1/16/2013. NB 2: The photophysics Is hidden in σ. No population inversion! g n. Large Saturation: g n g n. in cm c EINSTEIN COEFFICIENT

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P g B A Stmulatd mss Sptaus mss Stmulatd mss Sptaus mss B B AB AB h dab dt [ ] A AB [ ] P

1 /6/0 EINSTEIN COEFFICIENT # trasts / scd: P g B # mlculs dgracy Radat dsty =# phts/ut rq. NB : Th phtphyscs Is hdd σ 8 B h dt Ampltud TRANSITION OENT (S w hav t d much yt) P g B A P g B A Stmulatd mss Sptaus mss Stmulatd mss Sptaus mss B B AB AB h dab dt [ ] A AB [ ] P g B A 8h î B v cm c P P g B g B A 4 g g B B A N ppulat vrs! A B g Larg Saturat: g g g 5 6

50 Lml cm s d 8 lcul: 5000 cm 0 L ml cm 5 Atm: 0.

2 /6/0 7 8 YAG lasr N B N B A N B N B B N N h KT h KT Bltzma h KT Plack 9 8 h c 0 Oscllatr strgth Oscllatr strgth r a dal lctr r a dal lctr ( ).50 Lml cm s d 8 lcul: 5000 cm 0 L ml cm 5 Atm: 0.5 cm 0 L ml cm (Wh ully allwd) ( ).50 Lml cm 8 lcul: 5000 cm 0 L ml cm 5 Atm: 0.5 cm 0 L ml cm (Wh ully allwd) d 8

3 /6/0 Othr tracts Ltms Est ccts ar rat cstats agtc tract B wth charg: /7 lctrc tract E ( structur cstat: /hc = /7.06) agtc dpl cmpard t lctrc dpl Spatal varat: Opratrs qx, qxy, tc. (λ 0 tms th sz a atm) Elctrc quadrupl 0-6 cmpard t lctrc dpl 0 Ag. x d A B d ( ) d wh ully allwd UV at 0,000 cm.6 x 0 sc Hsbrg may hav b hr E h E m h 4 m E h 4 m 5 px x mv t t mv t Et / 6 Ctrbuts t xctd stat ltm Natural ltm Prssur bradg Satura bradg Dpplr bradg NB: (v) a gas s Gaussa Dpplr l shap s Gausa d c 7 8

4 /6/0 9 0 Trast dpl mmt: ˆ dt Dpl mmt pratr: ˆ ˆ ˆ r z r p p q q q lctrs Nucl Et / h (dpds crdats lctrs ad ucl Ad tm) 4 4

/6/0 Dpl mmt pratr (t) ˆ ( E E)/ h,, d 9 sclats wth: 6 x 0 5 0 s 4 E E h 6 x 0 h h NB: Rsat rqucy E h Bhr rqucy NB : I = 0 ad µ bcms prmat dpl NB : ν as bat rqucy NB : cmpar t uclar vbrats 5 Cmpar 0

5 /6/0 Dpl mmt pratr (t) ˆ ( E E)/ h,, d 9 sclats wth: 6 x s 4 E E h 6 x 0 h h NB: Rsat rqucy E h Bhr rqucy NB : I = 0 ad µ bcms prmat dpl NB : ν as bat rqucy NB : cmpar t uclar vbrats 5 Cmpar 0 5 s - t IR: c 6 x 0 s cm x Nuclar mt s rdrs agtud slwr tha Elctrc mt Br-Opphmr apprxmat 6 ax Br (88-970) pq qp = h/π Olva Nwt-Jh Rbrt Opphmr 7 ax Br (88-970) pq qp = h/π ax Dlbrück Waltr Elsassr Frdrch Hud Pascual Jrda ara Gpprt-ayr Lthar Wlgag Nrdhm J. Rbrt Opphmr Vctr Wsskp. Erc Frm Wrr Hsbrg Grhard Hrzbrg Frdrch Hud Pascual Jrda Wlgag Paul Lé Rsld Edward Tllr Eug Wgr NB: 9: Hsbrg Schrdgr+Drac 8 Th Russll-Est ast Issud Ld, 9 July 955 Thr ls br us, w chs, ctual prgrss happss, kwldg, ad wsdm. Shall w, stad, chs dath, bcaus w cat rgt ur quarrls? W appal as huma bgs t huma bgs: Rmmbr yur humaty, ad rgt th rst. I yu ca d s, th way ls p t a w Parads; yu cat, thr ls br yu th rsk uvrsal dath. Rslut: WE vt ths Cgrss, ad thrugh t th sctsts th wrld ad th gral publc, t subscrb t th llwg rslut: "I vw th act that ay utur wrld war uclar waps wll crtaly b mplyd, ad that such waps thrat th ctud xstc makd, w urg th gvrmts th wrld t ralz, ad t ackwldg publcly, that thr purps cat b urthrd by a wrld war, ad w urg thm, csqutly, t d pacul mas r th sttlmt all mattrs dsput btw thm." Brtrad Russll ad Albrt Est 9 ax Br Prcy W. Brdgma Albrt Est Lpld Ild Frdrc Jlt-Cur Hrma J. ullr Lus Paulg Ccl F. Pwll Jsph Rtblat Brtrad Russll Hdk Yukawa 0 5

