Efficient communication by breathing

Transcription

1 Effc cmmc by bh Tm H. Shck, Dv J.C. McKy, Chs J. B Cvsh Lby, Cmb, CB3 HE, U Km Absc. Th hmc-c-bs cmmc sysm, Dsh, c b v by -ms cs s. A b-m bh-ms, v s vm, bs s cmmc by bh. Wh pcc, xp s c Esh 15 s p m. Dsh s cmmc sysm bs bf fm fm hy c hmc c (W., 1987; McKy, 23, Chp 6). Ahmc c s pm mh f x-cmpss s m. By hmc c s h, b pm mh f x-. W v ps s ss s sc f fm, h scs hy sh cmmc s h sk f fm. G fc s mxmzs h mb f bs p sc h cvy fm h s x. P fcs s h s s m h by f xc h bs h h s c sy, by v h s s bs cvy. Th Dsh ppch fc s cps h sss f ffc b- ffc -. Uk ms fcs, Dsh-s s ss hv shp pc symbs h. Is, hy c v cs spc hs cs s m. F mss, y Dsh f ysf s f ps vs.fc.phy.cm.c.k/sh/. Th bjcv f hs pp s ff mh f hp sb ps cmmc by bh. I cs y s sch-sc sysms, mh mks s f f bh c. Of cs, vy hs f bh c, b hs h hv, k ff h chc mk s f h fm, h h sc. 1 H Dsh ks Im pc f x by h by h cs pssb bks, f h bk h cs xcy h x. I hs y, c b v sk. Wh s s m by h h s s. I Dsh s z by, h bks phbcy ms shf. Wh h s ps p f h shf, h v zms csy h p f h shf. T mss h

2 h f y m m s p v s h p s v p f () c b y v h x k c b x k s q v z p xy b s (b) b h y c f s h m k p s F. 1. A Scsh f Dsh h h s ss h. Th shf f h phbc by s spy vcy. Th spc chc,, s c h phb f z. I p (), h s hs zm h p f h shf c msss b h, h,. F h h, h m mks h s,,,,, y s by v hm m spc. Cmm s sch s h hv vsb. Th p s vc c cs h p h s zm, s hz c cs h f zm; p h f mks h v zm, h cc f c s. P (b) shs scshs h h s s y sc c b.

3 bs h, fs ss s h sc f h shf mk h, h h bks b h h f. Wh hs sc scs f bks b h, hb, hc, c.; s h h sc, h h h sc h, s fh. zm f p sp zm zm f F. 2. Dsh s -ms m. Th cv shs h sqc f ms c pss c hh h f -ms c pss. Th c p f h spy csps m; h s f h -ms sc bh mp hs p. Th c f h -ms sc s mpp h h--cck ps, zm h mxmm. Th hz c h cv ms h f zm. Th s c h c f m pc f sm pss h pp hf f h. T mk h pcss ffc s m, hch pcs h pbby f ch v cx, c h shf-spc f ch f h phb, s s f 1. Th shf s csvy chpp p sch y h h m f shf-spc v s s pp s pbby. Th s s ss s cmms, c h p f h spy zm. If h s c fm f, sy, 5 bs p sc, h m s f hs bs Dsh sch y h, ch sc, h spy zms by fc f 2 5 = 32 h c h x q by h s. Wh h m s pcs cc, my sccssv chcs c b sc by s s. Th m s, PPMD5 (Cy W, 1984; Th, 1995), s x xch f b bs p chc. Ths h s b b 5/2 chcs p sc, 3 s p m. W c y b hs sp by hc h hch h s s bs, mpv h pcs f h m.

4 Dsh s fs vp b v by cs -ms ss, v v ms, ch sc, zck. O xpms sh h, h Dsh, s sy sp ccy h mk sp msks. Us y ms, ypc vc ss ch sp f 25 s p m f 6 ms f pcc, xp ss c 35 s p m (W, 22). Rss s Dsh h zck c-bk: f 6 ms pcc, vc ss c v Dsh s zck sp f b 15 s p m; xp ss c 25 s p m, mk ms sp msks (W McKy, 22). W k f fs mh f cmmc by z. I hs pp, scss h Dsh c b v by -ms ss. 2 Dsh s -ms m I m -ms Dsh, h fm c cc h x s by h s s cvy y hh h vc ms f h p. Th hz ms cs y h sp f x y. Exp ss f Dsh fy cs zm sch s fv bs p sc. Ths h hz ms s sccy s: xp ss y f h mks msk shs s, ps zm. I Dsh s -ms m, sc smp -ms cv fm Dsh s -ms v spc; h s ms cvy by h s scs h s c fm hs cv (f 2). Th m f h cv ffs m f m fx zm, h h -ms c m h c f f m. Th xm s f h cv ff zm. As h c s mv fm h h, zm bs smhy f p h zm, zm p, zm sh f, zm, f, zm. (Th cv s cmps f h hf-pss.) W c c c s h Dsh phb s h h s c ccss spc fcs sch s ps spp by h sm zm pcss s s s f (mch s scp ky c b s ccss spc ms kyb-bs ). (Sch c s s h xpms scb h ps pp.) 3 Expms h bh ms W b cs -ms bh s s bh ms (f 3). 3.1 Expms vcs Eh vs fm h Cvsh Lby sff h vy xpc h Dsh s bh-dsh f f h. Of h vs,

