F ST. ] = p anc Var(p s s. p anc. (1 p anc ) = F ST + F ST. ] p anc

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1 ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š Ž ˆ ƒž Š ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž ƒ ƒ Š Ž ˆ Ž ƒž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ˆ Ž ƒž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒž Š Ž Š ƒ Š ƒžž Š Š Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Žƒ Žƒ ˆˆ ƒ ƒ ƒž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒž ƒ ƒžž Š ƒ ƒ ƒž± ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š ƒ Šƒ ˆ ŽŽ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆˆ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š Š Ž Š Š Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒž ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ Šƒ ˆ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Œ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ Šƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š š ƒ ƒ Žƒ ˆƒ ƒˆˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆŽ Š Ž Š Šƒ Š Žƒ Ž Š Š ˆˆ ƒ Š ˆ Š Ž ƒ ˆ Šƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ Žƒ Š ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž ƒ Ž Š ˆ Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š ŠŽ ˆ ƒ Š Žƒ ˆ Š ƒ Ž

2 ƒžž Š ƒ ƒ ƒž± ƒ ƒ Šƒ Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ Œ ƒ Š ƒž± Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ Š Š Š Ž ˆ ƒ Žƒ ƒ Šƒ Œ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Žƒ ƒž Žƒƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒžƒ ƒžž ˆ œƒƒ Š Šƒ ƒžž Ž Ž ƒ ˆ Šƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒž Ž ƒ ŽŽ ˆ ƒ Š Š ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ Š Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž Š Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ Ž Šƒ ŠƒŽˆ ˆ Š Ž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ˆ ƒ Š Šƒ ˆˆ ƒžž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Šƒ Ž Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž Ž ˆ Š Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š š ˆ ƒ Žƒ ƒžž Š ˆˆ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Žƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒžž Ž Ž Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š ŠƒŽŽ ˆ Žƒ ˆ Š ˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ šƒ Š Š Žƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž ˆ Š ˆ ƒ ƒž œ Ž Šƒ Š Ž ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆ ˆˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Žƒ ƒžž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š

3 ŽŽ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž Žˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Ž Ž Š ˆ Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒž œ ƒ Š š ˆ ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒžž Ž Š š ˆ ƒ Š Žƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒžž Ž ˆ ƒ Ž Žƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ E[ p s s s i p anc ] = p anc Var(p s s i p anc i ) = F ST s p anc s (1 p anc ) Š p s s i Š ƒžž Ž ˆ ˆ Š ƒžž Ž Žƒ ƒ p anc i Š ƒžž Ž ˆ ˆ Š ƒžž Ž Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ ƒ F ST Š Žƒ ˆ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ F ST = F 1 2 ST + F ST 2 Ž Š Š Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒž ƒ ˆ š Š Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ Š ƒž ˆ Š ˆ ƒ Š Žƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Žƒ Žƒ Š ƒž Žƒ Š Ž ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒž Žƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒž Žƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Ž Šƒ ƒ Š ƒž Žƒ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š Žƒ Š Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Ž ƒ Š Šƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ E[p s s s i p anc ] p anc ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Ž Š ƒ ƒž ƒ Š Ž Ž Šƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Š ƒ Žƒ ˆ Ž ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒž ƒ Šƒ Š Žƒ Šƒ š ƒžƒ ˆ ˆ Ž Š ƒ Š Š ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž œ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ

