EFFECT OF LAYER THICKNESS, DEPOSITION ANGLE, AND INFILL ON MAXIMUM FLEXURAL FORCE IN FDM-BUILT SPECIMENS
|
|
- Sharlene Barrett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EFFECT OF LAYER THICKNESS, DEPOSITION ANGLE, AND INFILL ON MAXIMUM FLEXURAL FORCE IN FDM-BUILT SPECIMENS Ognjan Lužanin *, Dejan Movrin, Miroslav Plančak University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Science, Serbia ABSTRACT As the ability to resist deformation under load, flexural strength is an important property of every material. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology allows users to control the density of models through parameter which is termed air gap or infill. Since lower infill values significantly increase the building speed, test specimens were used with infill between 10 and 30%. Therefore, this paper discusses experimental analysis of the influence of layer thickness, deposition angle and infill on the maximum flexural force in FDM specimens made of polylactic acid (PLA). A 2 3 factorial experiment without replication was used with three center points. The results indicate a dominant, statistically significant influence of extrusion speed, significant interaction between deposition angle and infill, as well as the nonlinearity of effects. Key words: 3D printing, FDM, layer thickness, deposition angle, infill, flexural force. 1. INTRODUCTION Additive manufacturing technologies, under various designations, have been in existence for about three decades now. However, it is only after the expiration of FDM patent rights in 2009, that the surge of consumer-grade FDM printers became available on the market and low-cost 3D printers are now available to a much wider number of researchers, professionals and enthusiasts. Similarly, expiration of patent rights for other popular additive manufacturing technologies, such as stereolythography and selective laser sintering shall further revolutionise the way in which modern society utilizes additive manufacturing. Research community already benefits from the availability of low-cost 3D printers in that the machines such as the Makerbot Replicator allow experimentation with a variety of easily programmable technological parameters. Also worth noting is the appearance of readily available, bio-degradable FDM filaments which are interesting from the investigative point of view, as their * Corresponding author s luzanin@uns.ac.rs
2 50 mechanical properties regarding the selection of various technological parameters have not been sufficiently explored. The study presented in this paper differs from the previously discussed investigations in two key points: (i) the material used in this study is polylactic acid (PLA), which, contrary to ABS, has not been extensively used in experiments of this kind, and (ii) the infill used to produce specimens ranges between 10 and 30%, which is most likely to be used in everyday FDM practice, since it radically influences the build time as one of the critical features of fused deposition modelling technology. With this in mind, the dependent variable in this study was maximum flexural force, since the cross-section of our specimens was not solid and would not allow the stress to be calculated in a conventional way. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents investigations relevant for this study, in Section 3 the design of experiment and its practical realization are discussed. Section 4 presents experimental results which are analysed in Section 5. Concluding remarks are given in Section REVIEW OF LITERATURE A study conducted by Es Said et al. [1] examined tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and impact resistance for different layer orientations of ABS models. The samples were fabricated in five different layer orientations. According to their findings, 0 orientation where layers were deposited along the length of the samples displayed superior strength and impact resistance over all the other orientations. They concluded that anisotropic properties were probably caused by weak interlayer bonding and interlayer porosity. In a study on anisotropic properties of ABS material, Ahn et al. [2] used DOE to investigate the influence of five FDM process parameters on tensile and compressive strength of specimens. The process parameters were: raster orientation, air gap, bead width, colour, and model temperature. The results were compared with those of injection molded FDM ABS P400 material. Lee et al. [3] employed Taguchi method to find the optimal FDM process parameters to produce ABS-compliant prototype. They focused on the optimum elastic performance of a compliant ABS prototype, concluding that layer thickness, raster angle and air gap significantly affect the its elastic performance. Sood et al. [4] experimented with ABSP400 material to investigate the influence of layer thickness, part orientation, raster angle, air gap and raster width on dimensional accuracy of parts. They used Taguchi s parameter design to find optimum parameters setting to minimize percentage change in length, width and thickness of standard test specimens. They also used an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict an overall dimensional accuracy. Bagsik et al. [5] experimentally investigated the mechanical properties of FDM samples generated with the the FDM Fortus 400mc depending on the build direction. They conducted tensile and compression tests, also measuring part geometry for accuracy. Ziemian et al. [6] investigated the dependence of the mechanical properties of FDM parts on raster orientation and their ability to maintain integrity under service loading. They examined the effect of fibre orientation on a variety of important mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural and fatigue strength and compared their properties to those of injection molded ABS parts. Rayegani and Onwubolu [7] used the group method for data modelling and prediction to model the functional relationship between process parameters and tensile strength for FDM process. They conducted experiments varying part orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap. They submitted the process parameters and the experimental results to the group method of data
3 51 handling (GMDH), and the predicted output values were found to correlate very closely with the measured values. In addition, they used the differential evolution (DE), to find optimal process parameters. 3. DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF EXPERIMENT 3.1. Design of experiment To reduce total time required for this experiment, a factorial experiment with no replication and three center points was conducted. The center points increased the number of degrees of freedom (dof), while allowing calculation of error and detection of possible non-linearity of effects. Table 1 shows the factors and respective levels. Table 1 - Factors and levels used in the experiment Factor Unit Low level (-1) Cent. level (0) Upper level (+1) Layer thickness (A) [mm] Deposition angle (B) [ o ] Infill (C) [%] The specimens were centered on the build platform, and oriented with their dominant dimension along the X printer axis Preparation and building of test specimens Geometry of the specimens used in the experiment was defined according to ISO 178:2001 [8]. Accordingly, specimens were built as prismatic parts, with following dimensions: 80x10x4mm. Makerbot Replicator 2 was used to print the eleven specimens according to the design of experiment. PLA (Polylactic Acid) filament was used to build the specimens. Extrusion temperature was 235 o C, no rafts were used, while the extrusion speed was kept at 60 mm/s. These were constant parameters throughout the experiment Experimental tests Three-point bend tests were completed according to scheme given in Fig.1. Table 2 presents the values of the relevant geometric parameters from Fig.1. Experiments were performed during a single session and in a randomized order. Environmental temperature was 24 o C throughout the experiment. Fig. 1 - Loading scheme used in experiment
