Determining Changes in Welfare Distributions at the Micro-level: Updating Poverty Maps By Chris Elbers, Jean O. Lanjouw, and Peter Lanjouw 1
|
|
- Norah Montgomery
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Determining Changes in Welfare Distributions at the Micro-level: Updating Poverty Maps By Chris Elbers, Jean O. Lanjouw, and Peter Lanjouw 1 Income and wealth distributions have a prominent position in growth and development theories, and as determinants of specific socio-economic outcomes. However, empirical investigation of these relationships has been contrained by the lack of detailed high quality information on those distributions at the microlevel. We have developed a unit record-level statistical approach to the estimation of welfare measures that takes advantage of both the detail in household sample surveys and the comprehensive coverage of a large survey or census ( poverty mapping. See Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw 2003 for details.) We discuss here extensions to the approach to allow construction of welfare estimates for given year (t1) when either the household survey or census is not available in that year, but is at some time removed (t0). Often the interest in doing this will be to update an existing map constructed using both survey and census information in t0. Updated maps could be used by policy makers needing distributional information for monitoring programs and the incidence of development policy; and by researchers trying to understand how changes over time in policy or other factors affect distributional outcomes. 1. Outline of Poverty Mapping Consider first a single period. Let W be a welfare indicator based on the distribution of a householdlevelvariableofinterest,y h. Using the smaller and richer data sample, we estimate the joint distribution of y h and observable covariates x h. By restricting the explanatory variables to those that can be linked to households in the census, this model can be used to generate the distribution of y h for any target population in the census conditional on its observed characteristics and, in turn, the conditional distribution of W. Although disaggregation may be along any dimension - not necessarily geographic - we will call these target populations villages. Briefly this is done as follows. We estimate a model of y ch, the per capita expenditure, say, of household h in sample cluster c, typically in the form of a linear approximation, (1) ln y ch = E[ln y ch x T ch ]+u ch = x T ch β + u ch. We allow for a within-cluster correlation in the disturbances: u ch = η c + ε ch, where η c, ε ch and x ch are uncorrelated. An initial estimate of β is obtained from weighted least squares estimation. A flexible form for the idiosyncratic part of the disturbance variance, σ 2 ε,ch, can be estimated using the residuals e ch from the decomposition bu ch = bu c. +(bu ch bu c. )=bη c + e ch, (where. indicates an average). In current practice we estimate a logistic form for the variance with a limited number of explanatory variables. The estimated covariance matrix, weighted by the household expansion factors, is used to obtain feasible GLS estimates of the parameters and their variance. We are interested in welfare measures based on individuals and thus write W (m v,x v,β,u v ), where m v is a vector of household sizes, X v a matrix of observable characteristics and u v a vector of disturbances. 1 Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit, celbers@feweb.vu.nl; Agricultural and Resource Economics Department, University of California at Berkeley, jlanjouw@brook.edu; The World Bank, planjouw@worldbank.org.this paper was prepared for the International Statistical Institute Many of the ideas in this paper were developed in conversations with Hans Hoogeveen, Menno Pradhan, Remco Oostendorp and Roy van der Weide and we are grateful for their input. Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Government of Japan s PHRDTF at the World Bank. The views presented here should not be taken to reflect those of the World Bank or any of its affiliates. All errors are our own. 1
2 Because u v is unknown, we estimate the expected value of the indicator given the village households observable characteristics and the model of expenditure. This is denoted µ v = E[W m v,x v,ζ v ], where ζ v is the vector of model parameters, including those which describe the distribution of the disturbances. Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the expected welfare measures as follows: 1. Draw a vector of parameters ζ r from the estimated sampling distribution of b ζ : N( b ζ v, V b ( b ζ v )). 2. Draw a disturbance vector directly from the standardized residuals (semi-parametric), or from an appropriate empirical standardized distribution determined on the basis of those residuals (parametric), and transform using the heteroscedasticity model with parameters ζ r to obtain u r. 3. With each vector of simulated values construct the indicator, W r = W (m, X,β r,u r ). With R draws, the simulated expected value for the welfare indicator, and its variance, are then (2) eµ = 1 R RX r=1 W r and fv = 1 R RX (W r eµ) 2. r=1 The prediction error can be decomposed as (3) W eµ =(W µ)+(µ bµ)+(bµ eµ). Idiosyncratic Error - (W µ) : is the result of the realizations of the unobserved component of expenditure. This component of the variance in our estimator falls approximately proportionately in the number of households in the target population, M. Model Error - (µ bµ) : is determined by the properties of the first stage estimators and thus does not change systematically with M. Computation Error - (bµ eµ) :can be made negligible by making R sufficiently large. 