The Dirichlet Problem in a Two Dimensional Rectangle. Section 13.5
|
|
- Delilah Dickerson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Dirichlet Prolem in Two Dimensionl Rectngle Section Dirichlet Prolem in Rectngle In these notes we will pply the method of seprtion of vriles to otin solutions to elliptic prolems in rectngle s n infinite sum involving Fourier coefficients, eigenvlues nd eigenvectors. These prolems represent the simplest cses consisting of the Dirichlet Prolem in -Dimensionl in rectngle. g y f 1 x Ω g 1 y f x As usul we will strt with simplest oundry conditions Dirichlet oundry conditions nd rectngulr region Ω. The most generl setup in this cse is to prescrie function on ech of the four sides of the rectngle s depicted in the figure. Thus we otin the prolem u xx x, y + u yy x, y =, x, y [, ] [, ], 1.1 u, y = g y, ux, = f x, u, y = g 1 y ux, = f 1 x Anlysis of this prolem would ecome rther messy ut the principle of superposition llows us to divide nd conquer. We cn write the solution to this prolem s sum of solutions to four simpler prolems The Principle of Superposition We note tht for liner prolem it is lwys possile to replce single hrd prolem y severl simpler prolems. More specificlly, we cn write the solution to hrd prolem s the sum of the solutions to severl simpler prolems. For exmple the solution u to 1.1 1
2 cn e otined s sum of the solutions to four simpler prolems u 1 xx x, y + u 1 yy x, y =, x, y [, ] [, ], 1. u 1, y = g y, u 1, y = u 1 x, =, u 1 x, = u xx x, y + u yy x, y =, x, y [, ] [, ], 1.3 u, y =, u, y = u x, =, u x, = f 1 x u 3 xx x, y + u 3 yy x, y =, x, y [, ] [, ], 1.4 u 3, y =, u 3, y = g 1 y u 3 x, =, u 3 x, = u 4 xx x, y + u 4 yy x, y =, x, y [, ] [, ], 1.5 u 4, y =, u 4, y = u 4 x, = f x, u 4 x, = Non-Zero Boundry Function of x To illustrte the method of seprtion of vriles pplied to these prolems let us consider the BVP in 1.3. In this cse the only non-zero oundry term occurs on the top of the ox when y = where we hve u x, = f 1 x. u = u = f 1 Ω u = µ n = u x, y = n = u =, λ n = µ n, ϕ n x = sinµ nx, n = 1,,, n sinh µ n y ϕ n x 1 sinh µ n f 1 xϕ n x dx.
3 As usul we look for simple solutions in the form u x, y = ϕxψy. Sustituting into 1.3 nd dividing oth sides y ϕxψy gives ψ y ψy = ϕ x ϕx Since the left side is independent of x nd the right side is independent of y, it follows tht the expression must e constnt: ψ y ψy = ϕ x ϕx Here ψ mens the derivtive of ψ with respect to y nd ϕ mens mens the derivtive of ϕ with respect to x. = λ. N.B. Notice tht we re using the negtive of the sign we used for λ in the het nd wve eqution. This is in keeping with stndrd prctice for the Dirichlet prolem. So in this cse our eigenvlues will e λ n = µ n insted of µ n. We seek to find ll possile constnts λ nd the corresponding nonzero functions ϕ nd ψ. We otin ϕ + λϕ =, ψ λψ =. Furthermore, the oundry conditions give ϕψy =, ϕψy = for ll y. Since ψy is not identiclly zero we otin the eigenvlue prolem ϕ x + λϕx =, ϕ =, ϕ =..1 We hve solved similr prolem mny times with the min difference eing tht now the eigenvlues re positive. µ n =, λ n = µ n, ϕ n x = sinµ nx, n = 1,,.. The generl solution of ψ y µ nψy = is then ψy = c 1 cosh µ n y + c sinh µ n y.3 where c 1 nd c re ritrry constnts. The oundry condition ψ = implies ψy = sinh µ n y. 3
4 So we look for u s n infinite sum ux, y = n sinh µ n y ϕ n x.4 The only thing remining is to somehow pick the constnts n so tht the initil condition ux, = f 1 x is stisfied. Setting y = in.4, we seek to otin { n } stisfying f 1 x = ux, = n sinh µ n ϕ n x. This is lmost Sine expnsion of the function f 1 x on the intervl,. In prticulr we otin or sinh µ n n = n = 1 sinh µ n f 1 xϕ n x dx f 1 xϕ n x dx..5 N.B. In order to otin the complete solution to the originl prolem 1.1 we would need to solve the three other similr prolems 1., 1.4, 1.5. Let us now consider n explicit exmple for f 1 x: Exmple.1. Consider the prolem 1.3 with { x x /, f 1 x = π x / x. For this exmple.4 ecomes ux, y = n sinh µ n y sinh µ n y ϕ n x, with ϕ n x = sinµ nx. In this cse we otin the following results for.5 The explicit integrtions re crried out elow [ / x ] x sinh n = x sin dx + x sin dx / [ = sin + = sin n π sin ] 4
5 Which implies n = sin. n π sinh µ n Then we rrive t the solution ux, y = 4 π sin sinh µ n y sin µ n π n x. sinh µ n To otin the ove formuls we needed to crryout two integrtion y prts. We do them seprtely in the following. nd / / x sin x sin Thus we hve x dx = = x / x x cos dx x / cos = / cos = cos = cos / / x cos dx cos x / sin sin x dx = x x / cos dx = x x cos sinh µ n n = = / cos = cos = cos + [ sin / /. x dx x cos dx / x sin / sin 5 +. sin 1 x cos ] dx