/6/0 Thr ls br us, w chs, ctual prgrss happss, kwldg, ad wsdm. Shall w, stad, chs dath, bcaus w cat rgt ur quarrls? W appal as huma bgs t huma bgs: Rmmbr yur humaty, ad rgt th rst.

Rslut: WE vt ths Cgrss, ad thrugh t th sctsts th wrld ad th gral publc, t subscrb t th llwg rslut: "I vw th act that ay utur wrld war uclar waps wll crtaly b mplyd, ad that such waps thrat th ctud

" ax Br (physcs 954) Prcy W. Brdgma (physcs 946) Albrt Est (physcs 9) Lpld Ild Frdrc Jlt-Cur (physcs 95) Hrma J. ullr (physlgy r mdc 946) Lus Paulg (chmstry 954, pac 96) Ccl F.

6 /6/0 Thr ls br us, w chs, ctual prgrss happss, kwldg, ad wsdm. Shall w, stad, chs dath, bcaus w cat rgt ur quarrls? W appal as huma bgs t huma bgs: Rmmbr yur humaty, ad rgt th rst. I yu ca d s, th way ls p t a w Parads; yu cat, thr ls br yu th rsk uvrsal dath. Rslut: WE vt ths Cgrss, ad thrugh t th sctsts th wrld ad th gral publc, t subscrb t th llwg rslut: "I vw th act that ay utur wrld war uclar waps wll crtaly b mplyd, ad that such waps thrat th ctud xstc makd, w urg th gvrmts th wrld t ralz, ad t ackwldg publcly, that thr purps cat b urthrd by a wrld war, ad w urg thm, csqutly, t d pacul mas r th sttlmt all mattrs dsput btw thm." ax Br (physcs 954) Prcy W. Brdgma (physcs 946) Albrt Est (physcs 9) Lpld Ild Frdrc Jlt-Cur (physcs 95) Hrma J. ullr (physlgy r mdc 946) Lus Paulg (chmstry 954, pac 96) Ccl F. Pwll (physcs 950) Jsph Rtblat (pac 995) Brtrad Russll (ltratur 950) Hdk Yukawa (physcs 949) Jsph Rtblat Nbl Pac prz 995 (tgthr wth Pugwash crcs) Russl-Est ast, 995: Abv all, rmmbr yur humaty It's th psychlgy war,' sad Jsph Rtblat. 'Oc w tr war, ur mral valus ar thrw vrbard. W ar curagd t kll ppl. Ev ppl wh th past had b rds bcam, ur mds, ur mrtal ms.' ˆ d d ˆ d d Orthgal ( vrlap) ax Br (88-970) pq qp = h/π Rbrt Opphmr rp d d p tlls allwd r rbdd: must b symmtrc slct ruls Frack-cd actrs 4 x drct x s dd: vdd v dd dd dd dd dd v vdd dd y z dd (h, h!) dd (h, h!) v (ah!) v (ah!) I a atm: grally: l,,... dd u u l 0,,... v g g l 5 l 0 l ( s) ˆ x ( s) dx 0 vrbt y s s + + x + + x x _ + _ + s p _ (s)x(s) (p) x (s) + _ + _ + + allwd ( p) ˆ (s ) dx x 6 6

7 /6/0 O mr paramtr. α β SPIN up dw +½ -½ Orthrmal: ds ds sp lps! ds ds 0 Paul prcpl r, r r r r r mus sg r rms S=0 sglt S= trplt r r r r s th, 0!! :,, NB r r r r 7 8 I w ca sparat spac ad sp ( sp-rbt cuplg): s p d r d d s s s p s 9 7

3.4 Properties of the Stress Tensor

3.4 Properties of the Stress Tensor cto.4.4 Proprts of th trss sor.4. trss rasformato Lt th compots of th Cauchy strss tsor a coordat systm wth bas vctors b. h compots a scod coordat systm wth bas vctors j,, ar gv by th tsor trasformato