2. Updating A change in consumption over time can be explained by a change in covariates, a change in their relationship to consumption, and a change in the disturbances: (4) ln y 1 ln y 0 =(X 1 X 0 )β 0 + X 1 (β 1 β 0 )+ η + ε If what is missing is a census in t1, and one is willing to assume that covariates have not changed, then a map for t1 can be constructed using the t0 census and a consumption model estimated using the t1 household survey. The required assumption can be checked by comparing the distribution of covariates in the t1 survey to their distribution in the census. The resulting imputed estimates can also be compared at an aggregated level to t1 sample survey estimates. If instead there is a census for t1 but a household survey only for t0 or t2, and one is willing to assume that a consumption model estimated for an adjacent period is valid for t1, then a welfare map for period t1 can be constructed using that model together with t1 census convariates. This may be a reasonable assumption if the two periods are not too far apart, or if an explanatory variable can pick up time trends in consumption. For instance, a noisy measure of consumption or income from the census data could be included as an explanatory variable in a model of a higher quality indicator, as in the third example below. These assumptions are often untenable in practical settings. Fortunately, a variety of data configurations offer the means to update poverty maps without having to resort to such extreme assumptions. We now outline several approaches to obtaining welfare estimates with partial information. These methods may or may not be effective in any given setting. In particular, the fact that information is more limited may force more aggregated modelling (e.g. one model for all rural areas vs. by strata) which, in turn, may undermine the basic assumption that the models are appropriate for out-of-sample imputation. This should be considered carefully. Similarly, because they use only partial information, updated maps are likely to be useful only at higher levels of aggregation than a standard map constructed with full information. Again in some cases, this higher level may well be a substantial improvement in terms of detail than what can be achieved using sample survey data only. 2
3 Using Household Panel Data In some cases panel survey data are available. With a measure of consumption y ch for the same households in each period, but census information only for t0, we can proceed as follows: 1. For t0 estimate the consumption model (5) ln y 0ch = x T 0ch β 0 + η 0c + ε 0ch. The resulting model can be used to simulate welfare estimates eµ For t1 use the fact that consumption in t1 and covariates in t0 are available for the same households to estimate the model (6) ln y 1ch = x T 0ch β 1 + η 1c + ε 1ch. 3. Impute t1 consumption for each census household based on t0 characteristics. When using panel estimates that have been constructed in this way to analyze changes in welfare over time, one must take account of correlated model error and also correlated cluster effects if some part of the effect of location is persistent. It would be efficient to estimate the t0 and t1 consumption equations jointly, in which case estimated correlation in the parameters and location effects could be applied in the subsequent simulations. Alternatively, one could estimate an equation for ln y 0ch and separately a second equation modelling the change in log consumption between periods. These are less likely to be correlated. Using Village Variables Even when the t0 household characteristics of households in the t1 sample are unknown (i.e., one does not have household panel data), it is quite possible that their t0 village characteristics are known. If so, one can proceed as above and estimate a version of equation (6) with explanatory variables limited to those at the village level: (7) ln y 1ch = x 0c β 1 + η 1c + ε 1ch. Estimates for t1 can be simulated for the population on the basis of village-level characteristics in t0. As only village-level variables are used, all households in the same village will be allocated the same value for the systematic part of their simulated consumption. Given this, it is advisable to include in the model villagelevel variables that can capture differences across localities in the within-village variation in consumption, e.g. not only means of the x variables, but also squares and higher powers. Similarly it is important to consider carefully the heteroscedasticity model. The advantage of the household panel survey approach is that it allows one to use household-level variables and thereby develop a better model of household consumption. However, panel data sets tend to be very small, which increases model error in the resulting welfare estimates, and also often suffer acutely from attrition bias. The village variable approach will typically allow use of a larger number of sample households and on that account may have lower model error than the panel case. However, the limitation to village-level variables increases the idiosyncratic error in the resulting welfare estimates. If household panel data are available as a subset of households within a larger survey sample, one could take advantage of the strengths of each approach. A first map could be constructed using the panel data. A second map could be constructed using the non-panel households and a model with only village-level variables. A final estimate of the welfare measure could be constructed as the variance-minimizing weighted average of the two. 3
4 Short and Long Form Survey Data This approach allows estimation when there is a census in both periods but only partial information on consumption. Suppose that, in the base period, households in a fraction of sampled clusters are given a long form survey yielding a measure of per capita consumption y tch, and the rest filled in a short form survey yielding a less exact measure s tch. In t1, all households are given the short form. To obtain estimates of welfare defined in terms of the more accurate indicator, y ch, in both periods, we assume that the joint distribution of log short consumption s tch and covariates x tch can be explained by (8) ln s tch = x T tch β t + η s tc + ε s tch and that of per capita long consumption y tch is described by the model (9) ln y tch = z T tch α t + γ t ln s tch + η tc + ε tch. The set of covariates z ch differs from those in the regression for s ch. 1. For each period separately, estimate equation (8) to obtain ln d s tch = x T tch β t. 2. Using data from t0, estimate the model (10) ln y 0ch = z0ch T α 0 + γ d 0ln s0ch + hx T 0ch (β 0 β b i 0 )γ 0 +(η 0c + γ 0 η s 0c)+(ε 0ch + γ 0 ε s tch ). 