6 or finlly, n = sin. n π sinh µ n 3 Non-Zero Boundry Function of y As nother exmple illustrting the method of seprtion of vriles pplied to these prolems let us consider the BVP in 1.4. In this cse the only non-zero oundry term occurs on the right hnd side of the ox when x = where we hve u 3, y = g 1 y. µ n = u 3 x, y = n =, λ n = µ n, ϕ n y = sinµ ny, n = 1,, n sinh µ n x sin µ n y 1 sinh µ n g 1 yϕ n y dy. To otin this formul we proceed s usul nd look for simple solutions in the form u 3 x, y = ϕyψx. The min difference here is tht in this cse we interchnge the roles of x nd y since we will wnt to do Fourier series in y this time insted of x. Sustituting into 1.4 nd dividing oth sides y ϕyψx gives ψ x ψx = ϕ y ϕy Since the left side is independent of y nd the right side is independent of x, it follows tht the expression must e constnt: ψ x ψx = ϕ y ϕy Here ψ mens the derivtive of ψ with respect to x nd ϕ mens mens the derivtive of ϕ with respect to y. We seek to find ll possile constnts λ nd the corresponding nonzero functions ϕ nd ψ. We otin Furthermore, the oundry conditions give = λ. ϕ y + λϕy =, ψ x λψx =. ϕψx =, ϕψx = for ll x. 6
7 Since ψx is not identiclly zero we otin the eigenvlue prolem ϕ y + λϕy =, ϕ =, ϕ =. 3.1 Once gin we note the min difference now is tht the eigenvlues λ n re positive. µ n =, λ n = µ n, ϕ n y = sinµ ny, n = 1,,. 3. The generl solution of ψ x µ nψx = is then ψy = c 1 cosh µ n x + c sinh µ n x 3.3 where c 1 nd c re ritrry constnts. The oundry condition ψ = implies ψx = sinh µ n x. So we look for u s n infinite sum ux, y = n sinh µ n x ϕ n y 3.4 The only remining prt is to find the n so tht the initil condition u, y = g 1 y is stisfied. Setting x = in.4, we seek to otin { n } stisfying g 1 y = u, y = n sinh µ n sin µ n y. This is lmost Sine expnsion of the function g 1 y on the intervl,. In prticulr we otin sinh µ n n = g 1 yϕ n y dy The Lplce Eqution with other Boundry Conditions Next we consider slightly different prolem involving mixture of Dirichlet nd Neumnn oundry conditions. To simplify the prolem it we set = π nd keep ny numer. 7
8 Nmely we consider u xx x, y + u yy x, y =, x, y [, π] [, ], 4.1 u, y =, u x π, y = u y x, =, ux, = f 1 x u = f 1 Ω u = u x = u x = π Look for simple solutions in the form ux, y = ϕxψy. Sustituting into 4.1 nd dividing oth sides y ϕxψy gives ψ y ψy = ϕ x ϕx Since the left side is independent of x nd the right side is independent of y, it follows tht the expression must e constnt: ψ y ψy = ϕ x ϕx Here ψ mens the derivtive of ψ with respect to y nd ϕ mens mens the derivtive of ϕ with respect to x. We seek to find ll possile constnts λ nd the corresponding nonzero functions ϕ nd ψ. We otin Furthermore, the oundry conditions give = λ. ϕ + λϕ =, ψ λψ =. ϕψy =, ϕ πψy = for ll y. Since ψy is not identiclly zero we otin the desired eigenvlue prolem ϕ x + λϕx =, ϕ =, ϕ π =. 4. µ n = n 1, λ n = µ n, ϕ n x = π sinµ nx, n = 1,,
9 The generl solution of ψ µ nψ = is ψy = c 1 cosh µ n y + c sinh µ n y 4.4 where c 1 nd c re ritrry constnts. The oundry condition ψ = implies ψy = cosh µ n y. So we look for u s n infinite sum ux, y = n cosh µ n y ϕ n x. 4.5 Finlly we need to find the constnts n so tht f 1 x = ux, = n cosh µ n ϕ n x. As usul we otin n expnsion of the function f 1 x on the intervl, π in the form π cosh µ n n = f 1 x sinµ n x dx. 4.6 π 9
Wave Equation on a Two Dimensional Rectangle
Wve Eqution on Two Dimensionl Rectngle In these notes we re concerned with ppliction of the method of seprtion of vriles pplied to the wve eqution in two dimensionl rectngle. Thus we consider u tt = c
More information1 2-D Second Order Equations: Separation of Variables
Chpter 12 PDEs in Rectngles 1 2-D Second Order Equtions: Seprtion of Vribles 1. A second order liner prtil differentil eqution in two vribles x nd y is A 2 u x + B 2 u 2 x y + C 2 u y + D u 2 x + E u +
More informationMA 201: Partial Differential Equations Lecture - 12
Two dimensionl Lplce Eqution MA 201: Prtil Differentil Equtions Lecture - 12 The Lplce Eqution (the cnonicl elliptic eqution) Two dimensionl Lplce Eqution Two dimensionl Lplce Eqution 2 u = u xx + u yy
More information(PDE) u t k(u xx + u yy ) = 0 (x, y) in Ω, t > 0, (BC) u(x, y, t) = 0 (x, y) on Γ, t > 0, (IC) u(x, y, 0) = f(x, y) (x, y) in Ω.
