Playing with Numbers. introduction. numbers in general FOrM. remarks (i) The number ab does not mean a b. (ii) The number abc does not mean a b c.

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1 5 Playing with Numbers introduction In earlier classes, you have learnt about natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and their properties. In this chapter, we shall understand 2-digit and 3-digit numbers in generalized form, try to solve number puzzles and games and deduce the divisibility test rules. numbers in general FOrM Let us consider a 2 digit number 35. It can be written as 35 = = Similarly, 49 can be written as 49 = = In general, a 2-digit number ab can be written as ab = 10 a + b = 10a + b Similarly, ba = 10 b + a = 10b + a Let us now consider a 3-digit number 257. It can be written as 257 = = Similarly, 945 can be written as 945 = = In general, a 3-digit number abc can be written as abc = 100 a + 10 b + c = 100a + 10b + c Similarly, bca = 100 b + 10 c + a = 100b + 10c + a and cab = 100 c + 10 a + b = 100c + 10a + b remarks (i) The number ab does not mean a b. (ii) The number abc does not mean a b c. Example 1. Write the following numbers in generalized form: (i) 25 (ii) 73 (iii) 129 (iv) 302. Solution. (i) 25 = (ii) 73 = (iii) 129 = (iv) 302 =

2 80 Learning Mathematics VIII Example 2. Write the following numbers in usual form: (i) (ii) Solution. (i) = = 56 (ii) = = 718. Example 3. In a 2-digit number, ten s digit is twice the unit digit. If the sum of the digits is 6, find the number. Solution. Let 2-digit number be ab i.e. 10 a + b where unit digit is b and ten s digit is a. Given a = 2 b (i) and a + b = 6 (ii) From (i) and (ii), we have a = 2 2 = 4 2 b + b = 6 3 b = 6 b = 2 2-digit number = = = 42 Hence, the required 2-digit number is 42. Games with numbers Reversing the digits of a 2 digit number (i) Let us consider a two digit number 75. Reverse the digits of 75 to get a new number 57. Adding this new number to the original number, we get = 132 Thus, we get the sum as 132 = which is divisible by 11 and also divisible by 12 (sum of the digits i.e = 12). You can repeat this with any two digit number ab and every time you will find that sum is divisible by 11 and (a + b). Consider any two digit number ab i.e 10a + b Reverse the digits of ab to get a new number ba i.e. 10b + a On adding these numbers, we get (10a + b) + (10b + a) = 11a + 11b = 11 (a + b) which is always divisible by 11 and (a + b). When it is divided by 11, quotient is (a + b) and when it is divided by (a + b), quotient is 11. (ii) Consider another 2-digit number 47. Reversing the digits of 47 to get a new number 74. Subtracting the smaller number (i.e. 47) from the larger number (i.e. 74) we have, = 27. Thus, we get the difference as 27 = 9 3, which is divisible by 9 and also divisible by 3 (difference of digits i.e. 7 4 = 3). You can repeat this with any two digit number ab (a > b) and every time you will find that difference is divisible by 9 and (a b).

3 Playing With Numbers 81 Consider any 2-digit number ab (a > b) i.e. 10a + b Reverse the digits of ab to get a new number ba i.e. 10b + a On subtracting smaller number from larger number, we get (10a + b) (10b + a) = 9a 9b = 9(a b) which is always divisible by 9 and (a b). When it is divided by 9, quotient is (a b) and when it is divided by (a b), quotient is 9. Reversing the digits of a 3 digit number (i) Let us consider a 3-digit number 469. Reversing the digits of 469, we get a new number 964. Subtracting the smaller number from the larger number, we get = 495 Thus, we get the difference as 495 = 99 5, which is divisible by 99 and also divisible by the difference of unit digit and hundred s digit i.e. (9 4 = 5). You can repeat this process with any 3 digit number abc ( a > c) and every time you will find that difference is divisible by 99 and (a c). Consider any 3-digit number abc = 100 a + 10b + c Now obtain a new number by reversing the digits i.e. cba = 100c + 10b + a On subtracting three cases arise: Case I. If a > c, then the difference between numbers is (100a + 10b + c) (100c + 10b + a) = 100a + 10b + c 100c 10b a = 99a 99c = 99(a c) Case II. If c > a, then the difference between numbers is (100c + 10b + a) (100a + 10b + c) = 100c + 10b + a 100a 10b c = 99c 99a = 99(c a) In both cases I and II, the difference is divisible by 99 and (a c) or (c a). When the difference is divided by 99, quotient is (a c) or (c a) and when it is divided by (a c) or (c a), quotient is 99. Case III. If c = a, then the difference is zero. (ii) Let us consider another 3 digit number Changing the order of digits cyclically, we get new numbers 326, 263. On adding these numbers, we get = 1221 = = You can see that the sum is divisible by 111, 11 (sum of digits), 37 and 3. Consider any 3-digit number abc = 100a + 10b + c 2 3 Now obtain new numbers by changing the order of digits cyclically a i.e. bca = 100b + 10c + a and cab = 100c + 10a + b On adding numbers, we get c b

