Chapter 16. Properties of Electric Charge. electric charge is + or -. like charges repel unlike charges attract
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1 Section 1 Electric Charge Properties of Electric Charge electric charge is + or -. like charges repel unlike charges attract Electric charge is conserved. Atomic Charges Protons (+)charged particles. neutronsuncharged particles. Electrons (-) charged particles.
2 Section 1 Electric Charge Electric Charge
3 Section 1 Electric Charge Properties of Electric Charge, continued Charge is measured in coulombs (C). fundamental unit of charge= e, charge of a single electron or proton. e = x C
4 Section 1 Electric Charge The Milikan Experiment
5 Section 1 Electric Charge Milikan s Oil Drop Experiment
6 Section 1 Electric Charge Transfer of Electric Charge An electrical conductor is a material in which charges can move freely. An electrical insulator is a material in which charges cannot move freely. Charge will remain where it was placed. Ground- often the ground reservoir of electrons, can donate or absorb.
7 Section 1 Electric Charge Transfer of Electric Charge, continued Insulators and conductors can be charged by contact. Conductors can be charged by induction. Induction charging a conductor by bringing it near another charged object and grounding the conductor.
8 Section 1 Electric Charge Charging by Induction
9 Section 1 Electric Charge Transfer of Electric Charge, continued A surface charge can be induced on insulators by polarization. With polarization, the charges within individual molecules are realigned such that the molecule has a slight charge separation.
10 Section 2 Electric Force Objectives Calculate electric force using Coulomb s law. Compare electric force with gravitational force. Apply the superposition principle to find the resultant force on a charge and to find the position at which the net force on a charge is zero.
11 Section 2 Electric Force Coulomb s Law, continued The electrical force is a field force. A field force = force exerted by one object on another with no physical contact between them
12 Section 2 Electric Force Coulomb s Law Two charges near one another exert a force on one another called the electric force. K c= 8.99 E 9 n m 2 /C 2 Coulomb s law qq 1 2 kc 2 r electric force = Coulomb constant F electric charge 1 charge 2 distance 2
13 Section 2 Electric Force Coulomb s Law, continued The resultant force on a charge is the vector sum of the individual forces on that charge. equilibrium, the net external force acting on that body is zero.
14 Section 2 Electric Force Superposition Principle
15 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem The Superposition Principle Consider three point charges at the corners of a triangle, as shown at right, where q 1 = C, q 2 = C, and q 3 = C. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on q 3.
16 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 1. Define the problem, and identify the known variables. Given: q 1 = C r 2,1 = 3.00 m q 2 = C r 3,2 = 4.00 m q 3 = C r 3,1 = 5.00 m q = 37.0º Unknown: F 3,tot =? Diagram:
17 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 3. Calculate the magnitudes of the forces with Coulomb s law. F F F F C C ,1 kc , N C C ,2 kc ,1 qq Nm ( r3,1) C 5.00 m qq Nm ( r3,2) C 4.00m N
18 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 4. Find the x and y components of each force. At this point, the direction each component must be taken into account. F 3,1 : F x = (F 3,1 )(cos 37.0º) = ( N)(cos 37.0º) F 3,2 : F x = N F y = (F 3,1 )(sin 37.0º) = ( N)(sin 37.0º) F y = N F x = F 3,2 = N F y = 0 N
19 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 5. Calculate the magnitude of the total force acting in both directions. F x,tot = N N = N F y,tot = N + 0 N = N
20 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 6. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant force. F ( F ) ( F ) ( N) ( N) , tot x, tot y, tot F 3, tot N
21 Section 2 Electric Force Sample Problem, continued The Superposition Principle 7. Use a suitable trigonometric function to find the direction of the resultant force. In this case, you can use the inverse tangent function: F tan F 65.2º y, tot x, tot N N
22 Section 3 The Electric Field Objectives Calculate electric field strength. Draw and interpret electric field lines. Identify the four properties associated with a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium.
23 Section 3 The Electric Field Electric Field Strength An electric field = region where an electric force on a test charge would be detected. Test charge= + charge with no magnitude units of electric field, E, (N/C). direction of electric field vector= E, the direction the electric force exerted on a small positive test charge.