3. With estimates bα 0 and bγ 0, and d ln s 0ch, estimate predicted log per-capita long form consumption d ln y 0ch using equation (10) for all households in the base period and use the estimated disturbance distribution and model variance covariance matrix to simulate base period welfare measures eµ 0v. True ln y 0ch should be used for households where this information is available. 4. Using estimates bα 0, bγ 0, and d ln s 1ch, estimate d ln y 1ch for households in period t1. Again use the estimated disturbance distribution and model variance covariance matrix from t0 to simulate welfare measures eµ 1v. Estimated short form consumption is used instead of the true values, ln s 1ch, despite the latter being available for all households, because estimated values enter the model of long form consumption in the base period. The advantage of this approach as opposed to estimating y as a function of both z and x is that is requires the relatively weak assumption that α t = α, andthatγ t = γ. Importantly, it can accomodate changes in the intercept and in the returns to x variables over time, changes that would imply evolution in β t. 2 Higher-level Estimation This approach may be used when there is no census in t1 but there is panel data on village level variables, x 0 and x 1. Weestimateafullscalemapint0 to obtain the expected welfare estimates eµ 0v. We the posit a relationship between the welfare indicator and the village-level variables: (11) W 0v = x T v0θ 0 + τ v0. Recall that (12) W 0v = eµ 0v + ξ 0v. Substituting, (13) eµ 0v = x T 0vθ 0 +[τ 0v (W 0v µ 0v ) (µ 0v eµ 0v )]. 2 The disturbance distribution is assumed to be constant over time, which means that the model error in the estimation of β t remains similar even though levels may be changing. 4
5 After estimating this equation, village welfare measures can then be imputed for t1 using equation (11) as cw 1v = \ E[W x 1v ]=x T 1v b θ 0. The variance of the prediction is E[W 1v c W 1v ] 2 = x T 1vV( b θ 0 )x 1v + σ 2 τ. The first part of this variance is straightforward to obtain from equation (13). We obtain a noisy estimate of σ 2 τ by estimating equation (11) using sample estimates of welfare, W0v s, calculated from the household survey in t0. The disturbance in this equation is [τ v0 + s vo ], where s vo is sampling error in W0v s. The variance due to sampling error can be determined analytically or through simulation and then subtracted from the residual variance to arrive at an estimate of σ 2 τ. This approach requires the assumption that the model estimated in t0 applies in t1 which, as noted above, will be more tenable across shorter time periods or if variables that capture time trends can be included. REFERENCES Alderman, H., M. Babita, G. Demombynes, N. Makhatha, and B. Özler (2002): How Low Can You Go?: Combining Census and Survey Data for Mapping Poverty in South Africa, Journal of African Economics, forthcoming. Chesher, A., and C. Schluter (2002): Economic Studies, forthcoming. Welfare Measurement and Measurement Error, Review of Elbers, Chris, J.O. Lanjouw and Peter Lanjouw (2003): Micro-Level Estimation of Poverty and Inequality, Econometrica, 71, (2002): Micro-Level Estimation of Welfare, Policy Research Department Working Paper, The World Bank, forthcoming. 5
Imputed Welfare Estimates in Regression Analysis 1
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Imputed Welfare Estimates in Regression Analysis 1 Chris Elbers 2 Jean O. Lanjouw 3 Peter Lanjouw 4 April 26, 2004
More informationUpdating Small Area Welfare Indicators in the Absence of a New Census
Updating Small Area Welfare Indicators in the Absence of a New Census DRAFT Johannes G. Hoogeveen Thomas Emwanu Paul Okiira Okwi* November 13, 2003 Abstract Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw (2003a) show how,
More informationMICRO-LEVEL ESTIMATION OF WELFARE
MICRO-LEVEL ESTIMATION OF WELFARE B C E, J O. L, P L 1 Abstract We construct and derive the properties of estimators of welfare which take advantage of the detailed nature of information about living standards
More informationSocio-Economic Atlas of Tajikistan. The World Bank THE STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN
Socio-Economic Atlas of Tajikistan The World Bank THE STATE STATISTICAL COMMITTEE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN 1) Background Why there is a need for socio economic atlas? Need for a better understanding
More informationSelection of small area estimation method for Poverty Mapping: A Conceptual Framework
Selection of small area estimation method for Poverty Mapping: A Conceptual Framework Sumonkanti Das National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia University of Wollongong The First Asian
More informationSpatially Disaggregated Estimates of Poverty and Inequality in Thailand
Spatially Disaggregated Estimates of Poverty and Inequality in Thailand Andrew J. Healy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yos Vajaragupta, TDRI Somchai Jitsuchon Thailand Development Research Institute,
More informationImpact Evaluation Technical Workshop:
Impact Evaluation Technical Workshop: Asian Development Bank Sept 1 3, 2014 Manila, Philippines Session 19(b) Quantile Treatment Effects I. Quantile Treatment Effects Most of the evaluation literature
More informationBrazil within Brazil:
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Pol i c y Re s e a rc h Wo r k i n g Pa p e r 4513 Brazil within Brazil: Testing the
More informationOutline. Nature of the Problem. Nature of the Problem. Basic Econometrics in Transportation. Autocorrelation
1/30 Outline Basic Econometrics in Transportation Autocorrelation Amir Samimi What is the nature of autocorrelation? What are the theoretical and practical consequences of autocorrelation? Since the assumption
More informationInternal vs. external validity. External validity. This section is based on Stock and Watson s Chapter 9.
