AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials
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1 AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials LECTURE 20. Origin of electrical properties M P Gururajan guru.courses@gmail.com Room No. MS 207/A 3 Phone: 1340
2 What is the Big Bang Channel? Image courtesy: Univ. Of Toronto cool cosmos site Static hiss between radio stations in FM radios 2
3 Expanding universe Expanding universe an artist's conception Analogy of raisins in bread raising Image courtesy: wiki 3
4 A story Horn antenna used by Penzias and Wilson Image courtesy: wiki 4
5 Careful experiments and integrity of data Wilson and Penzias Cleaning of bird droppings on the antenna Image courtesy: wiki 5
6 Cosmic Microwave Background Universe is cooling as it expands At present the background radiation peaks at a temperature of about K Image courtesy: wiki 6
7 Ink jet printers Bubble jet technology Tiny heating wire boils a minute volume of ink in the print head creating a vapour of bubble The sudden pressure this creates ejects a droplet to ink Bubble collapses as the wire cools sucking more ink from a reservoir into the print head to replace that in the droplet Disadvantage: Very little control on the droplet size and shape 7
8 Nozzle Piezo electric actuator Droplet Vibration plate Direction of actuation Piezo disk with electrodes Signal Ink nozzles Good control fo shape and duration of pulse Droplets of ink are significantly smaller Greater resolution and colour gradation 8
9 Pyro electric thermal imaging Night vision, location of survivors in disaster areas, filming of wildlife... First device of pyroelectric thermal imaging developed in late 1970s IR focussed by lens (transparent to IR) to fall on pyro electric disk to form image Low resolution improved by slotted disks ion milling 20 micron islands and thermally isolating them Temperature differences of about 0.2 degree Celsius 9
10 10 Images courtesy: wiki
11 Diesel engines Image courtesy: Wiki 11
12 Diesel injector Actuator Fuel intake Pressure chamber Atomized spray of fuel Image courtesy: How Stuff Works 12
13 Injectors Micro pumps inject fuel into the combustion chamber in a diesel engine Pump must allow precise control to meter fuel accurately and adapt the quantitiy injected Till recently a solenoid (a coil with a moving ferro magnetic core was used) Solenoid Had to be large and inertia of the core limited actuation speed Ferro electric actuators! 13
14 Ferroelectric actuators =k [dv / dx ] Strain Ferro electric coefficient Potential gradient Typical system voltage: 12 or 24 V PZT say, 100 microns Gradient V/m k small; strain is small Stack alternating layers of PZT and conducting electrodes; a stack of 100 (1cm high) is 14 sufficient to give enough displacement
15 Origins of electrical properties 15
16 Electrical conductivity Metals electrons are the charge carriers which conduct electricity (Ee is the force on a particle carrying charge e and in an electric field E) Ionic solids inos are the charge carriers diffusion should be high High T If in a solid, the applied field only moves atoms a tiny fraction of atomic spacing insulators (the charge displacement makes them 16 dielectrics)
17 Conductive polymers Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2000 A J Heeger, A D Mac Diarmid and H Shirakawa (Images courtesy: NobelPrize.Org) 17
18 Polymers range of conductivity Image courtesy: Advanced information from NobelPrize.Org 18
19 What is the charge carrier in conductive polymers? 19 Image courtesy: Advanced information from NobelPrize.Org
20 What is the charge carrier in conductive polymers? Halogen that attracts electrons 20 Image courtesy: Advanced information from NobelPrize.Org
21 Why some materials have mobile electrons? Electron energy levels are discrete Pauli exclusion principle Formation of solid electronic energy level becomes a band Fermi level topmost filled level Electron in Fermi level has energy that is lower than what it would have if isolated in a vacuum far from atoms Work function Fermi level to infinity 21
22 Why some materials have mobile electrons? How full are the bands? Is there an overlap? Partly filled bands electrons can move easily: conductors Outer filled band and separated from the nearest unfilled band by a gap: insulators (semi conductors) 22
23 Materials with mobile electrons Image courtesy: Advanced information from NobelPrize.Org 23
24 Resistivity Why does the electron not accelerate for ever? 24
25 Resistivity Why does the electron not accelerate for ever? Remember why heat took definite time to diffuse though the phonos were travelling with the velocity of sound in the medium? 25
26 Resistivity Why does the electron not accelerate for ever? Remember why heat took definite time to diffuse though the phonos were travelling with the velocity of sound in the medium? Mean free path and scattering centres Drift velocity over the thermal motion, a net transfer of charge resulting in current Drift velocity small compared to thermal velocities Conductivity: n e 26
27 Resistivity Any impediment increases mean free path: strengthening, that is why, also leads to higher resistivities With increasing temperatures, resistivity increases why? What happens to semi conductors with increasing temperatures? Why? 27
28 Dielectric behaviour No net dipole moment in the absence of applied fields Applied field pushes charges Easiest to see in ionic crystals Polarization net dipole moment per unit volume Dielectric loss Dielectric break down (concentration effect of defects!) 28
AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials
AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials LECTURE 18. Electrical properties and design for their exploitation M P Gururajan Email: guru.courses@gmail.com Room No. MS 207/A 3 Phone: 1340
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