4 ƒ ƒ š Š Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Œ ˆ ˆ ƒž ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ Šƒ Žƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž Ž Ž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ˆƒŽŽ Ž ˆ Žƒ Š Ž ƒžƒž ƒž ƒ Š Ž Š ƒ Ž ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š ˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ Šƒ Ž Žƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ Š Šƒ Š Ž ˆŽƒ ƒ Ž œ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ˆ Žƒ Š ƒž ƒ ˆ Š ƒžˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ Š ˆF WC (F 1 ST ST + F 2 ST ) (F 1 ST + F 2 1 ST + 2 (M +1) [M(1 F 1 ST )+ (1 F 2 ST )]) Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ ˆŽƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆˆ Šƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒž Šƒ Š ƒ ˆ Ž ƒ ˆ Ž ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ ˆˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆŽƒ Ž ƒ ˆ Ž ˆƒŽ ƒž ˆ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š š ˆ Š ˆ Š ƒ ŽŽ Ž ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š ƒ ˆ ƒž Š ˆF Nei ST (F 1 ST + F 2 ST ) 2 (F 1 ST + F 2 ST ) 2 Šƒ Š Ž Šƒ ƒš ƒž ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ Š ƒžƒ Žƒ Šƒ Š Ž š Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š ˆ ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ Šƒ š Ž Ž Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒžš ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š

5 ˆF Hudson ST (F 1 ST + F 2 ST ) 2 Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž Žƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Œ Š Š š ˆ Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Žˆƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒžž Š Šƒ Š ŽŽ Š Ž ƒž ƒ Š ˆ ƒ Š Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž œ Š ˆˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ Ž Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ˆ Š ˆ ƒ ƒž œ ŽŽ Šƒ Žƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž Š ˆ ƒ À œ ƒ ƒ ƒžƒˆ ŽŽ Ž Š ƒž šƒ Ž Ž ƒ Ž ˆˆ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒžƒ ƒž ƒ œ ƒž Ž š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ŠƒŽŽ Ž ˆ Šƒˆˆ ƒž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆŠ Š ƒ Žƒ Š ƒž ƒž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Š Žƒ ƒ Š ˆ Šƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š Š Š Ž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ŽŽ ˆ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆƒŽŽ Ž ˆ ƒ

6 ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ Š Ž Š ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Š Šƒ ƒ Ž Š Š Š ˆ Š Žƒ Š Š ŽŽƒˆˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ š Žƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Žƒ š Ž Š ˆˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒžž Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒž œ ƒ Šƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž œ ƒžƒ ƒž ƒ Ž ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Žƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒ Ž œ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž œ Ž ƒž Š ƒ Ž ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒš Ž Ž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒ ƒžƒ š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž Š ƒž ƒ ˆ ƒž ƒ Ž œ ƒ Š ƒ Š Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒš Ž Ž Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž Ž Ž Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒžž Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒž ƒž ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ŽŽˆ ƒžž ƒž ˆ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š ƒ Š ˆƒ ƒžƒžž Ž ˆ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ Š ƒž Š ƒ ƒž Š ˆ Ž Žƒ Šƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž œ ƒžž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ Š Š ˆˆ Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž œ ƒ ƒˆ Žƒ Œ ŽŽ ƒ Š ˆˆ ˆ Šƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ Ž Š ƒ ˆ ƒš ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒž ˆ Œ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ

7 Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š Š Š ƒ š ƒ ƒ Ž œ ˆ ƒž ƒ ƒž ƒ Žƒ š ƒ ƒ ˆˆ ƒ Š ˆˆ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒž Š œ ˆ Š ƒžž ƒ Ž ƒ Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Šƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Žƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Š ˆˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Šƒ Š ˆˆ ˆˆ ˆ Ž Š ƒ Šƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒž ˆ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆˆ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š šƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Š Žƒ šƒ Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒ Ž œ ˆ Ž ƒž ƒ ƒ Ž Žƒ š Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ ƒž ƒž ƒ Š ŠŽ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž ƒ Ž Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž ƒ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒƒ Žƒ Ž Ž Ž ƒž ˆ ƒ Ž ˆ ƒžž Žƒ Š Šƒ Š Ž Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒž ˆ š Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š Šƒ Š Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒžž š Žƒ Š Žƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒž ƒ ˆ Žƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž š Ž Š ˆˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Š Šƒ Š Ž