Section 7 Model Assessment This section is based on Stock and Watson s Chapter 9. Internal vs. external validity Internal validity refers to whether the analysis is valid for the population and sample
More informationGravity Models, PPML Estimation and the Bias of the Robust Standard Errors
Gravity Models, PPML Estimation and the Bias of the Robust Standard Errors Michael Pfaffermayr August 23, 2018 Abstract In gravity models with exporter and importer dummies the robust standard errors of
More informationDETERMINING POVERTY MAP USING SMALL AREA ESTIMATION METHOD
DETERMINING OVERTY MA USING SMALL AREA ESTIMATION METHOD Eko Yuliasih and Irwan Susanto T Bank UOB Buana Jakarta and Mathematics Dept. F MIA Sebelas Maret University yuliasih.eko@gmail.com Abstract. overty
More informationApplied Microeconometrics (L5): Panel Data-Basics
Applied Microeconometrics (L5): Panel Data-Basics Nicholas Giannakopoulos University of Patras Department of Economics ngias@upatras.gr November 10, 2015 Nicholas Giannakopoulos (UPatras) MSc Applied Economics
More informationIncentives and Nutrition for Rotten Kids: Intrahousehold Food Allocation in the Philippines
Incentives and Nutrition for Rotten Kids: Intrahousehold Food Allocation in the Philippines Pierre Dubois and Ethan Ligon presented by Rachel Heath November 3, 2006 Introduction Outline Introduction Modification
More informationLecture 4: Linear panel models
Lecture 4: Linear panel models Luc Behaghel PSE February 2009 Luc Behaghel (PSE) Lecture 4 February 2009 1 / 47 Introduction Panel = repeated observations of the same individuals (e.g., rms, workers, countries)
More informationJean Razafindravonoma, Director Direction des Statistiques des Ménages (DSM) de l Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar
Putting Welfare on the Map in Madagascar Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 34 August 00 Abstract In this paper, the authors apply a recently developed small-area estimation technique to derive detailed
More informationEconomic poverty and inequality at regional level in malta: focus on the situation of children 1
114 Социально-демографический потенциал регионального развития Для цитирования: Экономика региона. 2015. 3. С. 114-122 For citation: Ekonomika regiona [Economy of Region], 2015. 3. pp. 114-122 doi 10.17059/2015-3-10
More informationWelfare in Villages and Towns
TI 2000-029/2 Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper Welfare in Villages and Towns Chris Elbers Jean O. Lanjouw Peter Lanjouw Tinbergen Institute The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for economic research
More informationRecent Advances in the Field of Trade Theory and Policy Analysis Using Micro-Level Data
Recent Advances in the Field of Trade Theory and Policy Analysis Using Micro-Level Data July 2012 Bangkok, Thailand Cosimo Beverelli (World Trade Organization) 1 Content a) Classical regression model b)
More informationOutline. Possible Reasons. Nature of Heteroscedasticity. Basic Econometrics in Transportation. Heteroscedasticity
1/25 Outline Basic Econometrics in Transportation Heteroscedasticity What is the nature of heteroscedasticity? What are its consequences? How does one detect it? What are the remedial measures? Amir Samimi
More informationSmall Area Estimates of Poverty Incidence in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India
Small Area Estimates of Poverty Incidence in the State of Uttar Pradesh in India Hukum Chandra Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi Email: hchandra@iasri.res.in Acknowledgments
More informationReview of Classical Least Squares. James L. Powell Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley
Review of Classical Least Squares James L. Powell Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley The Classical Linear Model The object of least squares regression methods is to model and estimate
More informationMicro-Level Estimation of Welfare
wps 2- lil POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2911 Micro-Level Estimation of Welfare Chris Elbers Jean 0. Lanjouw Peter Lan jouw The World Bank Development Research Group Poverty Team October 2002 POLIcy RESEARCH
More informationThe cover page of the Encyclopedia of Health Economics (2014) Introduction to Econometric Application in Health Economics
PHPM110062 Teaching Demo The cover page of the Encyclopedia of Health Economics (2014) Introduction to Econometric Application in Health Economics Instructor: Mengcen Qian School of Public Health What
More informationOSU Economics 444: Elementary Econometrics. Ch.10 Heteroskedasticity
OSU Economics 444: Elementary Econometrics Ch.0 Heteroskedasticity (Pure) heteroskedasticity is caused by the error term of a correctly speciþed equation: Var(² i )=σ 2 i, i =, 2,,n, i.e., the variance
More informationImpact Evaluation of Rural Road Projects. Dominique van de Walle World Bank
Impact Evaluation of Rural Road Projects Dominique van de Walle World Bank Introduction General consensus that roads are good for development & living standards A sizeable share of development aid and
More informationBayesian Hierarchical Models
Bayesian Hierarchical Models Gavin Shaddick, Millie Green, Matthew Thomas University of Bath 6 th - 9 th December 2016 1/ 34 APPLICATIONS OF BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODELS 2/ 34 OUTLINE Spatial epidemiology
More informationChapter 1 Introduction. What are longitudinal and panel data? Benefits and drawbacks of longitudinal data Longitudinal data models Historical notes
Chapter 1 Introduction What are longitudinal and panel data? Benefits and drawbacks of longitudinal data Longitudinal data models Historical notes 1.1 What are longitudinal and panel data? With regression
