Pentaquarks and Exotic Charm Spectroscopy at LHCb
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1 Pentaquarks and Exotic Charm Spectroscopy at Mike Williams on behalf of the Collaboration Department of Physics & Laboratory for Nuclear Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology EINN, Paphos, Cyprus November 3, 15
2 The Large Hadron Collider The core physics program involves searching for BSM using precise tests of the SM, primarily (b,c)-hadron decays. also does low-mass BSM searches, high-pt physics, p-pb, etc. We have 7+ papers so far!
3 Detector is a forward Spectrometer ( < η < 5) RICH MUON CALO stuff VELO Magnet Tracking Mike Williams 3
4 Baryons can now be constructed from quarks by using _ the combinations qqq, qqqqq, etc, while mesons _ are made out of qq, qqqq, etc. Murray Gell-Mann
5 Light-Quark Hadrons (So Far) meson baryon meson molecule baryon molecule tetraquark pentaquark hybrid meson Mike Williams 5
6 The XYZ Revolution!
7 X(387) First observed by Belle (3); has now been seen by 6 experiments (Belle, BaBar, CDF, D,, CMS) in B decays and prompt production. determined J PC =1 ++ via angular analysis of B X(J/ψππ)K [-PAPER-13-1]; CDF had ruled out all but 1 ++ and -+ [PRL 98 (7) 13]. Γ(X ψ(s)ɣ)/γ(x J/ψƔ) PRL 1, 131 (9) PRL 17, 9183 (11) -PAPER-14-8 radiative-decay results contradict pure-molecule predictions. confirmed 1 ++ in first analysis to make no L assumptions, and set limit on D-wave of 4% in X J/ψππ. -PAPER The X is unlikely to be a tetraquark (where are charged partners?). Most likely it is charmonium+(molecule,cusp). Mike Williams 7
8 Z(443) ± First seen by Belle (8) but not confirmed by BaBar. More recent Belle result observes much different-looking state. Amplitude analysis prefers J P =1 + (doesn t rule out all other options). sees 15k B ψ(s)kπ decays (~1x > stats than Belle,BaBar): Candidates / 1 MeV signal sideband range sideband m ψ'k + π - [MeV] -PAPER Smaller background than B factories in hostile LHC environment! Mike Williams 8
9 Z(443) ± performed a 4-D amplitude analysis using all well known kaon resonances in (or near) the allowed mass region. -PAPER No Z(443); p-value ~ 1-6. [GeV ] - m ψ'π M(Z) m K + π - [GeV ] ) Candidates / (. GeV 1 1. < m K + π < 1.8 GeV [GeV ] m ψ'π Long robust list of systematic checks (multiple Kπ S-wave parameterizations, vary kaon resonances model, etc). Mike Williams 9
10 Z(443) ± ) Candidates / (. GeV m K π + <.7 GeV data total fit Z(443) excluded * K (89) * K S-wave - Z(443) background * K (141) * - K (168) * K (143) fit with Z(443) in (p-value ~ 1%) ) Candidates / (. GeV 4.7 < m K + π < 1. GeV Z Z [GeV ] [GeV ] m ψ'π - m ψ'π [GeV ] m ψ'π -PAPER ) Candidates / (. GeV 1 1. < m K + π < 1.8 GeV Z m K + π - M = 4475±6 MeV; Γ = 17±39 MeV; [GeV ] ) Candidates / (. GeV m K + π > 1.8 GeV Z [GeV ] m ψ'π J P = [GeV ] m ψ'π Mike Williams 1
11 Resonance Phase Motion Basic Breit-Wigner model looks like a damped-driven oscillator; hence, the name resonances. BW m M, Γ = 1 M m im Γ(m), Γ m = Γ q q M m B q, q, d M Expect circular trajectory in the complex plane, but absolute phase of this circle is free to vary. Key is to see 18 o phase change across the pole mass. Mike Williams 11
12 Z(443) ± Model-independent Z amplitude fits: Z Im A MeV 4345 MeV 477 MeV BW using Z(M,Γ) -PAPER Argand diagram shows clear resonant behavior MeV MeV 4541 MeV Z Re A -PAPER Recent detailed model-independent confirmation of the Z by. Net quark content (and charge) rules out cc, J P rules out cusp -- 4-quark! Mike Williams 1
