Denné osvetlenie budov vnávrhu európskych noriem
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1 Denné osvetlenie budov vnávrhu európskych noriem doc. Ing. Stanislav Darula, CSc. Ústav stavebníctva a architektúry SAV, Bratislava usarsdar@savba.sk
2 Je potrebné slnečné žiarenie a denné osvetlenie v interiéroch budov? Denné svetlo má vplyv na zdravie ľudí reguluje biorytmy, zlepšuje imúnny systém organizmu, podporuje činnosť vnútorných orgánov. Denné svetlo má vplyv na vyššiu produktivitu práce znižuje únavu, neskresľuje podanie farieb, umožňuje verné vnímanie priestoru. Denné svetlo má ekonomický prínos umožňuje šetriť náklady na umelé osvetlenie. Viac ako 9% času strávime v budovách Ľudia citlivo vnímajú, či je interiér dobre vetraný, osvetlený denným svetlom a byt dostatočne preslnený.
3 Kde sa požaduje denné svetlo? Podľa STN V priestore alebo jeho funkčne vymedzenej časti s trvalým pobytom ľudí. Ako sa hodnotí denné osvetlenie v budovách? Podľa STN Denné osvetlenie budov Zamračená obloha, najnepriaznivejší stav S Úroveň denného osvetlenia podľa činiteľa dennej osvetlenosti D D min - bočné osvetlenie D D - horné osvetlenie Rovnomernosť a prevládajúci smer osvetlenia Oslnenie P
4 Ako sa hodnotí denné osvetlenie v budovách? STN Denné osvetlenie budov. Časť 2: Denné osvetlenie budov na bývanie V strede miestnosti ako priemer z dvoch hodnôt D = (D 1 + D 2 )/2.9% STN /Z2 Denné osvetlenie budov. Časť 1. Základné požiadavky L/2 2 Kritérium ekvivalentný uhol tienenia, α e P 1 P 2 L 1 m 1 m Dovolené tienenie: α e < 25 školy, predškolské zariadenia, α e < 3 bežná zástavba, α e < 36 alebo α e < 42 - zóny s vyššou hustotou zástavby
5 Bratislava zóny s vyššou hustotou zástavby α e < 3º e α e < 36º α e < 42º
6 Vyhláška MZSR č. 541/7 o podrobnostiach a požiadavkách na osvetlenie pri práci Vyhláška MZSR č. 6/11 ktorou sa mení a dopĺňa vyhláška č. 541/7 Denné a umelé osvetlenie pracoviska D min > 1.5% - bočne osvetľované miestnosti D m > 3% - horne osvetľované priestory Združené osvetlenie pracoviska Možno použiť len pre osvetlenie pracovísk. Hodnoty D min sú nižšie požadované pre denné osvetlenie ale dosahujú najmenej 1/3 týchto hodnôt (pre D min = 1.5% platí.5% < D <1.5%). Najnižšie prípustné umelé osvetlenie : - E m = lx s dostatočným denným osvetlením, - E m = 5 lx v priestore so združeným osvetlením. 1.5% < D.5% <D<1.5% D<.5% STN EN Svetlo a osvetlenie. Osvetlenie pracovných miest. Časť 1: Vnútorné pracovné miesta.
7 Preslnenie bytov STN Budovy na bývanie Určenie severu Meridiánova konvergencia C = λ z λ z - zemepisná dĺžka Požaduje sa preslnenie minimálne 1.5 hodiny 1/3 obytnej plochy bytu medzi 1. III a 13. X Katastrálna mapa
8 Európska norma pre denné osvetlenie v budovách
9 Denné priebehy osvetlenosti Bratislava, máj Bratislava December The scale of time Bratislava, december 1996 Úrovne vonkajšej osvetlenosti závisia od: - výšky slnka, - optických vlastností atmosféry Bratislava May 1 The scale of time
10 Európska norma pre denné osvetlenie v budovách CEN TC 169/WG11 Daylight Koncept novej normy
11 Hľadiská pre hodnotenie osvetlenia Priestory s požiadavkami na denné osvetlenie Priestory s trvalým pobytom ľudí. pren zatrieďuje priestory v budovách podľa funkcie a pracovných aktivít na: priemyselné priestory, kancelárie, budovy občianske, školské, zdravotnícke, obchod, bytové domy, väznice a budovy pre starostlivosť ľudí
12 Nová terminológia a definície Dostupnosť denného svetla Určuje sa mediánom horizontálnej difúznej osvetelnosti v danej lokalite Požiadavky na dennú osvetlenosť Denné svetlo má zabezpečiť úrovne prírodného osvetlenia vyššie ako sú kritické pre zrakové úlohy. Úroveň denného osvetlenia 3 lx primeraná a minimum lux ako akceptovateľná. Cieľový činiteľ dennej osvetlenosti, D T Je činiteľ dennej osvetlenosti, ktorý treba dosiahnúť na určitej časti plochy, aby sa splnilo kritérium pre zabezpečenie denného svetla. Na pracovnej rovine zodpovedá úrovni osvetlenia 3 lx. D T i = = E E med 3 E med [ % ]