24 Section 3 The Electric Field Electric Fields and Test Charges
25 Section 3 The Electric Field Electric Field Strength, continued Electric field strength Electric Field Strength Due to a Point Charge E q kc r 2 electric field strength = Coulomb constant charge producing the field distance 2 Or E=F/q 1(test charge)
26 Section 3 The Electric Field Electric Field Diagrams, continued Use arrows to represent lines. Originate on + Terminate on Never cross Number represents relative charge ratios
27 Section 3 The Electric Field Rules for Drawing Electric Field Lines
28 Section 3 The Electric Field Rules for Sketching Fields Created by Several Charges
29 Section 3 The Electric Field Calculating Net Electric Field
30 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem Electric Field Strength A charge q 1 = µc is at the origin, and a charge q 2 = 5.00 µc is on the x- axis m from the origin, as shown at right. Find the electric field strength at point P,which is on the y-axis m from the origin.
31 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 1. Define the problem, and identify the known variables. Given: q 1 = µc = C r 1 = m q 2 = 5.00 µc = C r 2 = m q = 53.1º Unknown: E at P (y = m) Tip: Apply the principle of superposition. You must first calculate the electric field produced by each charge individually at point P and then add these fields together as vectors.
32 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 2. Calculate the electric field strength produced by each charge. Because we are finding the magnitude of the electric field, we can neglect the sign of each charge. E q C N m /C N/C kc r (0.400 m) q E k r C N m /C N/C C (0.500 m)
33 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 3. Analyze the signs of the charges. The field vector E 1 at P due to q 1 is directed vertically upward, as shown in the figure, because q 1 is positive. Likewise, the field vector E 2 at P due to q 2 is directed toward q 2 because q 2 is negative.
34 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 4. Find the x and y components of each electric field vector. For E 1 : E x,1 = 0 N/C E y,1 = N/C For E 2 : E x,2 = ( N/C)(cos 53.1º) = N/C E y,1 = ( N/C)(sin 53.1º)= N/C
35 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 5. Calculate the total electric field strength in both directions. E x,tot = E x,1 + E x,2 = 0 N/C N/C = N/C E y,tot = E y,1 + E y,2 = N/C N/C = N/C
36 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 6. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant electric field strength vector. 2 E E E tot x, tot y, tot 2 E tot N/C N/C E tot N/C
37 Section 3 The Electric Field Sample Problem, continued Electric Field Strength 7. Use a suitable trigonometric function to find the direction of the resultant electric field strength vector. In this case, you can use the inverse tangent function: tan E E 66.0 y, tot x, tot N/C N/C
38 Section 3 The Electric Field Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium Any charge on an isolated conductor is on the conductor s outer surface only. (Faradays cage) electric field outside a charged conductor is perpendicular to the conductor s surface. On an irregularly shaped conductor, charge accumulate at sharp points. St Elmo s fire page&v=ufkmrskfrds
39 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. In which way is the electric force similar to the gravitational force? A. Electric force is proportional to the mass of the object. B. Electric force is similar in strength to gravitational force. C. Electric force is both attractive and repulsive. D. Electric force decreases in strength as the distance between the charges increases.
40 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. In which way is the electric force similar to the gravitational force? A. Electric force is proportional to the mass of the object. B. Electric force is similar in strength to gravitational force. C. Electric force is both attractive and repulsive. D. Electric force decreases in strength as the distance between the charges increases.
41 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What must the charges be for A and B in the figure so that they produce the electric field lines shown? F. A and B must both be positive. G. A and B must both be negative. H. A must be negative, and B must be positive. J. A must be positive, and B must be negative.
42 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. What must the charges be for A and B in the figure so that they produce the electric field lines shown? F. A and B must both be positive. G. A and B must both be negative. H. A must be negative, and B must be positive. J. A must be positive, and B must be negative.