4 82 Learning Mathematics VIII abc + bca + cab = (100a + 10b + c) + (100b + 10c + a) + (100c + 10a + b) = 111a + 111b + 111c = 111 (a + b + c) = 3 37 (a + b + c), which is always divisible by 111, (a + b + c), 37 and 3. When sum is divided by 111, quotient is (a + b + c); when it is divided by (a + b + c), quotient is 111; when it is divided by 37, quotient is 3 (a + b + c) and when it is divided by 3, quotient is 37 (a + b + c). Example 4. Write the quotient when the sum of a 2-digit number 39 and number obtained by reversing (i) 11 (ii) sum of digits Solution. Given number is 39 Number obtained by reversing the digits is 93 Sum = = 132 = (i) When sum is divided by 11, quotient is 12. (ii) Sum of digits = = 12 When sum 132 is divided by 12, quotient is 11. Example 5. Write the quotient when the difference of a 3 digit number 571 and number obtained by reversing (i) 99 (ii) 4 (iii) 3 (iv) 33 Solution. Given number is 571 Number obtained by reversing the digits is 175 Difference = = 396 = (i) When difference is divided by 99, quotient is 4. (ii) When difference is divided by 4, quotient is 99. (iii) Difference = 396 = 99 4 = , when difference is divided by 3, quotient is 33 4 i.e. 132 (iv) When difference is divided by 33, quotient is 3 4 i.e. 12. Example 6. In a 3-digit number, the ten s digit is thrice the unit digit and hundred s digits is twice the unit s digit. If the sum of its all three digits is 12. Find the number. Solution. Let the number be abc i.e. 100a + 10b + c where unit digit = c, ten s digit = b and hundred s digit = a. Given b = 3c and a = 2c...(i) Also a + b + c = 12...(ii) From (i) and (ii), we have 2c + 3c + c = 12 6c = 12 c = 2 b = 3c = 3 2 = 6 and a = 2c = 2 2 = 4 The number = = = 462 Hence, the required 3-digit number is 462.

5 Playing With Numbers 83 Exercise Write the following numbers in generalized form: (i) 89 (ii) 35 (iii) 408 (iv) Write the quotient, when the sum of a 2-digit number 23 and number obtained by reversing (i) 11 (ii) sum of digits 3. Write the quotient when the difference of a 2-digit number 83 and number obtained by reversing (i) 9 (ii) difference of digits. 4. Without actual calculation, write the quotient when the sum of a 3-digit number abc and the number obtained by changing the order of digits cyclically i.e. bca and cab is divided by (i) 111 (ii) (a + b + c) (iii) 37 (iv) 3 5. Write the quotient when the difference of a 3-digit number 943 and number obtained by reversing (i) 99 (ii) 6 6. The sum of digits of a 2-digit number is 11. If the number obtained by reversing the digits is 9 less than the original number, find the number. 7. If the difference of two digit number and number obtained by reversing the digits is 27, find the difference between the digits of the 2-digit number. 8. If the sum of 2-digit number and number obtained by reversing the digits is 44, find the sum of the digits of the 2-digit number. 9. In a 3-digit number, unit s digit, ten s digit and hundred s digit are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. If the difference of original number and the number obtained by reversing the digits is 594, find the number. 10. In a 3-digit number, unit s digit is one more than the hundred s digit and ten s digit is one less than the hundred s digit. If the sum of the original 3-digit number and numbers obtained by changing the order of digits cyclically is 2664, find the number. Letters for digits In this section, we solve the puzzles in which we use letters for digits in an arithmetic sum or multiplication and we have to find out which letter represents which digit. So this is just like decoding i.e. cracking a code. Note. We shall deal only with the problems of addition and multiplication. Rules To solve such type of puzzles, we follow the rules given below: (i) Each letter in the puzzle must stand for just one digit. Each digit must be represented by just one letter. (ii) The first digit of a number cannot be zero. For example, we write the number sixty five as 65 not as 065 or Example 1. Find Q in the addition: 4 2 Q + 2 Q

MATHEMATICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE 8

MATHEMATICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE 8 Chapter : Playing with Numbers ANSWER KEYS. Generalised form: (i) 8 = 0 8 + EXERCISE. (ii) 98 = 00 + 0 9 + 8 (iii) 7 = 00 7 + 0 + (iv) = 00 0 +. Usual form: (i) 0 + 7 = 0