More informationCLUSTER EFFECTS AND SIMULTANEITY IN MULTILEVEL MODELS
HEALTH ECONOMICS, VOL. 6: 439 443 (1997) HEALTH ECONOMICS LETTERS CLUSTER EFFECTS AND SIMULTANEITY IN MULTILEVEL MODELS RICHARD BLUNDELL 1 AND FRANK WINDMEIJER 2 * 1 Department of Economics, University
More informationRepeated observations on the same cross-section of individual units. Important advantages relative to pure cross-section data
Panel data Repeated observations on the same cross-section of individual units. Important advantages relative to pure cross-section data - possible to control for some unobserved heterogeneity - possible
More informationOnline Appendices, Not for Publication
Online Appendices, Not for Publication Appendix A. Network definitions In this section, we provide basic definitions and interpretations for the different network characteristics that we consider. At the
More informationMore on Roy Model of Self-Selection
V. J. Hotz Rev. May 26, 2007 More on Roy Model of Self-Selection Results drawn on Heckman and Sedlacek JPE, 1985 and Heckman and Honoré, Econometrica, 1986. Two-sector model in which: Agents are income
More informationTopic 10: Panel Data Analysis
Topic 10: Panel Data Analysis Advanced Econometrics (I) Dong Chen School of Economics, Peking University 1 Introduction Panel data combine the features of cross section data time series. Usually a panel
More informationIntroduction to Survey Data Integration
Introduction to Survey Data Integration Jae-Kwang Kim Iowa State University May 20, 2014 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Survey Integration Examples 3 Basic Theory for Survey Integration 4 NASS application 5
More informationEconometrics of Panel Data
Econometrics of Panel Data Jakub Mućk Meeting # 1 Jakub Mućk Econometrics of Panel Data Meeting # 1 1 / 31 Outline 1 Course outline 2 Panel data Advantages of Panel Data Limitations of Panel Data 3 Pooled
More informationEnvironmental Econometrics
Environmental Econometrics Syngjoo Choi Fall 2008 Environmental Econometrics (GR03) Fall 2008 1 / 37 Syllabus I This is an introductory econometrics course which assumes no prior knowledge on econometrics;
More informationA multivariate multilevel model for the analysis of TIMMS & PIRLS data
A multivariate multilevel model for the analysis of TIMMS & PIRLS data European Congress of Methodology July 23-25, 2014 - Utrecht Leonardo Grilli 1, Fulvia Pennoni 2, Carla Rampichini 1, Isabella Romeo
More informationDemand Shocks with Dispersed Information
Demand Shocks with Dispersed Information Guido Lorenzoni (MIT) Class notes, 06 March 2007 Nominal rigidities: imperfect information How to model demand shocks in a baseline environment with imperfect info?
More informationAPPLICATION OF THE COUNTRY PRODUCT DUMMY METHOD TO CONSTRUCT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PRICE INDICES FOR SRI LANKA
APPLICATION OF THE COUNTRY PRODUCT DUMMY METHOD TO CONSTRUCT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PRICE INDICES FOR SRI LANKA Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research Volume 2 (1) June 2014: 38-52 Sri Lanka Forum of University
More information1. The OLS Estimator. 1.1 Population model and notation
1. The OLS Estimator OLS stands for Ordinary Least Squares. There are 6 assumptions ordinarily made, and the method of fitting a line through data is by least-squares. OLS is a common estimation methodology
More informationEstimating Income Distributions Using a Mixture of Gamma. Densities
Estimating Income Distributions Using a Mixture of Gamma Densities Duangkamon Chotikapanich Monash University William E Griffiths University of Melbourne 3 May 2007 Abstract The estimation of income distributions
More informationCROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCTIVITY: THE ROLE OF ALLOCATION AND SELECTION
ONLINE APPENDIX CROSS-COUNTRY DIFFERENCES IN PRODUCTIVITY: THE ROLE OF ALLOCATION AND SELECTION By ERIC BARTELSMAN, JOHN HALTIWANGER AND STEFANO SCARPETTA This appendix presents a detailed sensitivity
More informationTopic 7: Heteroskedasticity
Topic 7: Heteroskedasticity Advanced Econometrics (I Dong Chen School of Economics, Peking University Introduction If the disturbance variance is not constant across observations, the regression is heteroskedastic
More informationW-BASED VS LATENT VARIABLES SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS: EVIDENCE FROM MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS
1 W-BASED VS LATENT VARIABLES SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS: EVIDENCE FROM MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS An Liu University of Groningen Henk Folmer University of Groningen Wageningen University Han Oud Radboud
More information1 Estimation of Persistent Dynamic Panel Data. Motivation
1 Estimation of Persistent Dynamic Panel Data. Motivation Consider the following Dynamic Panel Data (DPD) model y it = y it 1 ρ + x it β + µ i + v it (1.1) with i = {1, 2,..., N} denoting the individual
More informationAdvanced Econometrics
Based on the textbook by Verbeek: A Guide to Modern Econometrics Robert M. Kunst robert.kunst@univie.ac.at University of Vienna and Institute for Advanced Studies Vienna May 16, 2013 Outline Univariate
More informationImpact Evaluation Workshop 2014: Asian Development Bank Sept 1 3, 2014 Manila, Philippines
Impact Evaluation Workshop 2014: Asian Development Bank Sept 1 3, 2014 Manila, Philippines Session 15 Regression Estimators, Differences in Differences, and Panel Data Methods I. Introduction: Most evaluations
More information1 Bewley Economies with Aggregate Uncertainty
1 Bewley Economies with Aggregate Uncertainty Sofarwehaveassumedawayaggregatefluctuations (i.e., business cycles) in our description of the incomplete-markets economies with uninsurable idiosyncratic risk
