NEUTRINO ENERGY RECONSTRUCTION IN NEUTRINO-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS
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1 ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS NEUTRINO ENERGY RECONSTRUCTION IN NEUTRINO-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS D. CHEŞNEANU 1,2, A. JIPA 2,a 1 National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering Horia Hulubei, Reactorului 30, RO , P.O. Box MG-6, Măgurele-Bucharest, Romania chesneanu@nipne.ro 2 University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Department of Atomic and Nuclear Physics P.O. Box MG-11, Măgurele-Bucharest, Romania a jipa@brahms.fizica.unibuc.ro Received January 16, 2012 In this paper, we present two methods to reconstruct the neutrino energy for neutrino interactions in the few-gev energy range. We used GENIE - a new neutrino Monte Carlo generator - to generate events and compute the cross sections for neutrinonucleus interactions. The present study is useful for improving underground detectors discovery potential for determining the neutrino properties. Key words: Neutrino physics, energy reconstruction, neutrino event generator. PACS: g, Lm. 1. INTRODUCTION The study of neutrino interactions with nuclei is an active field of investigation and crucial to any type of long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. Study of neutrino nucleus reactions in the few GeV energy region is complicated and requires many intermediate steps, such as a description of the nuclear model, understanding the neutrino nucleon cross sections, modeling of hadronization, as well as the modeling of intranuclear hadron transport and other secondary interactions. All this steps would be solved if GEANT [1] had a validated neutrino interaction package. Because this tool kit cannot describe the passage of neutrino through matter there are a number of Monte Carlo (MC) generators and numerical packages dedicated to description of neutrino interactions: GENIE [2], GiBUU [3], FLUKA [4], NEUT [5], NuWro [6] and Nuance [7]. Simulation in particle physics is a computer-aided method of modeling particle interactions with an aim to predict results of experiment. Simulations are used to evaluate the feasibility and physics reach of proposed experiments, optimize the detector design, analyze the collected data samples and evaluate systematic errors. In this paper, we studied neutrino interactions with 40 Ar nuclei and we used two methods to reconstruct the neutrino energy for neutrino interactions in the few- GeV energy range. This study is useful for LAGUNA [8] collaborative project whose RJP Rom. 57(Nos. Journ. Phys., 7-8), Vol , Nos. 7-8, (2012) P , (c) Bucharest, 2012
2 1080 D. Cheşneanu, A. Jipa 2 principal goal is to assess the feasibility of a new pan-european research infrastructure able to host the next generation, very large volume, deep underground neutrino observatory. LAGUNA is a long baseline experiment aimed at measuring neutrino oscillation phenomenon using artificial neutrino beam. From the three detector technologies studied in LAGUNA, the liquid Argon TPC option (Glacier detector) is a new and challenging technology and is the fruit of many years of R&D effort conducted by the ICARUS Collaboration [9]. One of the seven potential underground sites in Europe to install the LAGUNA detectors is Unirea salt mine, Slănic- Prahova (Romania), where there is located an underground laboratory with ultra low radiation background [10]. The proposed detector for this location is Glacier. Within the past few years, in Romania, many studies have been made to determine the neutrino properties [11]- [15]. The analysis presented in this paper has the same purpose and was realized using a neutrino MC generator. 2. ENERGY RECONSTRUCTION METHODS 2.1. SIMULATION ALGORITHM For this analysis, we used GENIE that is an advanced and freely available neutrino MC generator designed by Dr. Costas Andreopoulos at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, for the purpose of the MINOS Collaboration [16], using object-oriented methodologies. It simulates neutrino interactions, for all neutrino flavors and all nuclear targets, over a large energy range from a few MeV to several hundred GeV. The technical details regarding physical models used in the program can be found in Ref. [2]. GENIE is a widely used tool, which has already been adopted by the majority of neutrino experiments, including those using the JPARC [17] and NuMI [16] neutrino beam lines. While existing neutrino MC generators simply simulate neutrino interactions and may include the ability to use some form of user-defined neutrino flux, GENIE can analyze detector geometries written in ROOT [18] or GEANT and can also interface with GEANT in order to feed the generated events into MC detector. The GENIE version was installed on a LINUX distribution that required more external packages to enable certain specialized features: ROOT, LHAPDF [19], PYTHIA6 [20] and other C++ libraries. The user is allowed to choose target nucleus that is important, because final state interactions (FSI) are strongly dependent on number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. A primary state is defined as the topology of particles produced by the primary neutrino interaction and the final state is defined as the topology of the particles after any secondary interactions, such as intranuclear rescattering, that have taken place. We have performed simulation of neutrino interactions with nucleus ( 40 Ar) generating two samples of events: with and without final state interactions.