Seprtion of Vriles for Higher Dimensionl Het Eqution 1. Het Eqution nd Eigenfunctions of the Lplcin: An 2-D Exmple Ojective: Let Ω e plnr region with oundry curve Γ. Consider het conduction in Ω with fixed
More informationModule 9: The Method of Green s Functions
Module 9: The Method of Green s Functions The method of Green s functions is n importnt technique for solving oundry vlue nd, initil nd oundry vlue prolems for prtil differentil equtions. In this module,
More informationDifferential Equations 2 Homework 5 Solutions to the Assigned Exercises
Differentil Equtions Homework Solutions to the Assigned Exercises, # 3 Consider the dmped string prolem u tt + 3u t = u xx, < x , u, t = u, t =, t >, ux, = fx, u t x, = gx. In the exm you were supposed
More information10 Elliptic equations
1 Elliptic equtions Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.7.1, An Introduction to Prtil Differentil Equtions, Pinchover nd Ruinstein We consider the two-dimensionl Lplce eqution on the domin D, More generl eqution
More informationLecture 24: Laplace s Equation
Introductory lecture notes on Prtil Differentil Equtions - c Anthony Peirce. Not to e copied, used, or revised without explicit written permission from the copyright owner. 1 Lecture 24: Lplce s Eqution
More information1 1D heat and wave equations on a finite interval
1 1D het nd wve equtions on finite intervl In this section we consider generl method of seprtion of vribles nd its pplictions to solving het eqution nd wve eqution on finite intervl ( 1, 2. Since by trnsltion
More informationu(x, y, t) = T(t)Φ(x, y) 0. (THE EQUATIONS FOR PRODUCT SOLUTIONS) Plugging u = T(t)Φ(x, y) in (PDE)-(BC) we see: There is a constant λ such that
Seprtion of Vriles for Higher Dimensionl Wve Eqution 1. Virting Memrne: 2-D Wve Eqution nd Eigenfunctions of the Lplcin Ojective: Let Ω e plnr region with oundry curve Γ. Consider the wve eqution in Ω
More informationGreen function and Eigenfunctions
Green function nd Eigenfunctions Let L e regulr Sturm-Liouville opertor on n intervl (, ) together with regulr oundry conditions. We denote y, φ ( n, x ) the eigenvlues nd corresponding normlized eigenfunctions
More informationM344 - ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
M3 - ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Lecture 18: Lplce s Eqution, Anltic nd Numericl Solution Our emple of n elliptic prtil differentil eqution is Lplce s eqution, lso clled the Diffusion Eqution. If
More informationMath Fall 2006 Sample problems for the final exam: Solutions
Mth 42-5 Fll 26 Smple problems for the finl exm: Solutions Any problem my be ltered or replced by different one! Some possibly useful informtion Prsevl s equlity for the complex form of the Fourier series
More informationSummary: Method of Separation of Variables
Physics 246 Electricity nd Mgnetism I, Fll 26, Lecture 22 1 Summry: Method of Seprtion of Vribles 1. Seprtion of Vribles in Crtesin Coordintes 2. Fourier Series Suggested Reding: Griffiths: Chpter 3, Section
More informationPhysics 116C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations using Green s functions
Physics 6C Solution of inhomogeneous ordinry differentil equtions using Green s functions Peter Young November 5, 29 Homogeneous Equtions We hve studied, especilly in long HW problem, second order liner
More informationLecture 4 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory I Dr. Christopher S. Baird University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lecture 4 Notes, Electromgnetic Theory I Dr. Christopher S. Bird University of Msschusetts Lowell 1. Orthogonl Functions nd Expnsions - In the intervl (, ) of the vrile x, set of rel or complex functions
More informationSTURM-LIOUVILLE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