13 Λb J/ψpK The decay Λb J/ψpK was first used by to make a precision measurement of the Λb lifetime. -PAPER-13-3 Events / ( 4 MeV) k Λb 5% BKGD in signal region ] [GeV ψp 6 4 -PAPER J/ m [MeV] m J/ψ K p 18??? [GeV Results shown here use the full Run 1 data set. The selection is mass. standard for, and vetoes possible peaking backgrounds. Mike Williams mkp Figure 5: Invariant mass squared of K p versus J/ p for candidates within ±15 M describing the decay dynamics. Here A and ] B are the polar and azimuthal
14 1 b J/ p K - candidate ~ m
15 1 b J/ p K - candidate 3cm ~ m
16 Mass Projections An unexpected peaking structure was observed in the J/ψp system. Many checks done to ensure it s not an experimental artifact. Events/( MeV) Events/( MeV) (a)??? Figure 1: Feynman diagrams for (a) b! J/ and (b) b! P c + K (a) data data phase space phase space m K p Events/(15 MeV) Events/(15 MeV) 8 (b) 8 (b) m J/ψp decay. -PAPER Figure 1.6 : 1.8 Invariant.mass. of (a) K.4p and (b) J/ p combinations from m K p b! J/ K p decays. The solid (red) curve is the expectation from phase space. The background has been subtracted. m J/ψp Mike Williams 16
17 Amplitude Analysis A 6-D amplitude analysis performed based on the helicity formalism; considers both Λ* and pentaquark (Pc) amplitudes. M = + rest frame X b =± 1 b rest frame z b * x p + X p=± 1 * b lab frame X Λ* decay chain * µ=±1 M b, p, µ + ei µ µ X rest frame P c K K p * rest frame K + P c Mike Williams 17 + Pc Pc p d 1 Pc ( p, p ) M P c p, b Pc decay chain p P c rest frame b rest frame P c * b lab frame Pc b p Pc Pc p, µ All known Λ* resonances included. * K ( P c
18 No Pentaquark Fits with all known Λ* resonances but no Pc fail to describe the data. -PAPER-15-9 Events/(15 MeV) (a) data total fit background Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) Λ(35) Λ(385) Events/(15 MeV) (b) m K p m J/ψp Figure 6: Results for (a) m Kp and (b) m J/ p for the extended model fit without P c + states. The data are shown as (black) squares with error bars, while the (red) circles show the results of the fit. The error bars on the points showing the fit results are due to simulation statistics. Also tried adding: all Σ* (isospin-violating) decays; two new Λ* resonances with free M, Γ; 4 non-resonant Λ* amplitudes. All fail to describe the data. Mike Williams 18
19 One Pentaquark Adding one Pc state improves the description but still fails to fully describe the data (more on this in a bit). -PAPER-15-9 Events/(15 MeV) (a) data total fit background P c Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) Λ(35) Λ(385) Events/(15 MeV) (b) m K p m J/ψp Figure 13: Results of the fit with one J P =5/ + P c + candidate. (a) Projection of the invari mass of K p combinations from b! J/ K p candidates. The data are shown as (bla squares with error bars, while the (red) circles show the results of the fit; (b) the correspond J/ p mass projection. The (blue) shaded plot shows the P c + projection, the other curves repres Mike Williams 19
20 Two Pentaquarks Best fit has J P = 3/ - (lower mass), 5/ + (higher mass), but the alternative options 3/ +,5/ - and 5/ +,3/ - are not ruled out. -PAPER-15-9 Events/(15 MeV) (a) data total fit background P c (445) P c (438) Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) Events/(15 MeV) (b) m K p m J/ψp Figure 3: Fit projections for (a) m Kp and (b) m J/ p for the reduced model with two P c + sta Statistical significances estimated to be (including systematic uncertainties) (see Table 1). The data are shown as solid (black) squares, while the solid (red) points show 1σ and 9σ for the narrow and broad states, respectively. results of the fit. The solid (red) histogram shows the background distribution. The (blue) op squares with the shaded histogram represent the P c (445) + state, and the shaded histogr Mike Williams +