4 52 Table 2 - Dimensional parameters related to loading scheme in Fig.1 Dimensional parameter designation Value Loading radius R1=5±0.1 mm Support radii R2=5±0.2 mm Test specimen Length l=80±2 mm Width b=10±0.2 mm Thickness h=4±0.2 mm Figure 2 illustrates the stages of experimental tests. Fig. 2 - Test stages - a) initial stage, b) flexion in progress, c) breaking of specimen 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Design table was generated and subsequent analysis performed using statistical software Minitab v16. The resulting factorial experiment is given in Table 3, in randomized order. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) assumptions were checked using diagnostic diagrams, of which two are shown in Fig.3 - normal probability plot and residuals versus fits. The residuals obviously follow normal distribution, while the random scatter of residuals about the zero indicates homogeneity of variance. Table 3 - Experimental results obtained from eleven runs Order of experiment Layer thickness [mm] Deposition angle [ ] Flexural Force [N] Infill [%]
5 53 Several regression models were tested and terms were eliminated based on significance and S, R 2 - adjusted, and R 2 -predicted parameters. The results of ANOVA for the final model are given in Table 4. Statistical significance of the effects of layer thickness, deposition angle and infill on the maximum flexural force, F [N], are shown in the Pareto diagram (Fig.4). The main effects diagram (Fig.5) illustrates the effect of layer thickness on F[N], as the only statistically significant factor. Also, the only significant interaction, between deposition angle and infill, is shown in Fig.6, while the contour plot in Fig.7 illustrates their relationship affects the maximum flexural force. 99 Normal Probability Plot (response is Force [N]) Percent Standardized Residual 2 3 a) ResidualsversusFits (response is Force [N]) 2 Standardized Residual Fitted Value b) Fig. 3 - Diagrams of residuals - a) Normal probability plot, b) Residuals v Fits
6 54 Table 4 - Results of ANOVA analysis pertaining to the final regression model Source DF SS MSS %TSS p-value Layer thickness Deposition angle Infill Deposition angle [ o ]*Infill [%] Curvature Error Total Pareto Chart of the Standardized Effects (response is Force [N], α = 0.05) Term A 2.57 Factor Name A Layer thickness [mm] B Deposition angle [ ] C Infill [%] BC C B Standardized Effect Fig. 4 - Pareto plot showing significance of factors Fig. 5 - Main effects plot
7 55 Fig. 6 - Influence of extrusion speed and temperature on surface roughness effects Fig. 7 - Influence of extrusion speed and temperature on surface roughness effects
8 56 5. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Analysis of variance for maximum flexural force (F) (Tab.4), showed a dominant, statistically significant effect of layer thickness (p=.000). No significance was found for deposition angle (p=.247) and infill (p=.208). In addition, ANOVA showed that interaction between deposition angle and infill is statistically significant (p=.024). Curvature is also statistically significant (p=0.038), which indicates non-linearity of effects and the need to include quadratic terms in the model. In the column designated %TSS (Tab.4), values are shown which represent percentage contribution to the total sum of squares for each term. It is evident that the contribution of layer thickness (89.44%) is by far the largest contribution to variability, followed by the interaction (4.00%) and curvature (3.09%). Pareto chart (Fig.4) illustrates the findings of previous analysis. Main effects diagram (Fig.5) shows that minimal layer thickness radically affects maximum flexural force, i.e., when layer thickness is changed from -1 to +1 level, maximum flexural force drops more than three times. The same diagram shows that the center points are at some distance from the line representing mean values of F, indicating non-linearity. Interaction plot shown in Fig.6 shows that the level of infill significantly influences the effect of deposition angle on the dependent variable, F. The change in the level of the deposition angle results in a much larger effect on F when infill is at the low level. It is interesting to note that the center level yields highest flexural force. Finally, shown in Fig.7 is the contour diagram for the previously discussed interaction between deposition angle and infill. It confirms previous findings, showing that maximum flexural force in excess of 116 N can be achieved with both factors at their center levels. The contour diagram also shows that the infill of 10% can also yield higher F when combined with high level of deposition angle (60 o ), thus shortening the total building time while maintaining flexural strength within the ten percent of the maximum. 6. CONCLUSIONS In this paper the influence of layer thickness, deposition angle and infill on maximum flexural force in FDM-built specimens was investigated. The experiment was statistically designed and was conducted at two levels, without replication and with three center points. The introduction of center points added replication, allowed calculation of error term and check for the presence of curvature. Non-linearity of effects was confirmed by analysis of variance. Statistical analysis showed that layer thickness has a dominant, statistically significant effect on flexural force, F, while the interaction between deposition angle and infill was also significant. The issue of minimum detectable effect size (MDES) is also an interesting part of any DOE investigation. Given eight corner and three center points, an estimate of standard deviation of S= N, and the target test power of 0.8, we have calculated that the minimum detectable effect size for our experiment is 41.3 N. Considering that this force corresponds to approximately 2.15% of the average PLA flexural strength, we could consider this MDES acceptable for a preliminary study. It is interesting to note that the introduction of two additional center points would have allowed a substantially lower MDES of N. The introduction of center points enabled the detection of statistically significant curvature effect, which indicates that the next experiment should be conducted at three levels to approximate the values of quadratic terms in the model, as well as to perform optimization by Surface Response Analysis.