STURM-LIOUVILLE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS Throughout, we let [, b] be bounded intervl in R. C 2 ([, b]) denotes the spce of functions with derivtives of second order continuous up to the endpoints. Cc 2
More informationp-adic Egyptian Fractions
p-adic Egyptin Frctions Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Trditionl Egyptin Frctions nd Greedy Algorithm 2 3 Set-up 3 4 p-greedy Algorithm 5 5 p-egyptin Trditionl 10 6 Conclusion 1 Introduction An Egyptin frction
More informationSeptember 13 Homework Solutions
College of Engineering nd Computer Science Mechnicl Engineering Deprtment Mechnicl Engineering 5A Seminr in Engineering Anlysis Fll Ticket: 5966 Instructor: Lrry Cretto Septemer Homework Solutions. Are
More informationLecture Solution of a System of Linear Equation
ChE Lecture Notes, Dept. of Chemicl Engineering, Univ. of TN, Knoville - D. Keffer, 5/9/98 (updted /) Lecture 8- - Solution of System of Liner Eqution 8. Why is it importnt to e le to solve system of liner
More informationReview of Gaussian Quadrature method
Review of Gussin Qudrture method Nsser M. Asi Spring 006 compiled on Sundy Decemer 1, 017 t 09:1 PM 1 The prolem To find numericl vlue for the integrl of rel vlued function of rel vrile over specific rnge
More informationImproper Integrals. The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, as we ve discussed in class, goes as follows:
Improper Integrls The First Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus, s we ve discussed in clss, goes s follows: If f is continuous on the intervl [, ] nd F is function for which F t = ft, then ftdt = F F. An integrl
More informationSection 6.1 INTRO to LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Section 6. INTRO to LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Key terms: Improper Integrl; diverge, converge A A f(t)dt lim f(t)dt Piecewise Continuous Function; jump discontinuity Function of Exponentil Order Lplce Trnsform
More information2.4 Linear Inequalities and Interval Notation
.4 Liner Inequlities nd Intervl Nottion We wnt to solve equtions tht hve n inequlity symol insted of n equl sign. There re four inequlity symols tht we will look t: Less thn , Less thn or
More informationAPM346H1 Differential Equations. = u x, u = u. y, and u x, y =?. = 2 u t and u xx= 2 u. x,t, where u t. x, y, z,t u zz. x, y, z,t u yy.
INTRODUCTION Types of Prtil Differentil Equtions Trnsport eqution: u x x, yu y x, y=, where u x = u x, u = u y, nd u x, y=?. y Shockwve eqution: u x x, yu x, yu y x, y=. The virting string eqution: u tt
More informationAMS 212A Applied Mathematical Methods I Lecture 06 Copyright by Hongyun Wang, UCSC. ( ), v (that is, 1 ( ) L i
AMS A Applied Mthemticl Methods I Lecture 6 Copyright y Hongyun Wng, UCSC Recp of Lecture 5 Clssifiction of oundry conditions Dirichlet eumnn Mixed Adjoint opertor, self-djoint opertor Sturm-Liouville
More informationLecture 3. In this lecture, we will discuss algorithms for solving systems of linear equations.
Lecture 3 3 Solving liner equtions In this lecture we will discuss lgorithms for solving systems of liner equtions Multiplictive identity Let us restrict ourselves to considering squre mtrices since one
More informationSection 4: Integration ECO4112F 2011
Reding: Ching Chpter Section : Integrtion ECOF Note: These notes do not fully cover the mteril in Ching, ut re ment to supplement your reding in Ching. Thus fr the optimistion you hve covered hs een sttic
More information(9) P (x)u + Q(x)u + R(x)u =0
STURM-LIOUVILLE THEORY 7 2. Second order liner ordinry differentil equtions 2.1. Recll some sic results. A second order liner ordinry differentil eqution (ODE) hs the form (9) P (x)u + Q(x)u + R(x)u =0
More informationdx dt dy = G(t, x, y), dt where the functions are defined on I Ω, and are locally Lipschitz w.r.t. variable (x, y) Ω.