More informationMinimax-Regret Sample Design in Anticipation of Missing Data, With Application to Panel Data. Jeff Dominitz RAND. and
Minimax-Regret Sample Design in Anticipation of Missing Data, With Application to Panel Data Jeff Dominitz RAND and Charles F. Manski Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern
More informationEconometrics Lecture 5: Limited Dependent Variable Models: Logit and Probit
Econometrics Lecture 5: Limited Dependent Variable Models: Logit and Probit R. G. Pierse 1 Introduction In lecture 5 of last semester s course, we looked at the reasons for including dichotomous variables
More informationMeasurement error effects on bias and variance in two-stage regression, with application to air pollution epidemiology
Measurement error effects on bias and variance in two-stage regression, with application to air pollution epidemiology Chris Paciorek Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley and Adam
More informationCIRPÉE Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l emploi
CIRPÉE Centre interuniversitaire sur le risque, les politiques économiques et l emploi Cahier de recherche/working Paper 06-34 Poverty, Inequality and Stochastic Dominance, Theory and Practice: Illustration
More informationAlp Simsek (MIT) Recitation Notes: 1. Gorman s Aggregation Th eorem2. Normative Representative November 9, Household Theorem / 16
14.452 Recitation Notes: 1. Gorman s Aggregation Theorem 2. Normative Representative Household Theorem 3. Representative Firm Theorem (Recitation 2 on November 6, 2009) (Reference: "Introduction to Modern
More informationESTIMATION OF TREATMENT EFFECTS VIA MATCHING
ESTIMATION OF TREATMENT EFFECTS VIA MATCHING AAEC 56 INSTRUCTOR: KLAUS MOELTNER Textbooks: R scripts: Wooldridge (00), Ch.; Greene (0), Ch.9; Angrist and Pischke (00), Ch. 3 mod5s3 General Approach The
More informationPanel Data Models. James L. Powell Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley
Panel Data Models James L. Powell Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley Overview Like Zellner s seemingly unrelated regression models, the dependent and explanatory variables for panel
More informationWooldridge, Introductory Econometrics, 4th ed. Chapter 2: The simple regression model
Wooldridge, Introductory Econometrics, 4th ed. Chapter 2: The simple regression model Most of this course will be concerned with use of a regression model: a structure in which one or more explanatory
More informationFlexible Estimation of Treatment Effect Parameters
Flexible Estimation of Treatment Effect Parameters Thomas MaCurdy a and Xiaohong Chen b and Han Hong c Introduction Many empirical studies of program evaluations are complicated by the presence of both
More informationRobust Non-Parametric Techniques to Estimate the Growth Elasticity of Poverty
International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences Vol. 14, 2019, no. 1, 43-52 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com https://doi.org/10.12988/ijcms.2019.936 Robust Non-Parametric Techniques to Estimate
More informationBusiness Cycle Comovements in Industrial Subsectors
Business Cycle Comovements in Industrial Subsectors Michael T. Owyang 1 Daniel Soques 2 1 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 University of North Carolina Wilmington The views expressed here are those
More informationLecture 4: Heteroskedasticity
Lecture 4: Heteroskedasticity Econometric Methods Warsaw School of Economics (4) Heteroskedasticity 1 / 24 Outline 1 What is heteroskedasticity? 2 Testing for heteroskedasticity White Goldfeld-Quandt Breusch-Pagan
More informationSimple Regression Model (Assumptions)
Simple Regression Model (Assumptions) Lecture 18 Reading: Sections 18.1, 18., Logarithms in Regression Analysis with Asiaphoria, 19.6 19.8 (Optional: Normal probability plot pp. 607-8) 1 Height son, inches
More informationMissing dependent variables in panel data models
Missing dependent variables in panel data models Jason Abrevaya Abstract This paper considers estimation of a fixed-effects model in which the dependent variable may be missing. For cross-sectional units
More informationCross-Country Differences in Productivity: The Role of Allocation and Selection
Cross-Country Differences in Productivity: The Role of Allocation and Selection Eric Bartelsman, John Haltiwanger & Stefano Scarpetta American Economic Review (2013) Presented by Beatriz González January
More informationEconometrics II Censoring & Truncation. May 5, 2011
Econometrics II Censoring & Truncation Måns Söderbom May 5, 2011 1 Censored and Truncated Models Recall that a corner solution is an actual economic outcome, e.g. zero expenditure on health by a household
More informationMarket access and rural poverty in Tanzania
Market access and rural poverty in Tanzania Nicholas Minot International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K St. NW Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Phone: +1 202 862-8199 Email: n.minot@cgiar.org Contributed
More informationAdditional Material for Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation (Cuttings from the Web Appendix)
Additional Material for Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skill Formation (Cuttings from the Web Appendix Flavio Cunha The University of Pennsylvania James Heckman The University
More informationBeyond the Target Customer: Social Effects of CRM Campaigns
Beyond the Target Customer: Social Effects of CRM Campaigns Eva Ascarza, Peter Ebbes, Oded Netzer, Matthew Danielson Link to article: http://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jmr.15.0442 WEB APPENDICES
More informationKatherine J. Curtis 1, Heather O Connell 1, Perla E. Reyes 2, and Jun Zhu 1. University of Wisconsin-Madison 2. University of California-Santa Cruz