43 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which activity does not produce the same results as the other three? A. sliding over a plastic-covered automobile seat B. walking across a woolen carpet C. scraping food from a metal bowl with a metal spoon D. brushing dry hair with a plastic comb
44 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which activity does not produce the same results as the other three? A. sliding over a plastic-covered automobile seat B. walking across a woolen carpet C. scraping food from a metal bowl with a metal spoon D. brushing dry hair with a plastic comb
45 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. By how much does the electric force between two charges change when the distance between them is doubled? F. G. H. J
46 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. By how much does the electric force between two charges change when the distance between them is doubled? F. G. H. J
47 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 5 6. A negatively charged object is brought close to the surface of a conductor, whose opposite side is then grounded. 5. What is this process of charging called? A. charging by contact B. charging by induction C. charging by conduction D. charging by polarization
48 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 5 6. A negatively charged object is brought close to the surface of a conductor, whose opposite side is then grounded. 5. What is this process of charging called? A. charging by contact B. charging by induction C. charging by conduction D. charging by polarization
49 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 5 6. A negatively charged object is brought close to the surface of a conductor, whose opposite side is then grounded. 6. What kind of charge is left on the conductor s surface? F. neutral G. negative H. positive J. both positive and negative
50 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the passage below to answer questions 5 6. A negatively charged object is brought close to the surface of a conductor, whose opposite side is then grounded. 6. What kind of charge is left on the conductor s surface? F. neutral G. negative H. positive J. both positive and negative
51 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 7. What is the electric field strength 2.0 m from the center of the conducting sphere? A. 0 N/C B N/C C N/C D N/C
52 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 7. What is the electric field strength 2.0 m from the center of the conducting sphere? A. 0 N/C B N/C C N/C D N/C
53 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 8. What is the strength of the electric field at the surface of the conducting sphere? F. 0 N/C G N/C H N/C J N/C
54 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 8. What is the strength of the electric field at the surface of the conducting sphere? F. 0 N/C G N/C H N/C J N/C
55 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 9. What is the strength of the electric field inside the conducting sphere? A. 0 N/C B N/C C N/C D N/C
56 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 9. What is the strength of the electric field inside the conducting sphere? A. 0 N/C B N/C C N/C D N/C
57 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 10. What is the radius of the conducting sphere? F. 0.5 m G. 1.0 m H. 1.5 m J. 2.0 m
58 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer questions The graph shows the electric field strength at different distances from the center of the charged conducting sphere of a Van de Graaff generator. 10. What is the radius of the conducting sphere? F. 0.5 m G. 1.0 m H. 1.5 m J. 2.0 m
59 Standardized Test Prep Short Response 11. Three identical charges (q = +5.0 mc) are along a circle with a radius of 2.0 m at angles of 30, 150, and 270, as shown in the figure.what is the resultant electric field at the center?
60 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 11. Three identical charges (q = +5.0 mc) are along a circle with a radius of 2.0 m at angles of 30, 150, and 270, as shown in the figure.what is the resultant electric field at the center? Answer: 0.0 N/C
61 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 12. If a suspended object is attracted to another object that is charged, can you conclude that the suspended object is charged? Briefly explain your answer.
62 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 12. If a suspended object is attracted to another object that is charged, can you conclude that the suspended object is charged? Briefly explain your answer. Answer: not necessarily; The suspended object might have a charge induced on it, but its overall charge could be neutral.
63 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. One gram of hydrogen contains atoms, each with one electron and one proton. Suppose that 1.00 g of hydrogen is separated into protons and electrons, that the protons are placed at Earth s north pole, and that the electrons are placed at Earth s south pole. Assuming the radius of Earth to be m, what is the magnitude of the resulting compressional force on Earth?
64 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 13. One gram of hydrogen contains atoms, each with one electron and one proton. Suppose that 1.00 g of hydrogen is separated into protons and electrons, that the protons are placed at Earth s north pole, and that the electrons are placed at Earth s south pole. Assuming the radius of Earth to be m, what is the magnitude of the resulting compressional force on Earth? Answer: N
65 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 14. Air becomes a conductor when the electric field strength exceeds N/C. Determine the maximum amount of charge that can be carried by a metal sphere 2.0 m in radius.
66 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 14. Air becomes a conductor when the electric field strength exceeds N/C. Determine the maximum amount of charge that can be carried by a metal sphere 2.0 m in radius. Answer: C
67 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 15. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton?
68 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 15. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton? Answer: m/s 2
69 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 16. How long does it take the proton to reach this speed?
70 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 16. How long does it take the proton to reach this speed? Answer: s
71 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 17. How far has it moved in this time interval?
72 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 17. How far has it moved in this time interval? Answer: 12 m
73 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 18. What is its kinetic energy at the later time?
74 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Use the information below to answer questions A proton, which has a mass of kg, accelerates from rest in a uniform electric field of 640 N/C. At some time later, its speed is m/s. 18. What is its kinetic energy at the later time? Answer: J
75 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued 19. A student standing on a piece of insulating material places her hand on a Van de Graaff generator. She then turns on the generator. Shortly thereafter, her hairs stand on end. Explain how charge is or is not transferred in this situation, why the student is not shocked, and what causes her hairs to stand up after the generator is started.
76 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued 19. (See previous slide for question.) Answer: The charge on the sphere of the Van de Graaff generator is transferred to the student by means of conduction. This charge remains on the student because she is insulated from the ground. As there is no path between the student and the generator and the student and the ground by which charge can escape, the student is not shocked. The accumulation of charges of the same sign on the strands of the student s hair causes the strands to repel each other and so stand on end.
77 Section 1 Electric Charge Charging By Induction
78 Section 1 Electric Charge Transfer of Electric Charge
79 Section 3 The Electric Field Electric Field Lines
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