Chpter 8 Stility theory We discuss properties of solutions of first order two dimensionl system, nd stility theory for specil clss of liner systems. We denote the independent vrile y t in plce of x, nd
More informationParse trees, ambiguity, and Chomsky normal form
Prse trees, miguity, nd Chomsky norml form In this lecture we will discuss few importnt notions connected with contextfree grmmrs, including prse trees, miguity, nd specil form for context-free grmmrs
More informationPartial Differential Equations
Prtil Differentil Equtions Notes by Robert Piché, Tmpere University of Technology reen s Functions. reen s Function for One-Dimensionl Eqution The reen s function provides complete solution to boundry
More informationg i fφdx dx = x i i=1 is a Hilbert space. We shall, henceforth, abuse notation and write g i f(x) = f
1. Appliction of functionl nlysis to PEs 1.1. Introduction. In this section we give little introduction to prtil differentil equtions. In prticulr we consider the problem u(x) = f(x) x, u(x) = x (1) where
More informationI1 = I2 I1 = I2 + I3 I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 I 3
2 The Prllel Circuit Electric Circuits: Figure 2- elow show ttery nd multiple resistors rrnged in prllel. Ech resistor receives portion of the current from the ttery sed on its resistnce. The split is
More informationConsequently, the temperature must be the same at each point in the cross section at x. Let:
HW 2 Comments: L1-3. Derive the het eqution for n inhomogeneous rod where the therml coefficients used in the derivtion of the het eqution for homogeneous rod now become functions of position x in the
More information1 E3102: a study guide and review, Version 1.0
1 E3102: study guide nd review, Version 1.0 Here is list of subjects tht I think we ve covered in clss (your milege my vry). If you understnd nd cn do the bsic problems in this guide you should be in very
More informationSection 3.2 Maximum Principle and Uniqueness
Section 3. Mximum Principle nd Uniqueness Let u (x; y) e smooth solution in. Then the mximum vlue exists nd is nite. (x ; y ) ; i.e., M mx fu (x; y) j (x; y) in g Furthermore, this vlue cn e otined y point
More informationLinear Systems with Constant Coefficients
Liner Systems with Constnt Coefficients 4-3-05 Here is system of n differentil equtions in n unknowns: x x + + n x n, x x + + n x n, x n n x + + nn x n This is constnt coefficient liner homogeneous system
More informationMathematics. Area under Curve.
Mthemtics Are under Curve www.testprepkrt.com Tle of Content 1. Introduction.. Procedure of Curve Sketching. 3. Sketching of Some common Curves. 4. Are of Bounded Regions. 5. Sign convention for finding
More informationTopics Covered AP Calculus AB
Topics Covered AP Clculus AB ) Elementry Functions ) Properties of Functions i) A function f is defined s set of ll ordered pirs (, y), such tht for ech element, there corresponds ectly one element y.
More informationPolynomials and Division Theory
Higher Checklist (Unit ) Higher Checklist (Unit ) Polynomils nd Division Theory Skill Achieved? Know tht polynomil (expression) is of the form: n x + n x n + n x n + + n x + x + 0 where the i R re the
More information10 Vector Integral Calculus
Vector Integrl lculus Vector integrl clculus extends integrls s known from clculus to integrls over curves ("line integrls"), surfces ("surfce integrls") nd solids ("volume integrls"). These integrls hve
More informationSection 6.1 Definite Integral
Section 6.1 Definite Integrl Suppose we wnt to find the re of region tht is not so nicely shped. For exmple, consider the function shown elow. The re elow the curve nd ove the x xis cnnot e determined
More informationDEFINITION The inner product of two functions f 1 and f 2 on an interval [a, b] is the number. ( f 1, f 2 ) b DEFINITION 11.1.
398 CHAPTER 11 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND FOURIER SERIES 11.1 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS REVIEW MATERIAL The notions of generlized vectors nd vector spces cn e found in ny liner lger text. INTRODUCTION The concepts
More informationSuppose we want to find the area under the parabola and above the x axis, between the lines x = 2 and x = -2.
Mth 43 Section 6. Section 6.: Definite Integrl Suppose we wnt to find the re of region tht is not so nicely shped. For exmple, consider the function shown elow. The re elow the curve nd ove the x xis cnnot
More information7. Indefinite Integrals
7. Indefinite Integrls These lecture notes present my interprettion of Ruth Lwrence s lecture notes (in Herew) 7. Prolem sttement By the fundmentl theorem of clculus, to clculte n integrl we need to find
More informationMATH34032: Green s Functions, Integral Equations and the Calculus of Variations 1
MATH34032: Green s Functions, Integrl Equtions nd the Clculus of Vritions 1 Section 1 Function spces nd opertors Here we gives some brief detils nd definitions, prticulrly relting to opertors. For further
More informationLinear Inequalities. Work Sheet 1
Work Sheet 1 Liner Inequlities Rent--Hep, cr rentl compny,chrges $ 15 per week plus $ 0.0 per mile to rent one of their crs. Suppose you re limited y how much money you cn spend for the week : You cn spend
More informationChapter 6 Techniques of Integration
MA Techniques of Integrtion Asst.Prof.Dr.Suprnee Liswdi Chpter 6 Techniques of Integrtion Recll: Some importnt integrls tht we hve lernt so fr. Tle of Integrls n+ n d = + C n + e d = e + C ( n ) d = ln
More informationBest Approximation in the 2-norm
Jim Lmbers MAT 77 Fll Semester 1-11 Lecture 1 Notes These notes correspond to Sections 9. nd 9.3 in the text. Best Approximtion in the -norm Suppose tht we wish to obtin function f n (x) tht is liner combintion
More informationDefinite Integrals. The area under a curve can be approximated by adding up the areas of rectangles = 1 1 +
Definite Integrls --5 The re under curve cn e pproximted y dding up the res of rectngles. Exmple. Approximte the re under y = from x = to x = using equl suintervls nd + x evluting the function t the left-hnd
More informationHow do we solve these things, especially when they get complicated? How do we know when a system has a solution, and when is it unique?