3 3 Neutrino Energy Reconstruction in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions 1081 This analysis is based on charged current (CC) interactions and mainly quasi-elastic CC events (CCQE), which are numerous and the easiest to reconstruct precisely, thus introducing small systematic errors. In case of neutrino from the beam interactions, only some products can be observed (electrons, muons, hadrons) and not the neutrino itself. Properties of incident neutrino have to be therefore inferred from the available observables directions, momenta and energies of observed particles. As incident neutrinos are coming from the beam, their direction is known and the only quantity necessary to reconstruct is the energy (or momentum - neutrino mass can be neglected). To reconstruct the neutrino energy where taken into accounts two methods: 1. Total momentum method using total momentum of outgoing interaction products, and 2. Quasi-Elastic (QE) method using CCQE events and treating interaction as a two-body process. In total momentum method one can calculate total momentum of products which will be (with some assumptions) equal to the momentum of neutrino, because the total momentum is conserved in an interaction. It is the simplest method, but to be precise it requires the target nucleon to be at rest (no Fermi motion) and all particles to be visible and their momenta reconstructible. In the QE method one can calculate energy of incoming neutrino using the following formula: E ν = m pe l 1 2 m2 l, (1) m p E l + p l cosθ l assuming that the nucleon is at rest in the initial state (m N is the target nucleon mass, m l,e l,p l are mass, energy and momentum of the outgoing lepton respectively θ l is the angle between lepton track direction and beam axis). For this method the lepton must be correctly tagged and reconstructed, which is, however, usually easier than reconstructing all of the products as it is needed in the total momentum approach. Samples without FSI are easier to study and are a main tool in verifying reconstruction methods here, but real reconstruction has to take into account events with FSI. FSI influence the number (due to absorption and other processes) and momenta of hadrons exiting the nucleus and thus usually degrade reconstruction quality in the total momentum method RECONSTRUCTION QUALITY For reconstruction quality evaluation we represented true value of neutrino energy (from the simulation) versus the reconstructed value (from the calculation).
4 1082 D. Cheşneanu, A. Jipa 4 Ideal reconstruction would amount to the points evenly aligned on the diagonal line across the plot. The larger the distance from the diagonal is, the worse is the energy reconstruction. The first two figures shows the quality of reconstruction using total momentum method: in Fig. 1, all the particles are assumed visible and ideally reconstructible (with FSI). Even with these strong assumptions, due to Fermi motion of the target nucleon, one can see some smearing of the energy. In Fig. 2, we introduced simple visibility criterion by narrowing the list of visible particles to muons, electrons, protons, neutral and charged pions. Muons (and to smaller extent charged pions) have usually long tracks and are easily tagged and measured, electrons produce electromagnetic showers; neutral pions in most cases decay into two gammas, each of them resulting in the similar electromagnetic shower. Invisibility of some particles deteriorates the reconstruction quality and this effect is mainly caused by the fact that neutrons are not visible under the criteria described above.neutrino energy for a large fraction of events is underestimated, because of the invisible momentum in the final state. Fig. 1 Total momentum method, CC events and all final state particles visible.
5 5 Neutrino Energy Reconstruction in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions 1083 Fig. 2 Total momentum method, CC events with simple visibility criteria. For the QE method the reconstruction results are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.It relies solely on muon reconstruction, so in some cases it may turn out to be better than the total momentum method.in particular it is totally independent of visibility assumptions introduced before, as it influences only hadrons. It would be ideal to use this method only for CCQE events, but problems with visibility of low energy protons and pions make it difficult to select a pure sample, so the results are shown here both for all and CCQE events. Fig. 3 presents the all CC events; the result is similar in some degree to the plot for total momentum method. There is a cluster of events in lower energy range just below the diagonal these events energy was miscalculated because they were non-qe events. The best reconstruction is achieved for CCQE events (Fig.4); the dispersion of points can be attributed to existence of the Fermi motion of target nucleon. These results are better than the total momentum method because it rely on electrons reconstruction and are totally independent of visibility assumptions introduced before.
6 1084 D. Cheşneanu, A. Jipa 6 Fig. 3 Quality of reconstruction of QE method, CC events. Fig. 4 Quality of reconstruction of QE method, CCQE events.
7 7 Neutrino Energy Reconstruction in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions 1085 To finalize the analysis, we will compare the results of both methods using distributions of a measure defined as a relative difference between real and reconstructed energy: δe = E R E T E T (2) In the CC events (Fig. 5) the distribution for QE method is more wide and this suggests that the method is inferior to the total momentum one. In Fig. 6, for the CCQE events, the QE method is best suited for this type of events because its distribution is much better than the total momentum method. For CCQE events the errors of QE method are sometimes much larger than for total momentum method with ideal particle visibility assumption (the spread of points in Fig. 4 is significantly larger that in Fig 1.). The inaccuracy of total momentum reconstruction is caused by the Fermi momentum of target nucleon that is not taken into account. Fig. 5 Reconstruction quality comparison in CC events classes; solid line QE formula, dotted line total momentum formula.
8 1086 D. Cheşneanu, A. Jipa 8 Fig. 6 Reconstruction quality comparison in CCQE events classes; solid line QE formula, dotted line total momentum formula. 3. CONCLUSIONS We presented here two methods for neutrino energy reconstruction: total momentum method using total momentum of outgoing interaction products, and QE method using formula (1) for CCQE events.to have an optimal neutrino energy reconstruction procedure we advise to use QE method if an event can be identified as CCQE, andtotal momentum method for all other CC events. If the events are efficiently separated into CCQE and CCnonQE it is not necessary to use the total momentum method in the CCQE events class. The present study is useful for improving underground detectors discovery potential for determining the neutrino properties. Acknowledgments. This work was partially supported by the European Social Fund in Romania, under the responsibility of the Managing Authority for the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development [grant POSDRU/88/1.5/S/56668] and by the National Authority for Scientific Research under project PN
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