9 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Results of investigation presented in this paper are part of the research realized in the framework of the project Research and development of modeling methods and approaches in manufacturing of dental recoveries with the application of modern technologies and computer aided systems TR , financed by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. 7. REFERENCES [1] Es-Said, O.S., Foyos, J., Noorani, R., Mendelson, M., Marloth, R.: Effect of Layer Orientation on Mechanical Propertiwes of Rapid Prottyped Samples, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2000, pp [2] Ahn, S.-H., Montero, M., Odell, D., Roundy, S., Wright, P. K.: Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 8(4), 2002, pp doi: / [3] Lee, B. H., Abdullah, J., Khan, Z.: Optimization of rapid prototyping parameters for production of flexible ABS object, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 169(1), 2005, pp.54 61, doi: /j.jmatprotec [4] Sood, A. K., Ohdar, R. K., Mahapatra, S. S.: Improving dimensional accuracy of Fused Deposition Modelling processed part using grey Taguchi method. Materials & Design, 30(10), 2009, pp doi: /j.matdes [5] Bagsik, A., Schöppner, V., Klemp, E.: FDM Part Quality Manufactured with Ultem *9085, 14th International Scientific Conference on Polymeric Materials 2010, Halle (Saale) [6] Ziemian, C., Sharma, M., & Ziemian, S.: Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling, Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Murat Gokcek (Ed.), 2012, ISBN: , InTech, Available from: [7] Rayegani, F., & Onwubolu, G. C.: Fused deposition modelling (FDM) process parameter prediction and optimization using group method for data handling (GMDH) and differential evolution (DE). The International Journal of Advanced manufacturing Technology, 2014 pp.1-11, doi: /s [8] ISO, SREN. "178: 2001, Plastics.", Determination of flexural properties, Three point method, CEN, European Committee for Standadization, 2001, Bruxelles.
10 58 UTICAJ DEBLJINE SLOJA, UGLA DEPONOVANJA MATERIJALA I PROCENTA ISPUNE NA MAKSIMALNU SAVOJNU SILU KOD UZORAKA IZRAĐENIH U FDM TEHNOLOGIJI Ognjan Lužanin, Dejan Movrin, Miroslav Plančak Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Srbija REZIME Kao sposobnost suprotstavljanja deformisanju pod dejstvom opterećenja, savojna čvrstoća predstavlja važnu karakteristiku svih materijala. Tehnologija modelovanja deponovanjem istopljenog filamenta (Fused Deposition Modeling - FDM) omogućava korisnicima da upravljaju gustinom ispune modela preko tehnološkog parametra koji se naziva vazdušni razmak (air gap) ili ispuna (infill). Budući da rad sa nižim vrednostima ispune značajno skraćuje vreme izrade modela, u ovom radu su izrađene epruvete kod kojih se ispuna kreće između 10 i 30%. Na osnovu toga, predmet rada je eksperimentalno ispitivanje uticaja debljine sloja, ugla deponovanja materijala i procenta ispune na maksimalnu savojnu silu kod uzoraka izrađenih FDM tehnologijom od PLA plastike. Korišćen je trofaktorni eksperiment na dva nivoa, sa tri centralne tačke, bez replikacije. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na izražen, statistički značajan uticaj debljine sloja. Takođe je pokazan statistički značajan uticaj nelinearnosti, kao i interakcije ugla deponovanja i procenta ispune. Ključne reči: 3D štampa, FDM, debljina sloja, ugao deponovanja, procenat ispune, savojna sila.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EXTRUSION SPEED AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON ARITHMETIC MEAN SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN FDM- BUILT SPECIMENS
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF EXTRUSION SPEED AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON ARITHMETIC MEAN SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN FDM- BUILT SPECIMENS Ognjan Lužanin *, Dejan Movrin, Miroslav Plančak University of Novi Sad,
More informationExperimental investigation of the influence of fabrication conditions on dynamic viscoelastic properties of PC-ABS processed parts by FDM process
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Experimental investigation of the influence of fabrication conditions on dynamic viscoelastic properties of PC-ABS processed parts
More informationEffect of build parameters on mechanical properties of ultem 9085 parts by fused deposition modeling
Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Research & Creative Works Spring 2016 Effect of build parameters on mechanical properties of ultem 9085 parts by fused deposition modeling Krishna Prasanth Motaparti
More informationOptimization of 3D-Printer Process Parameters for Improving Quality of Polylactic Acid Printed Part
Optimization of 3D-Printer Process Parameters for Improving Quality of Polylactic Acid Printed Part A. E. Tontowi #1, L. Ramdani #2, R. V. Erdizon #3, D. K. Baroroh #4 # Department of Mechanical and Industrial
More informationPage 202
Parametric study of Fused Deposition Modelling by Design of Experiments Shwetha K 1, H N Narasimha Murthy 2, K V S Rajeswara Rao 3, N S Narahari 4, Rohit Agarwal, Rahul Singh 6 2,5,6 Department of Mechanical
More informationISO 178 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Plastics Determination of flexural properties. Plastiques Détermination des propriétés en flexion
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 178 Fourth edition 2001-12-15 Plastics Determination of flexural properties Plastiques Détermination des propriétés en flexion Reference number ISO 2001 PDF disclaimer This PDF
More informationREPORT TO D-FLEX LTD APRIL 2009 REPORT. (to D-Flex Ltd, NWDA Innovation Vouchers Award, 28 April 2009)
REPORT (to D-Flex Ltd, NWDA Innovation Vouchers Award, 28 April 2009) Finite Element Modelling of Rigidity of Fishing Rods with Various Cross-sections Report to D-Flex Ltd by Z Guan Department of Engineering,
More information2.830 Homework #6. April 2, 2009
2.830 Homework #6 Dayán Páez April 2, 2009 1 ANOVA The data for four different lithography processes, along with mean and standard deviations are shown in Table 1. Assume a null hypothesis of equality.