XII. LINEAR ALGEBRA: SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS Tody we re going to tlk out solving systems of liner equtions. These re prolems tht give couple of equtions with couple of unknowns, like: 6= x + x 7=
More informationImproper Integrals, and Differential Equations
Improper Integrls, nd Differentil Equtions October 22, 204 5.3 Improper Integrls Previously, we discussed how integrls correspond to res. More specificlly, we sid tht for function f(x), the region creted
More informationSections 5.2: The Definite Integral
Sections 5.2: The Definite Integrl In this section we shll formlize the ides from the lst section to functions in generl. We strt with forml definition.. The Definite Integrl Definition.. Suppose f(x)
More information5: The Definite Integral
5: The Definite Integrl 5.: Estimting with Finite Sums Consider moving oject its velocity (meters per second) t ny time (seconds) is given y v t = t+. Cn we use this informtion to determine the distnce
More informationBest Approximation. Chapter The General Case
Chpter 4 Best Approximtion 4.1 The Generl Cse In the previous chpter, we hve seen how n interpolting polynomil cn be used s n pproximtion to given function. We now wnt to find the best pproximtion to given
More informationWhen a force f(t) is applied to a mass in a system, we recall that Newton s law says that. f(t) = ma = m d dt v,
Impulse Functions In mny ppliction problems, n externl force f(t) is pplied over very short period of time. For exmple, if mss in spring nd dshpot system is struck by hmmer, the ppliction of the force
More informationu t = k 2 u x 2 (1) a n sin nπx sin 2 L e k(nπ/l) t f(x) = sin nπx f(x) sin nπx dx (6) 2 L f(x 0 ) sin nπx 0 2 L sin nπx 0 nπx
Chpter 9: Green s functions for time-independent problems Introductory emples One-dimensionl het eqution Consider the one-dimensionl het eqution with boundry conditions nd initil condition We lredy know
More informationVariational Techniques for Sturm-Liouville Eigenvalue Problems
Vritionl Techniques for Sturm-Liouville Eigenvlue Problems Vlerie Cormni Deprtment of Mthemtics nd Sttistics University of Nebrsk, Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588 Emil: vcormni@mth.unl.edu Rolf Ryhm Deprtment
More informationPROPERTIES OF AREAS In general, and for an irregular shape, the definition of the centroid at position ( x, y) is given by
PROPERTES OF RES Centroid The concept of the centroid is prol lred fmilir to ou For plne shpe with n ovious geometric centre, (rectngle, circle) the centroid is t the centre f n re hs n is of smmetr, the
More informationThomas Whitham Sixth Form
Thoms Whithm Sith Form Pure Mthemtics Unit C Alger Trigonometry Geometry Clculus Vectors Trigonometry Compound ngle formule sin sin cos cos Pge A B sin Acos B cos Asin B A B sin Acos B cos Asin B A B cos
More informationAnti-derivatives/Indefinite Integrals of Basic Functions
Anti-derivtives/Indefinite Integrls of Bsic Functions Power Rule: In prticulr, this mens tht x n+ x n n + + C, dx = ln x + C, if n if n = x 0 dx = dx = dx = x + C nd x (lthough you won t use the second
More informationMA Handout 2: Notation and Background Concepts from Analysis
MA350059 Hndout 2: Nottion nd Bckground Concepts from Anlysis This hndout summrises some nottion we will use nd lso gives recp of some concepts from other units (MA20023: PDEs nd CM, MA20218: Anlysis 2A,
More informationNote 16. Stokes theorem Differential Geometry, 2005
Note 16. Stokes theorem ifferentil Geometry, 2005 Stokes theorem is the centrl result in the theory of integrtion on mnifolds. It gives the reltion between exterior differentition (see Note 14) nd integrtion
More informationChapter 0. What is the Lebesgue integral about?
Chpter 0. Wht is the Lebesgue integrl bout? The pln is to hve tutoril sheet ech week, most often on Fridy, (to be done during the clss) where you will try to get used to the ides introduced in the previous
More informationThe Evaluation Theorem
These notes closely follow the presenttion of the mteril given in Jmes Stewrt s textook Clculus, Concepts nd Contexts (2nd edition) These notes re intended primrily for in-clss presenttion nd should not
More informationMA123, Chapter 10: Formulas for integrals: integrals, antiderivatives, and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (pp.