5 F. 3. O fs bh ms, m fm pc ms, b, pc f sc. Th ms s fx pc f, hch b s s ch. T chs f h b pc by sc, s h chs h s ccmfc pc m f h b h h y f h ms. Ths ss mss bh f h s bhs s h phm (h h h b c). W h ms s h bh mvs h -sc ms p s h p -ccks h cv; bh mvs h -sc ms s h p ccks. Th ss s sps cch f h smch mscs, b c h s v by bh my.

6 f m. Sx h Esh s h fs ;, Gm;, I. O pc s sm h f W McKy (22). W v ss c fm J As s Emm fv m ps. Dsh s m s Emm, xc h c psss. W s 54- phb (h y sx s bh pp cs, h spc chc h f sp). Dsh s s spp my h b f ch c p. Ech sbjc s v fv-m c s spc v sv ys. T s c b k f h s sss, h f ms bk b. Th vs p ssss ch y, h mxmm f h ys b cscv s. I cs, h ssss cc s y, h s h hs sp sccssv ssss. Bf c vs pp cpy f h x h hy xpc, y c h fqcy f -s ssc h s Dsh. Af ch c, h sbjc s ff h chc js h v sp f h fc by 5 1%. Th sps s f 8 vcs xp sh f 4. F 5 shs h sp ss chs by h ss. Obsvs T vs (vcs 2 vc 3) h ffcy c h bh ms. W bv hy smms cch h smch mscs s f bh y. Ms vcs h ffcy f h f sps. Uss h vy pcc s hm sc y s s sc s f cmp. Ths xpc s cmp by h pbby f spc chc f h f sp, cs h ss c h f sp. I y xpms h c f h f sp f h b p. Ahh hs pbm c h xpc, f h s hs s h ms pssy bsm. Uss y h cp s. Sm ss h ffcs sps bcs h h sp s cssy f hm f h pc, c h cc c h b m hy f h f h fc zm cmfb. Sm ss m s f h f h h fc c b spp by bh h, v hmsvs m f h pc. Wh h sp c s s sp, zm xms f bh k s f cmfby s. Wh xpc, hs pbm msh, fsy bcs ss c h msks s zm s mch, scy bcs h sp s cs s hy hv h h bh f s.

7 Sp (s/m) % Ws Tm fc / m Tm fc / m Sp (s/m) % Ws Tm fc / m Tm fc / m xp vc 1 vc 2 vc 3 vc 4 vc 5 vc 4 vc 6 vc 7 vc 8 () J As pp J As y Esh pp (b) F. 4. () Bh-Dsh ss f 8 Dsh vcs 1 Dsh xp. Upp ph shs sp s p m. L ph shs h pc f s c s. (b) Exp s: ss f ff xs phbs.

8 Sp chs (bs/sc) Exp Nvcs Tm fc / m F. 5. Dsh sp ss chs by ch s h s f ch. Dsh s mxmm sp s spcf bs p sc. 3.2 Exp s A xp h s vy fm h Dsh (h phps 5 hs f s) h csb xpc f h bh ms (b hs f pcc bf h xpm s) s s s. W ms hs pfmc s h ff cmbs f phb x, s s qfy h ffcs f (1) c pp cs chcs; (2) chs x h s mch h c x. F 4b shs h ss. Aphb chc Th p, s f 4b shs h ss h h x phb c hs s by h vcs. Th sc (h csss) shs ss h h phb s -cs y; h x s h sm Emm cps. I s sk h cs h mb f chcs fm s-cs mx-cs, hch bs h mb f s vb, cy css h f. Th xp f hs s s h h mx-cs s s f m pc. Ev hh h mb f pssb chcs s c s, h py f h mx-cs s shy sm. Th cs f sc ccs pp-cs chcs s ffs by h cs pcv p f mx-cs cxs. T x Th xp s k c f Emm s Dsh sysm h h b c Esh x (h f 3 kby f f ss Esh scs fm h Dsh bs). Th s f 4b shs h h sp ps by b 33% h c x s s. Uss c hf xpc 5% cs sp f hy p- Dsh h xs sm h hy.