More informationSTRESS-LIMITING TEST STRUCTURES FOR RAPID LOW-COST STRENGTH ASSESSMENT
STRESS-LIMITING TEST STRUCTURES FOR RAPID LOW-COST STRENGTH ASSESSMENT A. Katz, J. Nussbaum, N. B. Crane, C. P. Lusk Mechanical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33620
More informationWeek 10 - Lecture Nonlinear Structural Analysis. ME Introduction to CAD/CAE Tools
Week 10 - Lecture Nonlinear Structural Analysis Product Lifecycle Week 10 Requirements Portfolio Management Conceptual Design Product Engineering Manufacturing Engineering Simulation & Validation Build
More informationChapter 7. Highlights:
Chapter 7 Highlights: 1. Understand the basic concepts of engineering stress and strain, yield strength, tensile strength, Young's(elastic) modulus, ductility, toughness, resilience, true stress and true
More informationStatistical Fatigue Experiment Design in Medium Density Fiberboard
Materials Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 84-91, 2000. 2000 Statistical Fatigue Experiment Design in Medium Density Fiberboard Mariano Martínez Espinosa a, Carlito Calil Jr. b a Instituto de Física de São Carlos,
More informationDesktop 3D Printer Material Properties and Dimensional Accuracy
Desktop 3D Printer Material Properties and Dimensional Accuracy Garrett W. Melenka 1, Jonathan S. Schofield 1, Michael R. Dawson 2, Dr. Jason P. Carey 1 1 Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
More informationDetermining Machining Parameters of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics
Iowa State University From the SelectedWorks of Kurt A. Rosentrater 8 Determining Machining Parameters of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics Kurt A. Rosentrater, United States Department of Agriculture Andrew
More informationNeutral Radius Value Determination by Numerical Simulation Method at Ring Upsetting Test
M. VILOTIĆ, D. KAKAŠ, P. TEREK, L. KOVAČEVIĆ, A. MILETIĆ Neutral Radius Value Determination by Numerical Simulation Method at Ring Upsetting Test RESEARCH Ring upsetting represents a basic operation for
More informationMECHANICS OF MATERIALS Sample Problem 4.2
Sample Problem 4. SOLUTON: Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the section centroid and moment of inertia. ya ( + Y Ad ) A A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a kn-m couple.
More informationStandard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load 1
Designation: D 3045 92 (Reapproved 2003) Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without Load 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3045; the number immediately following the designation
More informationFDM ( Fuse Deposition Modeling ) : mechanical strengths
FDM ( Fuse Deposition Modeling ) : mechanical strengths Author Owner: Jean Dacos Vers 1.1 Obtaining a good mechanical resistive part is a complex problematic with this technology. The printer : Process
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT THE EFFECT OF INPUT PARAMETERS ON FEED RATE OF A RECIPROCATORY TUBE FUNNEL FEEDER
http://doi.org/10.24867/jpe-2018-01-067 JPE (2018) Vol.21 (1) Jain, A., Bansal, P., Khanna, P. Preliminary Note DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT THE EFFECT OF INPUT PARAMETERS ON FEED RATE
More informationChapter 6 The 2 k Factorial Design Solutions
Solutions from Montgomery, D. C. (004) Design and Analysis of Experiments, Wiley, NY Chapter 6 The k Factorial Design Solutions 6.. A router is used to cut locating notches on a printed circuit board.
More information20g g g Analyze the residuals from this experiment and comment on the model adequacy.
3.4. A computer ANOVA output is shown below. Fill in the blanks. You may give bounds on the P-value. One-way ANOVA Source DF SS MS F P Factor 3 36.15??? Error??? Total 19 196.04 3.11. A pharmaceutical
More informationASPECTS CONCERNING TO THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GLASS / FLAX / EPOXY COMPOSITE MATERIAL
5 th International Conference Advanced Composite Materials Engineering COMAT 2014 16-17 October 2014, Braşov, Romania ASPECTS CONCERNING TO THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GLASS / FLAX / EPOXY COMPOSITE
More informationCHAPTER 6 A STUDY ON DISC BRAKE SQUEAL USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
134 CHAPTER 6 A STUDY ON DISC BRAKE SQUEAL USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 6.1 INTRODUCTION In spite of the large amount of research work that has been carried out to solve the squeal problem during the last
More informationOptimization of Radial Force in Turning Process Using Taguchi s Approach
5 th International & 6 th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 04) December th 4 th, 04, IIT Optimization of Radial Force in Turning Process Using Taguchi s Approach
More informationComparison of As-built FEA Simulations and Experimental Results for Additively Manufactured Dogbone Geometries.
Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2017 Comparison of As-built FEA Simulations and Experimental Results for Additively Manufactured Dogbone Geometries. Prathamesh Baikerikar Clemson University,
More informationFlexural properties of polymers
A2 _EN BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER ENGINEERING Flexural properties of polymers BENDING TEST OF CHECK THE VALIDITY OF NOTE ON
More informationPrediction of fabric hand characteristics using extraction principle
Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 41, March 2016, pp. 33-39 Prediction of fabric hand characteristics using extraction principle Apurba Das a, Abhijit Majumdar & Sukumar Roy Department of
More informationMarkForged's Onyx is a material that is ideal for customer-facing parts that need to look good while standing up to industrial requirements.
ONYX MarkForged's Onyx is a material that is ideal for customer-facing parts that need to look good while standing up to industrial requirements. Onyx is based on a remarkably tough nylon, but also provides
More informationAddition of Center Points to a 2 k Designs Section 6-6 page 271
to a 2 k Designs Section 6-6 page 271 Based on the idea of replicating some of the runs in a factorial design 2 level designs assume linearity. If interaction terms are added to model some curvature results
More informationControl of Manufacturing Process
Control of Manufacturing Process Subject 2.830 Spring 2004 Lecture #2 Process Modeling for Control February 5, 2004 Key Topics Process Taxonomy for Control Classifying the Universe of Processes Control
More informationChapter. Materials. 1.1 Notations Used in This Chapter
Chapter 1 Materials 1.1 Notations Used in This Chapter A Area of concrete cross-section C s Constant depending on the type of curing C t Creep coefficient (C t = ε sp /ε i ) C u Ultimate creep coefficient
More informationDetermination of Machining Parameters of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics
Paper 99, IT 3 Determination of Machining Parameters of Corn Byproduct Filled Plastics Kurt A. osentrater, Ph.D. Lead Scientist, Agricultural and Bioprocess Engineer, USDA, Agricultural esearch Service,
More informationGB/T / ISO 527-1:1993
Translated English of Chinese Standard: GB/T1040.1-2006 www.chinesestandard.net Sales@ChineseStandard.net GB NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ICS 83.080.01 G 31 GB/T 1040.1-2006 / ISO
More informationModelling the nonlinear shear stress-strain response of glass fibrereinforced composites. Part II: Model development and finite element simulations
Modelling the nonlinear shear stress-strain response of glass fibrereinforced composites. Part II: Model development and finite element simulations W. Van Paepegem *, I. De Baere and J. Degrieck Ghent
More informationISO 178 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. Plastics Determination of flexural properties. Plastiques Détermination des propriétés en flexion
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 178 Fifth edition 2010-12-15 Plastics Determination of flexural properties Plastiques Détermination des propriétés en flexion Reference number ISO 178:2010(E) ISO 2010 PDF disclaimer
More informationAnswer Keys to Homework#10
Answer Keys to Homework#10 Problem 1 Use either restricted or unrestricted mixed models. Problem 2 (a) First, the respective means for the 8 level combinations are listed in the following table A B C Mean
More informationAssignment 9 Answer Keys
Assignment 9 Answer Keys Problem 1 (a) First, the respective means for the 8 level combinations are listed in the following table A B C Mean 26.00 + 34.67 + 39.67 + + 49.33 + 42.33 + + 37.67 + + 54.67
More informationEffect of Machining Parameters on Milled Natural Fiber- Reinforced Plastic Composites
Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering (2013) doi:10.7726/jame.2013.1001 Research Article Effect of Machining Parameters on Milled Natural Fiber- Reinforced Plastic Composites G Dilli Babu 1*, K. Sivaji
More informationInfluence of residual stresses in the structural behavior of. tubular columns and arches. Nuno Rocha Cima Gomes
October 2014 Influence of residual stresses in the structural behavior of Abstract tubular columns and arches Nuno Rocha Cima Gomes Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Contact:
More informationRegular, low density cellular structures - rapid prototyping, numerical simulation, mechanical testing
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 823 2004 Materials Research Society W8.8.1 Regular, low density cellular structures - rapid prototyping, numerical simulation, mechanical testing J. Stampfl 1, M.M. Seyr
More informationSimulation of Geometrical Cross-Section for Practical Purposes
Simulation of Geometrical Cross-Section for Practical Purposes Bhasker R.S. 1, Prasad R. K. 2, Kumar V. 3, Prasad P. 4 123 Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.D. Engineering College, Ghaziabad, UP,
More informationOptimization of Machining Parameters in Wire Cut EDM of Stainless Steel 304 Using Taguchi Techniques
Advanced Materials Manufacturing & Characterization Vol. 8 Issue 1 (018) Advanced Materials Manufacturing & Characterization journal home page: www.ijammc-griet.com Optimization of Machining Parameters
More informationMECHANICAL TESTING METHODS CONCERNING THE STRESS ANALYSIS FOR A VEHICLE WHEEL RIM
Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis ISSN 2247 9635, 2012 (II), Volume 2, 33-39 MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS CONCERNING THE STRESS ANALYSIS FOR A VEHICLE WHEEL RIM Alexandru Valentin RADULESCU 1), Sorin CANANAU
More informationFinite-Element Analysis of Stress Concentration in ASTM D 638 Tension Specimens
Monika G. Garrell, 1 Albert J. Shih, 2 Edgar Lara-Curzio, 3 and Ronald O. Scattergood 4 Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 31, No. 1 Paper ID JTE11402_311 Available online at: www.astm.org Finite-Element