Disentangling the Spatial Concentration and Temporal Stickiness of Poverty: Industrial Structure, Racial/Ethnic Composition, and the Complex Links to Poverty Katherine J. Curtis 1, Heather O Connell 1,
More informationTaking into account sampling design in DAD. Population SAMPLING DESIGN AND DAD
Taking into account sampling design in DAD SAMPLING DESIGN AND DAD With version 4.2 and higher of DAD, the Sampling Design (SD) of the database can be specified in order to calculate the correct asymptotic
More informationIntermediate Econometrics
Intermediate Econometrics Markus Haas LMU München Summer term 2011 15. Mai 2011 The Simple Linear Regression Model Considering variables x and y in a specific population (e.g., years of education and wage
More informationIdentification and Estimation Using Heteroscedasticity Without Instruments: The Binary Endogenous Regressor Case
Identification and Estimation Using Heteroscedasticity Without Instruments: The Binary Endogenous Regressor Case Arthur Lewbel Boston College December 2016 Abstract Lewbel (2012) provides an estimator
More informationHOUSEHOLD surveys collect information on incomes,
USING ENSUS AND SURVEY DATA TO ESTIMATE POVERTY AND INEQUALITY FOR SMALL AREAS Alessandro Tarozzi and Angus Deaton* Abstract Recent years have seen widespread use of small-area maps based on census data
More informationSpecification Tests in Unbalanced Panels with Endogeneity.
Specification Tests in Unbalanced Panels with Endogeneity. Riju Joshi Jeffrey M. Wooldridge June 22, 2017 Abstract This paper develops specification tests for unbalanced panels with endogenous explanatory
More informationDemand Shocks, Monetary Policy, and the Optimal Use of Dispersed Information
Demand Shocks, Monetary Policy, and the Optimal Use of Dispersed Information Guido Lorenzoni (MIT) WEL-MIT-Central Banks, December 2006 Motivation Central bank observes an increase in spending Is it driven
More informationShort T Panels - Review
Short T Panels - Review We have looked at methods for estimating parameters on time-varying explanatory variables consistently in panels with many cross-section observation units but a small number of
More informationHouseholds or locations? Cities, catchment areas and prosperity in India
Households or locations? Cities, catchment areas and prosperity in India Yue Li and Martin Rama World Bank July 13, 2015 Motivation and approach (Some) cities are drivers of prosperity in India Because
More informationFractional Imputation in Survey Sampling: A Comparative Review
Fractional Imputation in Survey Sampling: A Comparative Review Shu Yang Jae-Kwang Kim Iowa State University Joint Statistical Meetings, August 2015 Outline Introduction Fractional imputation Features Numerical
More informationNinth ARTNeT Capacity Building Workshop for Trade Research "Trade Flows and Trade Policy Analysis"
Ninth ARTNeT Capacity Building Workshop for Trade Research "Trade Flows and Trade Policy Analysis" June 2013 Bangkok, Thailand Cosimo Beverelli and Rainer Lanz (World Trade Organization) 1 Selected econometric
More informationINCOME RISK AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY: A SIMULATION STUDY
INCOME RISK AND CONSUMPTION INEQUALITY: A SIMULATION STUDY Richard Blundell Hamish Low Ian Preston THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES WP04/26 Income and Consumption Inequality: Decomposing Income Risk Richard
More informationConsumer Demand and the Cost of Living
Consumer Demand and the Cost of Living Krishna Pendakur May 24, 2015 Krishna Pendakur () Demand is Awesome May 24, 2015 1 / 26 Consumer demand systems? A consumer demand system is the relationship w j
More informationMapping poverty in rural China: how much does the environment matter?
Environment and Development Economics 16: 129 153 C Cambridge University Press 2011 doi:10.1017/s1355770x10000513 Mapping poverty in rural China: how much does the environment matter? SUSAN OLIVIA Department
More informationThe Impact of Residential Density on Vehicle Usage and Fuel Consumption: Evidence from National Samples
The Impact of Residential Density on Vehicle Usage and Fuel Consumption: Evidence from National Samples Jinwon Kim Department of Transport, Technical University of Denmark and David Brownstone 1 Department
More informationA Course in Applied Econometrics Lecture 18: Missing Data. Jeff Wooldridge IRP Lectures, UW Madison, August Linear model with IVs: y i x i u i,
A Course in Applied Econometrics Lecture 18: Missing Data Jeff Wooldridge IRP Lectures, UW Madison, August 2008 1. When Can Missing Data be Ignored? 2. Inverse Probability Weighting 3. Imputation 4. Heckman-Type
More informationBusiness Economics BUSINESS ECONOMICS. PAPER No. : 8, FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMETRICS MODULE No. : 3, GAUSS MARKOV THEOREM
Subject Business Economics Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 8, Fundamentals of Econometrics 3, The gauss Markov theorem BSE_P8_M3 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ASSUMPTIONS OF
More informationThe impact of residential density on vehicle usage and fuel consumption*
The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and fuel consumption* Jinwon Kim and David Brownstone Dept. of Economics 3151 SSPA University of California Irvine, CA 92697-5100 Email: dbrownst@uci.edu
More informationContextual Effects in Modeling for Small Domains
University of Wollongong Research Online Applied Statistics Education and Research Collaboration (ASEARC) - Conference Papers Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2011 Contextual Effects in
More informationTaxing capital along the transition - Not a bad idea after all?