21 Events/(15 MeV) Events/(15 MeV) cosθ (a) (b) 1(c) GeV < m(kp) (d) m(kp).5 > GeV cosθ 1 < GeV m(kp) < 1.55 GeV -PAPER-15-9 m J/ ψp Pc Interference cosθ J/ψ 1.55 GeV < m(kp) < 1.7 GeV 15 cosθ Λ* m J/ ψp data total fit background P c (445) P c (438) Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) φ µ φ [rad] φ [rad] constructive Pc interference destructive Pc interference Such interference requires two states with opposite parity. Mike Williams Figure 8: m J/ p in various intervals of m Kp for the fit with two P c + states: (a) m Kp < 1.55 GeV, (b) 1.55 <m Kp < 1.7 GeV, (c) 1.7 <m Kp <. GeV, and (d) m Kp >. GeV. The data
22 Angular Projections All Data -PAPER-15-9 Pc Enriched Region Only cosθ Λ b cosθ Λ b φ K 1 1 φ K cosθ Λ* cosθ 1 data total fit background P c (445) P c (438) Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) φ [rad] cosθ cosθ Λ* cosθ 1 - m Kp > data total fit background P c (445) P c (438) Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) GeV Λ(167) Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) - φ [rad] φ [rad] cosθ J/ψ φ µ 1 cosθ J/ψ 1 φ µ cosθ 1 φ [rad] cosθ 1 - φ [rad] gure 7: Various decay angular distributions for the fit with two P c + states. The data are shown Figure 1: Various decay angular distributions for the fit with two P c + states for m(k p) > GeV. (black) squares, while the (red) circles show the results of the fit. Each fit component isthe alsodata are shown as (black) squares, while the (red) circles show the results of the fit. Each fit Mike Williams
23 Argand Diagrams Model-independent (Pc) amplitudes in bins ±Γ around M: -PAPER Im A P c.1.5 (a) (b) P c (445) P c (438) Re A P c Re A P c Clear resonant-like behavior of the Pc(445); uncertainties too large to make conclusive statement about Pc(438). Mike Williams 3
24 The average of the fit results for Pc the 7 Properties and 8 TeV samples gives S =.361 ±.9, which results in B( b! J/ pk )=(3.4 ±.4 ±.6 ± ) 1 4. The first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, the third is due to the -PAPER-15-9 uncertainty on the branching fraction of the B! J/ K decay, and the fourth is due to the knowledge of f b /f d. In Ref. [11] the ratio B( b! J/ p Pc(438) Pc(445) )/B( b! J/ pk )wasreported. Combining this with the value of B( b! J/ pk )above,thebranchingfractionof b! J/ p is determined as Mass [MeV] 438±8± ±1.7±.5 B( b! J/ p )=(.51 ±.8 ± ) 1 5, Width [MeV] 5±18±86 39±5±19 where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is due to the systematic uncertainty on B( b! J/ p )/B( b! J/ pk ), and the third is due to systematic uncertainty on B( b! J/ pk ). Fit Fraction [%] 8.4±.7±4. 4.1±.5±1.1 Two pentaquark-charmonium states, P c (438) + and P c (445) +, were observed by in the amplitude analysis of the b! J/ pk decay [1], and the fractions f(p c + )ofthe two pentaquark-charmonium states in the b! J/ pk decay were measured. Using these fractions and the value of B( b! J/ pk )obtainedinthisanalysis,thebranching fractions B( b! P c + K )B(P c +! J/ -PAPER-15-3 p) arecalculatedas ( B( b! P c + K )B(P c + (.56 ±. ± ! J/ p) =.36) 1 5 for P c (438) +, (1.5 ±.15 ± ) 1 5 for P c (445) +, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is due to the systematic uncertainty on f(p c + ), and the third is due to the systematic uncertainty on B( b! J/ pk ). Mike Williams 4
25 Many proposed explanations: tightly-bound pentaquark, molecule, diquark-diquarkquark, rescattering, etc. Expect a lot of theoretical activity in this area.
