a cmpund whse clur changes when it binds t a metal in - t be useful, it must bind the metal less strngly than EDTA e.g. titratin f Mg 2+ with EDTA using erichrme black T
More informationENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL THERMODYNAMIC, FLUID AND PROCESS ENGINEERING C106 TUTORIAL 5 THE VISCOUS NATURE OF FLUIDS
ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL THERMODYNAMIC, FLUID AND PROCESS ENGINEERING C106 TUTORIAL 5 THE VISCOUS NATURE OF FLUIDS On cmpletin f this tutrial yu shuld be able t d the fllwing. Define viscsity
More informationSimulation of the Coating Process
Jsef Dembický Technical University f Liberec Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic E-mail: jsef.dembicky@tul.cz Simulatin f the Cating Prcess Abstract Cating prcesses play a significant rle in the
More informationCHAPTER Read Chapter 17, sections 1,2,3. End of Chapter problems: 25
CHAPTER 17 1. Read Chapter 17, sectins 1,2,3. End f Chapter prblems: 25 2. Suppse yu are playing a game that uses tw dice. If yu cunt the dts n the dice, yu culd have anywhere frm 2 t 12. The ways f prducing
More informationENGI 4430 Parametric Vector Functions Page 2-01
ENGI 4430 Parametric Vectr Functins Page -01. Parametric Vectr Functins (cntinued) Any nn-zer vectr r can be decmpsed int its magnitude r and its directin: r rrˆ, where r r 0 Tangent Vectr: dx dy dz dr
More informationPerformance Bounds for Detect and Avoid Signal Sensing
Perfrmance unds fr Detect and Avid Signal Sensing Sam Reisenfeld Real-ime Infrmatin etwrks, University f echnlgy, Sydney, radway, SW 007, Australia samr@uts.edu.au Abstract Detect and Avid (DAA) is a Cgnitive
More informationLyapunov Stability Stability of Equilibrium Points
Lyapunv Stability Stability f Equilibrium Pints 1. Stability f Equilibrium Pints - Definitins In this sectin we cnsider n-th rder nnlinear time varying cntinuus time (C) systems f the frm x = f ( t, x),
More informationCompressibility Effects
Definitin f Cmpressibility All real substances are cmpressible t sme greater r lesser extent; that is, when yu squeeze r press n them, their density will change The amunt by which a substance can be cmpressed
More informationTheoretical study of third virial coefficient with Kihara potential
Theretical study f third virial cefficient with Kihara ptential Jurnal: Manuscript ID cjp-017-0705.r Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Authr: 6-Dec-017 Cmplete List f Authrs: Smuncu E.; Giresun
More informationENG2410 Digital Design Sequential Circuits: Part B
ENG24 Digital Design Sequential Circuits: Part B Fall 27 S. Areibi Schl f Engineering University f Guelph Analysis f Sequential Circuits Earlier we learned hw t analyze cmbinatinal circuits We will extend
More informationSpontaneous Processes, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chemical Thermdynamics Spntaneus Prcesses, Entrpy and the Secnd Law f Thermdynamics Review Reactin Rates, Energies, and Equilibrium Althugh a reactin may be energetically favrable (i.e. prducts have lwer
More informationALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy. At what temperature does the spontaneity of a reaction change?
Name Chem 163 Sectin: Team Number: ALE 21. Gibbs Free Energy (Reference: 20.3 Silberberg 5 th editin) At what temperature des the spntaneity f a reactin change? The Mdel: The Definitin f Free Energy S
More informationBuilding to Transformations on Coordinate Axis Grade 5: Geometry Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems.
Building t Transfrmatins n Crdinate Axis Grade 5: Gemetry Graph pints n the crdinate plane t slve real-wrld and mathematical prblems. 5.G.1. Use a pair f perpendicular number lines, called axes, t define
More informationGuide to Using the Rubric to Score the Klf4 PREBUILD Model for Science Olympiad National Competitions
Guide t Using the Rubric t Scre the Klf4 PREBUILD Mdel fr Science Olympiad 2010-2011 Natinal Cmpetitins These instructins are t help the event supervisr and scring judges use the rubric develped by the
More informationHeat Effects of Chemical Reactions
eat Effects f hemical Reactins Enthalpy change fr reactins invlving cmpunds Enthalpy f frmatin f a cmpund at standard cnditins is btained frm the literature as standard enthalpy f frmatin Δ (O (g = -9690
More informationChapter 4 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium
Chapter Thermdynamics and Equilibrium Refer t the fllwing figures fr Exercises 1-6. Each represents the energies f fur mlecules at a given instant, and the dtted lines represent the allwed energies. Assume
More informationLecture 12: Chemical reaction equilibria
3.012 Fundamentals f Materials Science Fall 2005 Lecture 12: 10.19.05 Chemical reactin equilibria Tday: LAST TIME...2 EQUATING CHEMICAL POTENTIALS DURING REACTIONS...3 The extent f reactin...3 The simplest
More information