More informationEE290H F05. Spanos. Lecture 5: Comparison of Treatments and ANOVA
1 Design of Experiments in Semiconductor Manufacturing Comparison of Treatments which recipe works the best? Simple Factorial Experiments to explore impact of few variables Fractional Factorial Experiments
More informationOPTIMAL SELECTION OF MACHINE PARAMETERS IN TENSION LEVELLING OF SHEET METALS
OPTIMAL SELECTION OF MACHINE PARAMETERS IN TENSION LEVELLING OF SHEET METALS Ibiye Roberts iroberts@bronx.co.uk Chang Wang Department of Engineering University of Wolverhampton Telford Campus Telford,
More informationA RESEARCH ON NONLINEAR STABILITY AND FAILURE OF THIN- WALLED COMPOSITE COLUMNS WITH OPEN CROSS-SECTION
A RESEARCH ON NONLINEAR STABILITY AND FAILURE OF THIN- WALLED COMPOSITE COLUMNS WITH OPEN CROSS-SECTION H. Debski a*, J. Bienias b, P. Jakubczak b a Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Machine
More informationStudy of the transitional shift between plates and shallow shells
Study of the transitional shift between plates and shallow shells Mohamad Daoud 1, Moayyad Al-Nasra 2 1 Civil engineering Department, Zarqa University 2 Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Department,
More informationGeoShanghai 2010 International Conference Paving Materials and Pavement Analysis
Particle Shape, Type and Amount of Fines, and Moisture Affecting Resilient Modulus Behavior of Unbound Aggregates Debakanta Mishra 1, Erol Tutumluer 2, M. ASCE, Yuanjie Xiao 3 1 Graduate Research Assistant,
More informationREGRESSION MODELING FOR STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS EVALUATION OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
REGRESSION MODELING FOR STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS EVALUATION OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE S. Eswari 1, P. N. Raghunath and S. Kothandaraman 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering
More informationEffects of Core Softness and Bimodularity of Fibreglass Layers on Flexural Stiffness of Polymer Sandwich Structures
Effects of Core Softness and Bimodularity of Fibreglass Layers on Flexural Stiffness of Polymer Sandwich Structures Oldřich Šuba 1,*, Oldřich Šuba jr. 1, and Soňa Rusnáková 1 1 Tomas Bata University in
More informationEFFECTS OF BUILD PARAMETERS ON ADDITIVE MATERIALS. A Major Qualifying Project Report. Submitted to the Faculty. of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
NAG 1301 EFFECTS OF BUILD PARAMETERS ON ADDITIVE MATERIALS A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationNeural Network Prediction of Nonlinear Elastic Unloading for High Strength Steel
APCOM & ISCM 11-14 th December, 213, Singapore Neural Network Prediction of Nonlinear Elastic Unloading for High Strength Steel *M. R. Jamli 1,2, A. K. Ariffin 1, and D. A. Wahab 1 1 Department of Mechanical
More informationCalibration and Experimental Validation of LS-DYNA Composite Material Models by Multi Objective Optimization Techniques
9 th International LS-DYNA Users Conference Optimization Calibration and Experimental Validation of LS-DYNA Composite Material Models by Multi Objective Optimization Techniques Stefano Magistrali*, Marco
More informationMechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials
MME131: Lecture 13 Mechanical properties 1 Elastic behaviour of materials A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Deformation of material under the action of a mechanical
More informationSTEEL JOINTS - COMPONENT METHOD APPLICATION
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Vol. 5 (54) - 2012 Series 1: Special Issue No. 1 STEEL JOINTS - COPONENT ETHOD APPLICATION D. RADU 1 Abstract: As long as the rotation joint stiffness
More informationStresses in Curved Beam
Stresses in Curved Beam Consider a curved beam subjected to bending moment M b as shown in the figure. The distribution of stress in curved flexural member is determined by using the following assumptions:
More informationChapter 2 Complex Modulus Variation by Manipulation of Mechanical Test Method and Print Direction
Chapter 2 Complex Modulus Variation by Manipulation of Mechanical Test Method and Print Direction Megan L. Liu, Katherine K. Reichl, and Daniel J. Inman Abstract 3D printing technologies have made creating
More informationCHAPTER 4 STATISTICAL MODELS FOR STRENGTH USING SPSS
69 CHAPTER 4 STATISTICAL MODELS FOR STRENGTH USING SPSS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Mix design for concrete is a process of search for a mixture satisfying the required performance of concrete, such as workability,
More informationAnalysis of parameters influencing the jamming effect in circular braids
This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 2 International Conference on nd High Performance and Optimum Design of Structures and Materials (HPSM 2016) www.witconferences.com Analysis of parameters influencing
More informationNeural Network Modeling of Parallel-Plain Fin Heat Sink
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 3; March 2013 Neural Network Modeling of Parallel-Plain Fin Heat Sink Wafa Batayneh Mechanical Engineering Department Jordan University
More informationTHE RDA MODEL OF SCALING AND SIZE EFFECT OF NANOCOMPOSITES
THE RDA MODEL OF SCALING AND SIZE EFFECT OF NANOCOMPOSITES prof.dr.sc. Dragan Milašinović, dipl.ing.građ. Građevinski fakultet Subotica Univerzitet u Novom Sadu Abstract: This paper presents an application
More informationDrilling Mathematical Models Using the Response Surface Methodology
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:5 No:06 9 Drilling Mathematical Models Using the Response Surface Methodology Panagiotis Kyratsis, Nikolaos Taousanidis, Apostolos
More informationANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY ABSORBING CRASH BOX
ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY ABSORBING CRASH BOX Dhananjay D.Desai 1, Prof.M.A.Kadam 2 1 Student, M.Tech CAD-CAM, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Engineering Pune, Maharashtra, India.