8 ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ŠŽ Ž ƒ Š ƒ ƒ šƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ š Šƒ Š ƒ ŽŽ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ Š Ž ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Žƒ Žƒ ƒ Š Š Š Ž Š ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž Ž Ž ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Š Ž Š Š Ž š Ž Š Ž Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆˆ Š ˆ ƒ ƒž œ ˆ Š ˆ ƒž œ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Ž Š Š Žƒ Š Žƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ š ƒ Ž ˆ ƒžž ˆ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š ƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ Š Ž Šƒ Š ˆˆ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒž œ Š ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒžž Ž Š Š ƒ Šƒ ˆ Š Š Žƒ Š Ž Š Š Šƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ Ž Ž Š ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š Ž Š ƒ š Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Šƒ Ž ƒžž Šƒ ƒ Ž Š Š ˆ Š Žƒ Š Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒž Žƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒƒ ƒ ƒž ˆƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Ž Šƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Ž ˆ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Ž ƒ Ž Ž ƒ ˆŽ ƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ š ƒ Ž ƒž ƒ Šƒ Ž Š Žƒ Š ˆƒ Ž Ž Šƒ Š Š Žƒ Š ˆ Š Š ˆ ˆ ƒš ƒ Š ŠŽ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Š Š Šƒ š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆŽ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Š Š Š ƒ ƒ š Š ƒžž Ž ˆ š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ

9 ˆ ƒ ˆ Š Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž Šƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Š ˆˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š Š ƒžž Ž ˆ ˆƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ˆ Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ŠŽ ˆˆ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š ˆˆ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒžž Š ƒž ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ ƒ ƒžž ƒ Šƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Žƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž Œƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Ž Žƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ ŽŽ šƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ˆ Š ˆ ƒž œ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Š ƒž ƒ Ž Šƒ ƒ ƒ š ˆƒŽŽ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ŽŽ Žƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ š ƒ ƒˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž ƒžž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆŠ Š ƒ Žƒ Š Š Šƒ ˆ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š Ž Š ˆ Šƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ Š ƒ Ž Š ˆ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆˆ ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž ŠƒŽŽ ƒ ƒ Žˆ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒžž Ž Š Šƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ ƒ ˆ Š

10 ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒžž ƒ ˆŽƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Œ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒž Ž œ Š ƒ ˆ Ž Ž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž Š Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ Š Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š šƒ ˆ Š Ž Š ƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ Š Ž Šƒ Š Ž Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ˆ ƒ Š Šƒ Š ƒ ˆ ˆˆ ƒ Š ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ˆ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆŽƒ ƒ Š Ž Ž ˆ Ž ƒ ƒžž ƒ ˆˆ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒž ˆ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ ƒ Š Š Šƒ ƒ Š œ Žƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒžž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž ˆˆ ƒ ˆƒŽŽƒŽŽ Ž ƒ ƒž ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆˆ ƒ Šƒ Šƒ Šƒ Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Šƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Š Žƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž ˆ Šƒ Š ƒ Š ŠŠ œ Žƒ Ž Ž Ž Š ˆ Š ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒž ˆ Šƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Ž ƒž Š Š ƒž ˆ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Š ƒ ƒ Š Šƒ ˆ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Šƒ ˆ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Šƒ Š ˆ Šƒ Šƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ Š ƒž ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ ƒž œ Š ˆ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ Š ˆ Žƒ ˆ Š ˆ Š ƒ ŽŽ Ž ƒ Šƒ ƒ Š Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ

11 Ž ƒ ƒ ƒžˆ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒžž Ž Š ƒ 2 n n ˆF WC n ST =1 1 + n 2 n 1 + n 2 2 [n 1 %p 1 (1 %p 1 )+ n 2 %p 2 (1 %p 2 )] n 1 n 2 ( %p 1 %p 2 ) 2 + (2 n n ) n 1 + n 2 n 1 + n 2 n 1 + n 2 2 [n 1 %p 1 (1 %p 1 ) + n 2 %p 2 (1 %p 2 )] Š n i Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ %p i Š ƒ Ž ƒžž Ž ˆ Žƒ ˆ i {1, 2} Š Š Ž ˆŽƒ ƒ Ž œ n i 1 n i ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒžž Ž ˆ Ž Žƒ ƒžž Ž ˆ %p i p i ƒ ƒž œ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒžˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ ƒž M =1 Š Š ƒ ˆF WC ST (F 1 ST + F 2 ST ) 2 Ž Š ƒžˆ Š Žƒ F 1 ST = F 2 ST = F ST ƒ Š ˆ ƒ Šƒ ˆF ST F ST Š ƒ ŽŽ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ Šƒ ˆ ƒžƒ Žƒ Š ƒ Ž œ ŽŽ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ Š ˆ ƒ Šƒˆ Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ Š Ž Š Š ƒ ŽŽ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž œ Ž Š Ž Š Ž š ˆŠ ƒ Žƒ Š Ž Ž Šƒ Š ƒ ŽŽŠ Ž ƒž Š ƒ Šƒ ˆŽƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ Š ˆˆ ƒ Ž œ Šƒ Š ƒžˆ Š Žƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ ƒ Š Žƒ ˆF 1 ST, ˆF 2 ST ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Š Š ƒ ŽŽ ŽŽ ƒ Ž œ ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒž œ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ Š Š ƒ Š ƒ Ž ƒ Š Žƒ ƒ F ST = D ST H T Š D ST Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒ H T Š Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Ž Š ˆ ƒ Ž Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ

12 Š ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒžž Ž ƒ ˆF Nei ST = ( %p 1 %p 2 ) 2 2 %p avg (1 %p avg ) Š %p %p avg = 1 + %p 2 2 ƒ %p i Š ƒ Ž ƒžž Ž ˆ Žƒ ˆ i {1, 2} Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ˆ Žƒ ˆˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒˆƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Ž Žƒ Š Š ƒ Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒ Ž Šƒ ƒš ƒž ˆ ƒ F 1 ST 1, F 1 ST 1 Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ ˆ ƒž ƒ ƒž Š Žƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ˆ ƒž ˆ ˆŠ œ Š ˆ ƒ ƒž ˆˆ Š ƒ Šƒ ˆ Š ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆF Hudson ST =1 H w H w H b Š Š ƒ ˆ ˆˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ˆˆ Žƒ Š Ž š Ž ƒ ˆ H w ƒ H b ƒ Š ƒ š Ž ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒžˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒž œ %p ( %p 1 %p 2 ) 2 1 (1 %p 1 ) ˆF Hudson n ST = 1 1 %p 2 (1 %p 2 ) n 2 1 %p 1 (1 %p 2 )+ %p 2 (1 %p 1 ) Š n i Š ƒ Ž œ ƒ %p i Š ƒ Ž ƒžž Ž ˆ Žƒ ˆ i {1, 2} ƒž œ Š ƒ Š ˆ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž Šƒ ƒ ƒ ŽŽ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š šƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ H b

13 ˆ ƒž Šƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒžž ƒ Š ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ŽŽŠ ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ Ž Šƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒš ƒž ˆ ƒ ˆ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒžž ƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Ž Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š š ˆ Š ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ ƒž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒž œ Š ˆˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š Š ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š p 1 = ε, p 2 = 0 Š Ž ƒ Ž F ST = ε ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ŽŽ Š ŠŽ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Ž Ž šš Š Š Šƒ ƒ Ž œ Š ƒ ƒž Šƒ šƒ Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ˆƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ Ž ƒž ƒ Šƒ Š Š ƒ ŽŽ Šƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Ž Ž Šƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Ž ˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ˆ Œ ƒ Ž Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ˆ ƒž œ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Žƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Ž ƒ Ž Šƒ ƒž Žƒ š ƒž Š ƒžž Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š Ž Ž ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Šƒ ƒ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒž Žƒ ƒž Ž ƒ Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ š Žƒ Š Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š Žƒ Š ƒ ˆ Šƒ ˆˆ Žƒ œ Ž š ƒ Š ƒ Š Š ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ ƒžž ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ˆ Š ƒžž Ž ˆ Š Š ˆ Š Š ˆƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š Š Š ƒ ˆ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒžš Ž ˆ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Žƒ Ž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆ Š Žƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ š ˆƒŽŽ Ž ˆ Ž š ƒ Š ƒ