9 3.3 Cmps h sp--pff B ss f Dsh 6. ± 1.3 s p m f h s, h v 2.% f s mssp. A xp s c v 16 s p m Dsh Exp Dsh Bs Ms Exps Ms Bs Dsh Exp Dsh Bs Ms Exps Ms Bs 1 1 F. 6. Bh-Dsh sps cmp h sps chv by 8 sp-pff Ms c ss. Hz xs shs m s h fc ms, hmc sc. Vc xs s sp s p m. I h hh p, h ss f h Ms ss hv b v. Ms ky pv by Ds As (As, 23). F cmps, mh f by bh s sp--pff, h sps pffs b mpp h s shs f Ms c. O xpc sp--pff s ps h h c 17 s p m h s cmb f Ms c -cmp sf. 1 D cvs f hs mh ky pv by Ds As. Th sy by As (23) vv 8 sbjcs, f f hm h p xpc h Ms, f f hm hms h Ms xpc. A sbjcs f m h 18 ms 2-m s. Th sp--pff h Ms mh q vs fbck, b s y fbck: ss c h h s shs hy. Th cvs f sp--pff Ms cmp h hs f bh-dsh f 6. Th p sps ch by Ms c vcs 4.9, 2.2, 4.1, 5.7 s p m, h s f 5%, 4%, %, 4%, spcvy. Th p vs f Ms c xps y b: 4.9, 5.2, 5.3, 6.4 s p m, h s f 3%, 4%, 5%, 2% spcvy. Ah y-s mh f cmmc by sp--pff s sc sysm h ffs h ss sqcs f sc ms sc fm. Vh (1985) p h ss f sc sysms sx ss s p m; k xpc ss h c 12 s p m by sc, b hv b b f f cvs f hs mh. 1 hp://.mk./jb/hf4.hm

10 W cc h Dsh hs b cv h sp--pff h Ms. Dsh s pms mh f sp--pff s h c cvy cs s h h bh. A v ppch h s s sp--pff h b s f h -b ms f b-dsh (McKy, 24). 3.4 Dvpm s I h h f ss cmps h hy ccsy sh f bh h s bh Dsh, pps c h p f bh-dsh.1 Hz pc s h -ms c. T s Dsh s bf, h s hv bh cc h ffc f hs s. W hp h -ms m f Dsh s b sf f h-h cmps h sss. Dsh s f sf, sb h GNU G Pbc Lcs, vb fm.fc.phy.cm.c.k/sh/. Ackms W hk C Gy, Dv Cv, A Bck, Mh G f hpf scsss. W fy ck h spp f h Gsby Chb F, M K, h N T F. Rfcs 1. W, I. H., N, R. M., Cy, J. G., Ahmc c f cmpss, Cmmcs f h ACM, 3, (1987). 2. McKy, D. J. C., Ifm Thy, Ifc, L Ahms, Cmb Uvsy Pss, 23, vb fm.fc.phy.cm.c.k/ mcky//. 3. Cy, J. G., W, I. H., D cmpss s pv c p s mch, IEEE Ts. Cmmcs, 32, (1984). 4. Th, W. J., Pbby sm f PPM (1995), Pbby sm f PPM. I Pc. f h N.Z. Cmp. Sc. Rsch Ss Cf., vb fm cs.j.c.cm/h95pbby.hm (1995). 5. W, D. J., Bck, A. F., McKy, D. J. C., Dsh A y fc s cs ss ms, Hm-Cmp Ic, 17, (22). 6. W, D. J., McKy, D. J. C., Fs hs-f by z c, N, 418, 838 (22). 7. As, D. K., Gk, M., Pff, R. M., Rb, C. G., Schz, P. T., Lm sp cccy f Ms c vs. h-p fc f x (23), ps RESNA 24 A Cfc, O, FL. Avb fm:.msc./pps/msvsosc.php.

11 8. Vh, P. J., W s, Ecc s f hb, by J. Wbs, A. Ck, W. Tmpks, G. Vh, Chpm H, L, 1985, pp McKy, D. J. C., B, C. J., D, M., Effc cmmc h bs, Pcs f Mxmm Epy Bys Mhs, by R. Fsch, R. Pss, U. v Tss, Amc Is f Physcs, Mv, N Yk, 24, v. 735 f AIP Cfc Pcs, pp