More informationVOL. 2, NO. 11, Dec 2012 ISSN ARPN Journal of Science and Technology All rights reserved.
Factorial Design Approach to Investigate the Effect of Different Factors on the Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Paving Mixes 1 Muhammad Babar Khan, Afaq Khattak, 3 Muhammad Irfan, Sarfraz Ahmed 1 Assistant
More informationFundamentals of Durability. Unrestricted Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved. Siemens PLM Software
Fundamentals of Durability Page 1 Your single provider of solutions System simulation solutions 3D simulation solutions Test-based engineering solutions Engineering services - Deployment services Troubleshooting
More informationVOL. 11, NO. 2, JANUARY 2016 ISSN
MULTIPLE-PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF DRILLING PARAMETERS AND TOOL GEOMETRIES IN DRILLING GFRP COMPOSITE STACKS USING TAGUCHI AND GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS (GRA) METHOD Gallih Bagus W. 1, Bobby O. P. Soepangkat
More informationThe 2 k Factorial Design. Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba 1
The 2 k Factorial Design Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba 1 HoweWork Assignment Due Tuesday 1/6/2010 6.1, 6.2, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19 Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba 2 Design of Engineering Experiments The 2 k Factorial Design Special
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. XVII International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals (ICMFM17)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 74 ( 2014 ) 165 169 XVII International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals (ICMFM17) Fatigue of Solder Interconnects
More informationParameters Optimization of Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Glass Lens for Surface Roughness Using Statistical Taguchi s Experimental Design
Parameters Optimization of Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Glass Lens for Surface Roughness Using Statistical Taguchi s Experimental Design MUHAMMAD HISYAM LEE Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Department of
More informationTensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below
Tensile stress strain curves for different materials. Shows in figure below Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity of several materials effected by increasing temperature, as is shown in Figure Asst. Lecturer
More informationHIGHLY ADAPTABLE RUBBER ISOLATION SYSTEMS
th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August -6, 24 Paper No. 746 HIGHLY ADAPTABLE RUBBER ISOLATION SYSTEMS Luis DORFMANN, Maria Gabriella CASTELLANO 2, Stefan L. BURTSCHER,
More informationMAGNETIC FIELD OF ELECTRICAL RADIANT HEATING SYSTEM
UDK 537.612:697.27 DOI: 10.7562/SE2017.7.02.03 Original article www.safety.ni.ac.rs MIODRAG MILUTINOV 1 ANAMARIJA JUHAS 2 NEDA PEKARIĆ-NAĐ 3 1,2,3 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences,
More informationOPTIMIZATION ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF BORING PROCESS BY VARYING DAMPER POSITION
OPTIMIZATION ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF BORING PROCESS BY VARYING DAMPER POSITION Wasis Nugroho, Nor Bahiyah Baba and Adi Saptari Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Technology, TATI University College,
More informationAdvanced Marine Structures Prof. Dr. Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Advanced Marine Structures Prof. Dr. Srinivasan Chandrasekaran Department of Ocean Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Lecture - 13 Ultimate Limit State - II We will now discuss the thirteenth
More informationSPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH FOR FIBERGLASS LAMINATES IN TENSION
AIAA-2-25 SPECTRUM FATIGUE LIFETIME AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH FOR FIBERGLASS LAMINATES IN TENSION Neil Wahl Montana Tech of The University of Montana Butte, Montana 597 Daniel Samborsky John Mandell Douglas
More informationMODELLING NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
6th RILEM Symposium on Fibre-Reinforced Concretes (FRC) - BEFIB - September, Varenna, Italy MODELLING NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE W. A. Elsaigh, J. M. Robberts and E.P. Kearsley
More informationChapter 5. Vibration Analysis. Workbench - Mechanical Introduction ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Workbench - Mechanical Introduction 12.0 Chapter 5 Vibration Analysis 5-1 Chapter Overview In this chapter, performing free vibration analyses in Simulation will be covered. In Simulation, performing a
More information6340(Print), ISSN 0976 AND 6359(Online) TECHNOLOGY Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- (IJMET) Dec (2012) IAEME
INTERNATIONAL International Journal of Mechanical JOURNAL Engineering OF MECHANICAL and Technology (IJMET), ENGINEERING ISSN 97 4(Print), ISSN 97 AND 9(Online) TECHNOLOGY Volume, Issue, Sep- (IJMET) Dec
More informationPortugaliae Electrochimica Acta 26/4 (2008)
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 6/4 (008) 6-68 PORTUGALIAE ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Comparison of Regression Model and Artificial Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Volume Percent of Diamond Deposition
More informationA CRITERION OF TENSILE FAILURE FOR HYPERELASTIC MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICATION TO VISCOELASTIC-VISCOPLASTIC MATERIALS
MTS ADHESIVES PROGRAMME 1996-1999 PERFORMANCE OF ADHESIVE JOINTS Project: PAJ1; Failure Criteria and their Application to Visco-Elastic/Visco-Plastic Materials Report 2 A CRITERION OF TENSILE FAILURE FOR