14 Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Ž Š ƒ ƒ Ž Ž ƒ ƒ ƒž ˆ Š Ž ˆ Ž Š ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Š Š Šƒ ƒ ˆƒ Ž ƒž ˆ ƒ Ž Š Š Š Šƒ ƒ ˆƒ Ž ƒž ˆ ƒ Š ƒ Š Š Š Ž

15 ŽŽ Ž ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ƒ ƒ Š Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒˆ ˆƒŽŽ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ Šƒ š ƒ ˆƒ Š Šƒ Ž Š Žƒ Š ˆ Šƒ Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž ˆ Š ƒ ˆƒ

16 ƒ Ž &^d t E, K ^EW ^ ^ ^ h, eeeeeed d dde d ed dd d ddd e de dd d dde d ee dd h zz/ deeddddd d dde d ee dd d dde d ee dd d dde d dd dd, zz/ deeddddd d ded d ed dd d ded e ed dd d ded d ee dd h,dd edddddd d dde e dd dd d ddd e de dd d dde e de dd, hdd edededd d ddd e de dd d ddd e dd dd d dde e dd dd /^ zz/ deeddddd d ddd d de dd d ddd e dd dd d ddd e ed dd zz/ /^ eedeeed d ddd e de dd d ddd e ee dd d ddd e dd dd Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ Š ƒ Ž ƒžž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Žƒ Ž Š ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒžƒ ƒ Šƒ Š Ž Š Œ Šƒ Š Š ˆ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ƒ Š Š ƒ ƒž ƒ Ž ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ Š Š Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ ˆ ƒ ƒž Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ Ž ˆˆ Š Š ƒ Š ˆˆ Š ƒ Š ƒ Žƒ Š ƒžž ƒ Ž ˆ Š Žƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ Ž Ž Š ˆ Ž ƒ Š ˆ Šƒ Ž Š Š ƒ ƒ Žƒ ƒžž ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ Š Žƒ Z dddd',dd ^ ^ h zz/ d dde d dd dd d dde e ed dd h, d dde d ee dd d ddd e ed dd, zz/ d ded d ee dd d ded d dd dd dddd' Z,Dd ^ ^ h zz/ d ded d dd dd d ddd e dd dd h, d ded d dd dd d dee e dd dd, zz/ d ded d ed dd d ddd e ed dd

17 ƒ Ž ƒ ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ Šƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ š Žƒ Š Ž ˆ Š ƒ Š Š ƒ Ž ƒ Š ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Ž Šƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ ˆ Š ƒ ƒžž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒžž Š ƒ Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Šƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒž š Ž ˆ Š ƒ ƒ ˆ W/ Z Z h d ddd e de dd d dde d dd dd, d ddd e dd dd d dde d ed dd he, d ddd e dd dd d dee d de dd hkz, d ddd d ed dd d dde d ee dd ƒ Ž Š ˆˆ ˆƒ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ Š Š Ž ƒ ˆ ƒ Š ƒ ƒ ˆƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Ž ƒ ƒžž Š Š ƒ ƒžž ˆ ƒ ˆˆ ˆ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ ƒ Š ˆˆ ŠŽƒ Š Ž ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ Š Ž ŽŽ ƒ Šƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Š Ž Šƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒž Žƒ Š ƒ ˆ ˆ ƒ Ž Š Š

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