13 Podiel času požadovaná osvetlenosť pre zrakové práce lx, 3lx, Y = E Task celoročný výskyt dostupnosti dennej osvetlenosti v percentách D DP = x E Task / E vd [%] DP činiteľ dostatočnej dennej osvetlenosti počas roka DPin % E vd,dp = Koncept činiteľa dennej osvetlenosti, D D = x E Task /5 [%] Podmienky dennej osvetlenosti podľa medianu dostupnosti denného svetla E med = E vd, DP = 5 [lx] D DP = x E Task /E vd, DP= [%] D T = x E Task /E vd,dp = 5 [%]
14 Využitie denného osvetlenia Umelé osvetlenie počas celého roku Obchody, priemyselné budovy, sklady, hypermarkety Využitie denného osvetlenia počas prevažnej časti dňa Obytné budovy, obytné miestnosti, budovy pre starostlivosť o deti a seniorov, triedy v školách, kancelárie, lôžkové izby v nemocniciach, atď. Riziko zníženia využitia denného svetla. Polovicu roka dostatočné denné osvetlenie Využitie denného osvetlenia % času v roku
15 Nová terminológia a definície Cieľový minimálny činiteľ dennej osvetlenosti D TM E med = 163 lx 1.85%.6% je minimálna hodnota činiteľa dennej osvetlenostina pracovnej rovine v určitej lokalite, zodpovedá úrovni osvetlenia lx. D TM E = min = E E med med
16 Oslnenie Bude sa vyhodnocovať indexom pravdepodobnosti oslnenia denným svetlom DGP (Daylight Glare Probability ) E v -vertikálnaosvetlenost na očiach[lux]; P-pozičnýindex [-]; L s -jas zdroja [cd.m - ²]; ω s -priestorový uhol zdroja[-]; i číslo zdroja jasu
17 Preslnenie Referenčný bod v strede okna Azimut okna α wn,s = ±1 od juhu Výška slnka γ s γ s,min Zohľadnenie tieniacich fasád Typ budovy Typ miestnosti Obytné budovy, rodinné domy Obytné miestnosti Škôlky, jasle Nemocníce Herne Lôžkové miestnosti
18 Preslnenie Nation Capital Latitude ϕ 1,5 hour hour sunlight duration (urban (high low density density area) area) γ γ s,min Cyprus Nicosia Malta Valletta Greece Athens Portugal Lisboan Turkey Ankara Spain Madrid Italy Roma Bulgaria Sofia Romania Bucharest Croatia Zagreb Slovenia Ljubljana Switzerland Bern Hungary Budapest Austria Wien Slovakia Bratislava France Paris Luxembourg Luxembourg Czech Republic Prague Belgium Brussels United Kingdom London Poland Warsaw The Netherlands Amsterdam Germany Berlin Ireland Dublin Lithuania Vilnius Denmark Copenhagen Latvia Riga Estonia Tallinn Sweden Stockholm 129 Norway Oslo 129 Finland Helsinki 129 Iceland Reykjavik Minimálna doba preslnenia 1,5 hodina Kritický deň je 21. marec. Započítavajú sa výšky slnka väčšie ako min γ s. To umožňuje orientovať okná 1 od juhu.
19 Sunlight Preslnenie duration s and obstructions Určenie ožiarenia referenčného bodu if γs> minγs Určenie doby preslnenia s = t end t start
20 Škola Fredriksberg (Dánsko) Fredriksberg Miestnosť -šírka -hĺbka -výška 8,3 7,2 3,7 Činiteľ odrazu svetla -podlaha,2 -steny,5 -strop,7 Činiteľpriepustnosti svetla -okná -svetlíky Pomer WFL(plocha okien ku ploche podlahy), trieda,7,65 27% Trieda Cieľovýčiniteľ dennej osvetlenosti D T 2,1 D TM,7 Zdroj Velux
21 Preslnenie: vysoká obytná budova Chybná poloha okien s = s 1 +s 2 = 4:39 hour Správna poloha okien
22 Záver Denné osvetlenie Tam, kde je dobre navrhnuté denné osvetlenie, nie je treba používať umelé osvetlenie a míňať elektrickú energiu Podľa STN Denné osvetlenie sa posudzuje v priestoroch s trvalým pobytom ľudí. Tienenie osvetľovacích otvorov Zóny s vyššou hustotou zástavby α e > 3 sú určené v Bratislave a Banskej Bystrici. V ostatných mestách platí podmienka tienenia do 3. Združené osvetlenie Na pracoviskách ho možno používať. Nepripustiť ho v školách, škôlkach, v priestoroch určených pre pobyt detí a mládeže. Ich organizmus sa rozvíja. Ak ľudia pracujú pod umelým svetlom, treba používať náhradné opatrenia podľa vyhlášky č. 541/7 MZSR. Preslnenie určenie severu, z katastrálnej mapy sa robí pomocou meridiánovej konvergenciu
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