More informationEffect of Change Angle the Template used in Tests of Composite Materials on the Value of Modulus of Elasticity
International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations vol. 1, issue 4, May 2012 ISSN: 2251-8843 Effect of Change Angle the Template used in Tests of Composite Materials on the Value of Modulus
More informationAnalysis of Non-Linear Dynamic Behaviours in Asphalt Concrete Pavements Under Temperature Variations
ENOC 2017, June 25 30, 2017, Budapest, Hungary Analysis of Non-Linear Dynamic Behaviours in Asphalt Concrete Pavements Under Temperature Variations Amal Abdelaziz *, Chun-Hsing Ho *, and Junyi Shan * *
More informationAPPLICATION OF TAGUCHI METHODS IN TESTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF POLYETHYLENE
8 th International Quality Conference May 23 rd 2014 Center for Quality, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac Jasmina Mikovic 1) Sandra Velickovic 1) SrbislavAleksandrovic 1) Dragan Adamovic
More informationResponse Surface Models for Optimization of Wheat Straw- Polypropylene Composite Formulations
Proceedings of the 014 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Bali, Indonesia, January 7 9, 014 Response Surface Models for Optimization of Wheat Straw- Polypropylene
More informationStructural behaviour of traditional mortise-and-tenon timber joints
Structural behaviour of traditional mortise-and-tenon timber joints Artur O. Feio 1, Paulo B. Lourenço 2 and José S. Machado 3 1 CCR Construtora S.A., Portugal University Lusíada, Portugal 2 University
More informationChapter 4 - Mathematical model
Chapter 4 - Mathematical model For high quality demands of production process in the micro range, the modeling of machining parameters is necessary. Non linear regression as mathematical modeling tool
More informationProbabilistic Assessment of a Stiffened Carbon Fibre Composite Panel Operating in its Postbuckled Region Authors: Correspondence:
Probabilistic Assessment of a Stiffened Carbon Fibre Composite Panel Operating in its Postbuckled Region Authors: D. Elder and R. Thomson Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures Limited
More informationDesign of Engineering Experiments Part 5 The 2 k Factorial Design
Design of Engineering Experiments Part 5 The 2 k Factorial Design Text reference, Special case of the general factorial design; k factors, all at two levels The two levels are usually called low and high
More informationTECHNICAL PAPER INVESTIGATION INTO THE VALIDATION OF THE SHELL FATIGUE TRANSFER FUNCTION
Authors: TECHNICAL PAPER INVESTIGATION INTO THE VALIDATION OF THE SHELL FATIGUE TRANSFER FUNCTION Anthony Stubbs (Presenter), BE(Hons), Masters student, University of Canterbury. aps49@student.canterbury.ac.nz.
More informationMaterials and Structures. Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Introduction to Composite Materials and Structures Nachiketa Tiwari Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 16 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites Lecture Overview Mt Material ilaxes in unidirectional
More information4. Objectives of Research work
4. Objectives of Research work 4.1 Objectives of Study: The design of bellows is challenging looking to varieties of applications and evaluation of stresses is further difficult to approximate due to its
More informationAPPROXIMATE DESIGN OF SLENDER BI-AXIALLY LOADED RC COLUMNS
ГОДИШНИК НА УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ПО АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО И ГЕОДЕЗИЯ СОФИЯ Първа научно-приложна конференция с международно участие СТОМАНОБЕТОННИ И ЗИДАНИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА 22 23 октомври 2015
More informationPreface Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Overview: Statistical Inference, Samples, Populations, and Experimental Design The Role of
Preface Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Overview: Statistical Inference, Samples, Populations, and Experimental Design The Role of Probability Sampling Procedures Collection of Data Measures
More informationTask 1 - Material Testing of Bionax Pipe and Joints
Task 1 - Material Testing of Bionax Pipe and Joints Submitted to: Jeff Phillips Western Regional Engineer IPEX Management, Inc. 20460 Duncan Way Langley, BC, Canada V3A 7A3 Ph: 604-534-8631 Fax: 604-534-7616
More informationStandard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation 1
Designation: D 1039 94 (Reapproved 1999) e1 An American National Standard Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation 1 This standard is issued under the fixed designation
More informationTesting and Analysis
Testing and Analysis Testing Elastomers for Hyperelastic Material Models in Finite Element Analysis 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 Biaxial Extension Simple Tension Figure 1, A Typical Final Data Set for Input
More informationLaboratory 4 Bending Test of Materials
Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology, Dhaka MME 222 Materials Testing Sessional.50 Credits Laboratory 4 Bending Test of Materials. Objective
More informationMechanics of Materials II. Chapter III. A review of the fundamental formulation of stress, strain, and deflection
Mechanics of Materials II Chapter III A review of the fundamental formulation of stress, strain, and deflection Outline Introduction Assumtions and limitations Axial loading Torsion of circular shafts
More informationtwenty steel construction: columns & tension members ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS FALL 2013 lecture
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS Cor-Ten Steel Sculpture By Richard Serra Museum of Modern Art Fort Worth, TX (AISC - Steel Structures of the Everyday) FALL 2013 lecture
More information