MA123, Chpter 1: Formuls for integrls: integrls, ntiderivtives, nd the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus (pp. 27-233, Gootmn) Chpter Gols: Assignments: Understnd the sttement of the Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus.
More informationThe area under the graph of f and above the x-axis between a and b is denoted by. f(x) dx. π O
1 Section 5. The Definite Integrl Suppose tht function f is continuous nd positive over n intervl [, ]. y = f(x) x The re under the grph of f nd ove the x-xis etween nd is denoted y f(x) dx nd clled the
More informationChapter 3 Polynomials
Dr M DRAIEF As described in the introduction of Chpter 1, pplictions of solving liner equtions rise in number of different settings In prticulr, we will in this chpter focus on the problem of modelling
More informationFurther integration. x n nx n 1 sinh x cosh x log x 1/x cosh x sinh x e x e x tan x sec 2 x sin x cos x tan 1 x 1/(1 + x 2 ) cos x sin x
Further integrtion Stndrd derivtives nd integrls The following cn be thought of s list of derivtives or eqully (red bckwrds) s list of integrls. Mke sure you know them! There ren t very mny. f(x) f (x)
More information3 Mathematics of the Poisson Equation
3 Mthemtics of the Poisson Eqution 3. Green functions nd the Poisson eqution () The Dirichlet Green function stisfies the Poisson eqution with delt-function chrge 2 G D (r, r o ) = δ 3 (r r o ) (3.) nd
More informationMT Integral equations
MT58 - Integrl equtions Introduction Integrl equtions occur in vriety of pplictions, often eing otined from differentil eqution. The reson for doing this is tht it my mke solution of the prolem esier or,
More informationNew Expansion and Infinite Series
Interntionl Mthemticl Forum, Vol. 9, 204, no. 22, 06-073 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikri.com http://dx.doi.org/0.2988/imf.204.4502 New Expnsion nd Infinite Series Diyun Zhng College of Computer Nnjing University
More informationReview SOLUTIONS: Exam 2
Review SOUTIONS: Exm. True or Flse? (And give short nswer ( If f(x is piecewise smooth on [, ], we cn find series representtion using either sine or cosine series. SOUTION: TRUE. If we use sine series,
More informationDesigning Information Devices and Systems I Spring 2018 Homework 7
EECS 16A Designing Informtion Devices nd Systems I Spring 2018 omework 7 This homework is due Mrch 12, 2018, t 23:59. Self-grdes re due Mrch 15, 2018, t 23:59. Sumission Formt Your homework sumission should
More information1.1. Linear Constant Coefficient Equations. Remark: A differential equation is an equation
1 1.1. Liner Constnt Coefficient Equtions Section Objective(s): Overview of Differentil Equtions. Liner Differentil Equtions. Solving Liner Differentil Equtions. The Initil Vlue Problem. 1.1.1. Overview
More informationChapter Five - Eigenvalues, Eigenfunctions, and All That
Chpter Five - Eigenvlues, Eigenfunctions, n All Tht The prtil ifferentil eqution methos escrie in the previous chpter is specil cse of more generl setting in which we hve n eqution of the form L 1 xux,tl
More informationBases for Vector Spaces
Bses for Vector Spces 2-26-25 A set is independent if, roughly speking, there is no redundncy in the set: You cn t uild ny vector in the set s liner comintion of the others A set spns if you cn uild everything
More informationUNIFORM CONVERGENCE. Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE Contents 1. Uniform Convergence 1 2. Properties of uniform convergence 3 Suppose f n : Ω R or f n : Ω C is sequence of rel or complex functions, nd f n f s n in some sense. Furthermore,
More informationLecture 2: January 27
CS 684: Algorithmic Gme Theory Spring 217 Lecturer: Év Trdos Lecture 2: Jnury 27 Scrie: Alert Julius Liu 2.1 Logistics Scrie notes must e sumitted within 24 hours of the corresponding lecture for full
More informationAQA Further Pure 2. Hyperbolic Functions. Section 2: The inverse hyperbolic functions
Hperbolic Functions Section : The inverse hperbolic functions Notes nd Emples These notes contin subsections on The inverse hperbolic functions Integrtion using the inverse hperbolic functions Logrithmic
More informationODE: Existence and Uniqueness of a Solution
Mth 22 Fll 213 Jerry Kzdn ODE: Existence nd Uniqueness of Solution The Fundmentl Theorem of Clculus tells us how to solve the ordinry differentil eqution (ODE) du = f(t) dt with initil condition u() =
More informationSection - 2 MORE PROPERTIES
LOCUS Section - MORE PROPERTES n section -, we delt with some sic properties tht definite integrls stisf. This section continues with the development of some more properties tht re not so trivil, nd, when
More informationChapter 8.2: The Integral
Chpter 8.: The Integrl You cn think of Clculus s doule-wide triler. In one width of it lives differentil clculus. In the other hlf lives wht is clled integrl clculus. We hve lredy eplored few rooms in
More information1.2. Linear Variable Coefficient Equations. y + b "! = a y + b " Remark: The case b = 0 and a non-constant can be solved with the same idea as above.