26 Summary has confirmed the existence of the Z(443) state first observed by Belle and has determined it has J P = 1 +, which suggests it is a tetraquark or molecule. Furthermore, has shown its resonance nature through model-independent analyses. has observed two resonant states in J/ψp consistent with pentaquarks. They each have a large statistical significance and are found to be robust using state-of-the-art amplitude analysis. The resonant nature of the narrower state is confirmed by model-independent analysis. The Z and Pc states each contains a cc component. Are heavy quarks necessary for such exotic states to be formed? Or do they just make them unambiguous when observed? Determining the internal nature of these states requires much more study, specifically observing them in alternate decay modes and/or searching for partner states. Mike Williams 6
27
28 Systematic Uncertainties Largest uncertainties come from hyperon modeling, but other modeldependencies are non-negligible as well. Source M (MeV) (MeV) Fit fractions (%) low high low high low high (145) (15) Extended vs. reduced masses & widths Proton ID <p p < 1 GeV Nonresonant Separate sidebands J P (3/ +,5/ )or(5/ +,3/ ) d = GeV L P c b b! P + c (low/high)k L Pc P c + (low/high)! J/ p b! J/ L n b E ciencies Change (145) coupling 1.9 Overall sfit/cfit cross check Mike Williams 8
29 ns for m J/ K Tetraquarks? ojections are shown in Fig. 1. There is no ass-squared distribution. ion as shown by viewing the projections of No evidence seen for exotic J/ψK erent slices of m (4-quark) Kp in Fig. 11. states. Events/(15 MeV) (a) Events/(15 MeV) (b) ] [GeV K J/ m versus J/ p and (b) of J/ K mkp (b) [GeV ] versus K p for Events/(15 MeV) Events/(15 MeV) 5 (c) (e) m J/ ψk Events/(15 MeV) m J/ ψk Events/(15 MeV) 5 (d) m J/ ψk Λ(167) data total fit background P c (445) P c (438) Λ(145) Λ(15) Λ(16) m J/ ψk Λ(169) Λ(18) Λ(181) Λ(18) Λ(183) Λ(189) Λ(1) Λ(11) m J/ ψk Figure 11: Projections onto m J/ K in various intervals of m Kp for the reduced model fit (cf two P c + states of J P equal to 3/ and 5/ + : (a) m Kp < 1.55 GeV, (b) 1.55 <m Kp < 1 Mike Williams 9
30 Efficiency & Background Density ] [GeV m J/ ψp 6 4 (a) efficiency ] [GeV m J/ ψp 6 4 (b) background [GeV m Kp ] [GeV m Kp ] Figure 19: Parameterized dependence of (a) the relative signal e ciency and of (b) the background density on the Dalitz plane. The units of the relative e ciency and of the relative background density are arbitrary. References Mike [1] M. Williams Gell-Mann, A schematic model of baryons and mesons, Phys. Lett. 8 (1964) 14. 3
31 sfit vs cfit All results cross checked using both sfit and cfit. sfit weights each candidate such that only the signal needs to be considered in the fits: lnl(!! )= X s W W i ln P sig (m Kp i, i! ) i X = s W W i ln M(m Kp i, i! ) +s W ln I(! ) X i i X s W W i ln[ (m Kp i ) (m Kp i, i )]. i! cfit uses events in ±σ m(b) signal window and includes terms describing the background in the PDF (obtained from the sidebands): W i lnl(! )= X " ln (1 ) M(m Kp i, i! ) (m Kp i ) (m Kp i, i ) I(! ) i X apple!! P + Pu bkg (m Kp i, i ) I bkg # Mike Williams 31
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