Taxing capital along the transition - Not a bad idea after all? Online appendix Hans Fehr University of Würzburg CESifo and Netspar Fabian Kindermann University of Bonn and Netspar September 2014 In Appendix
More informationEconometrics of Panel Data
Econometrics of Panel Data Jakub Mućk Meeting # 4 Jakub Mućk Econometrics of Panel Data Meeting # 4 1 / 30 Outline 1 Two-way Error Component Model Fixed effects model Random effects model 2 Non-spherical
More informationA Joint Tour-Based Model of Vehicle Type Choice and Tour Length
A Joint Tour-Based Model of Vehicle Type Choice and Tour Length Ram M. Pendyala School of Sustainable Engineering & the Built Environment Arizona State University Tempe, AZ Northwestern University, Evanston,
More informationState-space Model. Eduardo Rossi University of Pavia. November Rossi State-space Model Fin. Econometrics / 53
State-space Model Eduardo Rossi University of Pavia November 2014 Rossi State-space Model Fin. Econometrics - 2014 1 / 53 Outline 1 Motivation 2 Introduction 3 The Kalman filter 4 Forecast errors 5 State
More informationSteven Cook University of Wales Swansea. Abstract
On the finite sample power of modified Dickey Fuller tests: The role of the initial condition Steven Cook University of Wales Swansea Abstract The relationship between the initial condition of time series
More informationMA 575 Linear Models: Cedric E. Ginestet, Boston University Non-parametric Inference, Polynomial Regression Week 9, Lecture 2
MA 575 Linear Models: Cedric E. Ginestet, Boston University Non-parametric Inference, Polynomial Regression Week 9, Lecture 2 1 Bootstrapped Bias and CIs Given a multiple regression model with mean and
More informationECONOMICS 210C / ECONOMICS 236A MONETARY HISTORY
Fall 018 University of California, Berkeley Christina Romer David Romer ECONOMICS 10C / ECONOMICS 36A MONETARY HISTORY A Little about GLS, Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Standard Errors, Clustering, and
More informationSentiments and Aggregate Fluctuations
Sentiments and Aggregate Fluctuations Jess Benhabib Pengfei Wang Yi Wen October 15, 2013 Jess Benhabib Pengfei Wang Yi Wen () Sentiments and Aggregate Fluctuations October 15, 2013 1 / 43 Introduction
More informationQuantile Regression for Dynamic Panel Data
Quantile Regression for Dynamic Panel Data Antonio Galvao 1 1 Department of Economics University of Illinois NASM Econometric Society 2008 June 22nd 2008 Panel Data Panel data allows the possibility of
More informationNotes on Heterogeneity, Aggregation, and Market Wage Functions: An Empirical Model of Self-Selection in the Labor Market
Notes on Heterogeneity, Aggregation, and Market Wage Functions: An Empirical Model of Self-Selection in the Labor Market Heckman and Sedlacek, JPE 1985, 93(6), 1077-1125 James Heckman University of Chicago
More informationIV Quantile Regression for Group-level Treatments, with an Application to the Distributional Effects of Trade
IV Quantile Regression for Group-level Treatments, with an Application to the Distributional Effects of Trade Denis Chetverikov Brad Larsen Christopher Palmer UCLA, Stanford and NBER, UC Berkeley September
More informationECO 513 Fall 2008 C.Sims KALMAN FILTER. s t = As t 1 + ε t Measurement equation : y t = Hs t + ν t. u t = r t. u 0 0 t 1 + y t = [ H I ] u t.
ECO 513 Fall 2008 C.Sims KALMAN FILTER Model in the form 1. THE KALMAN FILTER Plant equation : s t = As t 1 + ε t Measurement equation : y t = Hs t + ν t. Var(ε t ) = Ω, Var(ν t ) = Ξ. ε t ν t and (ε t,
More informationCSCI-6971 Lecture Notes: Monte Carlo integration
CSCI-6971 Lecture otes: Monte Carlo integration Kristopher R. Beevers Department of Computer Science Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute beevek@cs.rpi.edu February 21, 2006 1 Overview Consider the following
More informationEquivalent representations of discrete-time two-state panel data models
Equivalent representations of discrete-time two-state panel data models by Tue Gorgens and Dean Hyslop ANU Working Papers in Economics and Econometrics # WP654 27 October 2017 JEL: C33, C35, C41 ISBN:
More information