1 12 Liner Vrible Coefficient Equtions Section Objective(s): Review: Constnt Coefficient Equtions Solving Vrible Coefficient Equtions The Integrting Fctor Method The Bernoulli Eqution 121 Review: Constnt
More informationexpression simply by forming an OR of the ANDs of all input variables for which the output is
2.4 Logic Minimiztion nd Krnugh Mps As we found ove, given truth tle, it is lwys possile to write down correct logic expression simply y forming n OR of the ANDs of ll input vriles for which the output
More informationk and v = v 1 j + u 3 i + v 2
ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND FOURIER SERIES Orthogonl functions A function cn e considered to e generliztion of vector. Thus the vector concets like the inner roduct nd orthogonlity of vectors cn e extended
More informationTaylor Polynomial Inequalities
Tylor Polynomil Inequlities Ben Glin September 17, 24 Abstrct There re instnces where we my wish to pproximte the vlue of complicted function round given point by constructing simpler function such s polynomil
More informationx dx does exist, what does the answer look like? What does the answer to
Review Guie or MAT Finl Em Prt II. Mony Decemer th 8:.m. 9:5.m. (or the 8:3.m. clss) :.m. :5.m. (or the :3.m. clss) Prt is worth 5% o your Finl Em gre. NO CALCULATORS re llowe on this portion o the Finl
More informationSturm-Liouville Theory
LECTURE 1 Sturm-Liouville Theory In the two preceing lectures I emonstrte the utility of Fourier series in solving PDE/BVPs. As we ll now see, Fourier series re just the tip of the iceerg of the theory
More information221B Lecture Notes WKB Method
Clssicl Limit B Lecture Notes WKB Method Hmilton Jcobi Eqution We strt from the Schrödinger eqution for single prticle in potentil i h t ψ x, t = [ ] h m + V x ψ x, t. We cn rewrite this eqution by using
More informationChapter 28. Fourier Series An Eigenvalue Problem.
Chpter 28 Fourier Series Every time I close my eyes The noise inside me mplifies I cn t escpe I relive every moment of the dy Every misstep I hve mde Finds wy it cn invde My every thought And this is why
More informationRecitation 3: More Applications of the Derivative
Mth 1c TA: Pdric Brtlett Recittion 3: More Applictions of the Derivtive Week 3 Cltech 2012 1 Rndom Question Question 1 A grph consists of the following: A set V of vertices. A set E of edges where ech
More informationA BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIFORM CONVERGENCE. In the study of Fourier series, several questions arise naturally, such as: c n e int
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO UNIFORM CONVERGENCE HANS RINGSTRÖM. Questions nd exmples In the study of Fourier series, severl questions rise nturlly, such s: () (2) re there conditions on c n, n Z, which ensure
More informationMTH 505: Number Theory Spring 2017
MTH 505: Numer Theory Spring 207 Homework 2 Drew Armstrong The Froenius Coin Prolem. Consider the eqution x ` y c where,, c, x, y re nturl numers. We cn think of $ nd $ s two denomintions of coins nd $c
More information8 Laplace s Method and Local Limit Theorems
8 Lplce s Method nd Locl Limit Theorems 8. Fourier Anlysis in Higher DImensions Most of the theorems of Fourier nlysis tht we hve proved hve nturl generliztions to higher dimensions, nd these cn be proved
More informationPatch Antennas. Chapter Resonant Cavity Analysis
Chpter 4 Ptch Antenns A ptch ntenn is low-profile ntenn consisting of metl lyer over dielectric sustrte nd ground plne. Typiclly, ptch ntenn is fed y microstrip trnsmission line, ut other feed lines such
More informationElliptic Equations. Laplace equation on bounded domains Circular Domains
Elliptic Equtions Lplce eqution on bounded domins Sections 7.7.2, 7.7.3, An Introduction to Prtil Differentil Equtions, Pinchover nd Rubinstein 1.2 Circulr Domins We study the two-dimensionl Lplce eqution
More informationCalculus Module C21. Areas by Integration. Copyright This publication The Northern Alberta Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.
Clculus Module C Ares Integrtion Copright This puliction The Northern Alert Institute of Technolog 7. All Rights Reserved. LAST REVISED Mrch, 9 Introduction to Ares Integrtion Sttement of Prerequisite
More information1B40 Practical Skills
B40 Prcticl Skills Comining uncertinties from severl quntities error propgtion We usully encounter situtions where the result of n experiment is given in terms of two (or more) quntities. We then need
More information