Meeting of Modern Science and School Physics: College for School Teachers of Physics in ICTP. 27 April - 3 May, 2011

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1 Meeting of Modern Science and School Physics: College for School Teachers of Physics in ICTP 27 April - 3 May, 2011 Introduction to nanophysics Yuri Galperin University of Oslo Oslo Norway

2 Very broad area of science and technology having many branches. What is nanoscience and nanotechnology? This lecture Introduction to Nanophysics 1

3 Meeting of Modern Science and School Physics: College for School Teachers of Physics in ICTP (27 April - 3 May 2011) Introductory course in Oslo: Introduction to Nanophysics 2

4 Very broad area of science and technology having many branches. What is nanoscience and nanotechnology? This talk Introduction to Nanophysics 3

5 Introduction to Nanophysics 4

6 Introduction to Nanophysics 5

7 Introduction to Nanophysics 6

8 Introduction to Nanophysics 7

9 Introduction to Nanophysics 8

10 Nanometer scale Length scale Atoms Molecules & Clusters Electron mean free path Bulk materials Micro Meso Macro Modern electronic devices belong to mesoscopic scale Introduction to Nanophysics 9

11 CMOS TECHNOLOGY Intel s Prescott processor (released March 2004): 150 million transistors 90 nm design rules 3.4 GHz clock frequency DRAM chips: 4 Gb chips demonstrated (~ 10 9 transistors/cm 2 ) Intel s Norwood (Pentium nm) processor Introduction to Nanophysics 10

12 Introduction to Nanophysics 11

13 Examples Introduction to Nanophysics 12

14 2DEG is a generic object for new physics Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) structures 2DEG is formed at the semiconductor-insulator interface Semiconductor heterostructure 2DEG is formed at the interface between two semiconductors It serves as a building block for electronic devices Introduction to Nanophysics 13

15 More about formation of 2D electron gas Bending of the energy bands at the interface Formation of 2D conduction channel Introduction to Nanophysics 14

16 most two-dimensional system imaginable Introduction to Nanophysics 15

17 Introduction to Nanophysics 16

18 Introduction to Nanophysics 17

19 Introduction to Nanophysics 18

20 Introduction to Nanophysics 19

21 Introduction to Nanophysics 20

22 SINGLE-ELECTRON SINGLE-MOLECULE TRANSISTORS J. Park et al. (2002) see also: - E. S. Soldatov et al. (1996) - H. Park et al. (2000) - N. Zhitenev et al. (2002) - S. Kubatkin et al. (2003) SET within the Orthodox theory: Introduction to Nanophysics 21

23 Introduction to Nanophysics 22

24 Introduction to Nanophysics 23

25 Introduction to Nanophysics 24

26 Introduction to Nanophysics 25

27 Introduction to Nanophysics 26

28 Two types of experimental evidence which arose in the 1920s suggested an additional property of the electron. One was the closely spaced splitting of the hydrogen spectral lines, called fine structure. The other was the Stern-Gerlach experiment which showed in 1922 that a beam of silver atoms directed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field would be forced into two beams. It was recognized in the early years of quantum mechanics that atomic spectra measured in an external magnetic cannot be predicted with just orbital quantum numbers. A solution to this problem was suggested in early 1925 by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit, students of Paul Ehrenfest (who rejected the idea), and independently by Ralph Kronig, one of Lame's assistants. Uhlenbeck, Goudsmit, and Kronig introduced the idea of the self-rotation of the electron, which would naturally give rise to an angular momentum vector in addition to the one associated with orbital motion. 27

29 In quantum mechanics spin is a fundamental characteristic property of particles. Spin is a type of angular momentum. When combined with the spin-statistics theorem, the spin of electrons results in the Pauli exclusion principle, which in turn underlies the periodic table of chemical elements. Electrons are fermions, while photons, phonons and magnons are bosons Introduction to Nanophysics 28

30 Encapsulated 4 nm Au particles self-assembled into a 2D array supported by a thin film, Anders et al., 1995 Scheme for molecular manufacturing Introduction to Nanophysics 29

31 Introduction to Nanophysics 30

32 Shuttle transfer of electrons A movable cluster conveys electron one by one In some cases electro-mechanic instabilities can take place Shuttle transport has been observed in several concrete systems Introduction to Nanophysics 31

33 Simulation of increased light intensity beneath a metal nanoparticle on a silicon cell Key players: Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems at the Australian National University (ANU) ; Caltech, US; FOM-Institute, AMOLF, the Netherlands. Introduction to Nanophysics 32

34 Introduction to Nanophysics 33

35 Introduction to Nanophysics 34

36 Introduction to Nanophysics 35

37 Introduction to Nanophysics 36

38 Introduction to Nanophysics 37

39 Introduction to Nanophysics 38

40 Introduction to Nanophysics 39

41 Introduction to Nanophysics 40

42 Introduction to Nanophysics 41

43 Conclusion Introduction to Nanophysics 42

44

45 44

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