Short baseline neutrino oscillation experiments at nuclear reactors

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1 Short baseline neutrino oscillation experiments at nuclear reactors Christian Buck, MPIK Heidelberg Erice School, Sicily Sept, 17th 2017

2 Neutrino oscillations = ν ν ν ν ν ν τ τ τ µ µ µ τ µ U U U U U U U U U e e e e Δm atm 2 ~ ev 2, sin 2 (2θ 23 ) ~ 1 Δm sol 2 ~ ev 2, sin 2 (2θ 12 ) ~ 0.85 sin 2 (2θ 13 ) ~ 0.1 ν 2 Δm atm 2 Δm sol 2 ν 1 ν 3 sin 2 θ 13 sin 2 θ 23 sin 2 θ 12 ν e ν µ ν τ PMNS matrix Normal or inverted hierarchy? Absolute scale?

3 Reactor neutrinos Thermal power N! exp (E,t)! 1 L 2 " P th(t) E f " " f distance Energy per fission Cross section per fission Fractional fission rate of isotope k Ø Pure ν e source (6 / fission) Ø High rate: ν / (GW s) Ø Energy: 1-10 MeV! f =!" # k S k (E)$! det (E)dE k " 0 ν spectrum Detection cross section

4 IBD reaction! e + p! e + + n E th = 1.8 MeV E vis = E ν 0.8 MeV n α 6 Li H gamma 2.2 MeV Gd gammas 8 MeV T

5 Oscillation at reactors Short baseline experiments θ 13 experiments Double Chooz Daya Bay, RENO Solar θ 12 : KamLAND, JUNO 4 MeV neutrinos

6 Reactor neutrino anomaly New flux prediction in context of θ 13 experiments Updates on conversion from measured beta spectra at ILL (Müller et al., Huber) G.Boireau et al., PRD 93, (2016) R = ± (2.5σ deviation from unity)

7 Spectral distortion Data / Predicted 0.25 MeV 1.2 Data No oscillation Reactor flux uncertainty Total systematic uncertainty Best fit: sin 2 13 = at m = ev DC-III (n-gd) Livetime: days Visible Energy (MeV) Y.Abe et al., JHEP10 (2014) Excess events in 4 6 MeV region Similar behavior seen in Daya Bay, RENO and NEOS Background and energy scale disfavored Neutrino prediction?!

8 Nuclear or neutrino physics? ν s Δm sol 2 Δm atm 2 Δm ano 2 ν e...even more? ν µ ν τ log m 2 Sterile neutrino could explain rate anomaly, not spectral distortion

9 Sterile neutrino solution Δm 2 1 ev 2, sin 2 (2θ) 0.1 G.Mention et al., PRD 83, (2011) L (m) Data and expectation with (blue) and without (black dashed) sterile neutrino Oscillation length: L! E "m 2 Allowed region from combination of reactor, Ga source, MiniBooNE

10 End of sterile neutrino option? Daya Bay, PRL118, (2017): Rate vs fuel evolution Combined fit for 235 U and 239 Pu 239 Pu consistent with model 235 U almost 8% lower Disfavor equal deficit at 2.6σ Hayes et al. (arxiv ) conclude that there is currently not enough information to rule out sterile neutrinos. Giunti et al. (arxiv ) Combined analysis of DB evolution data and global rate data favors oscillation over 235 U/ 239 Pu Dentler et al. (arxiv ) sterile neutrino hypothesis cannot be rejected based on global data Normalization of flux predictions fully correlated?

11 Reactor experiments worldwide Solid DANSS Neutrino-4 Prospect Stereo NEOS Antineutrino Global Map 2015, Sci.Rep.5 (2015) 13945

12 NEOS LEU reactor, d=25 m Unsegmented, 1t Gd-LS Running 2015/ neutrinos/day Daya Bay comparison Best fit RAA Best fit NEOS (sin 2 2θ 14 = 0.05, Δm 2 =1.73 ev 2 ) Exluded (90% CL): NEOS Daya Bay/ Bugey Details on Thursday by Y.Oh! Y.Ko, AAP 2016

13 DANSS 3 GW LEU reactor (h = 3.5 m) m baseline (moveable) 1 m 3 plastic scintillator strips (2500!) covered by Gd ( safe detector design ) Low background site (cosmics: 5%) Overburden: 50 mw.e. Water Bump? Reactor core h MC normalization! DANSS I.Alekseev et al., JINST 11 (2016) P11011

14 DANSS premilinary results About 5000 neutrino events/day (data taking since April 2016) Y.Shitov, TAUP 2017

15 Stereo ILL Grenoble: 57.8 MW HEU reactor 10 m baseline Gd liquid scintillator (1800 liters) Segmentation (6 Target cells) 93 t detector flying on air cushions Buffer oil 1.5 m Acrylic buffers 6 target cells filled with Gddoped LS 3m Outer crown: LS (no Gd)

16 Stereo analysis Preliminary Delayed E target cell Sensitivity with 300 days Rate neutrino candidates Preliminary 75 days reactor ON ~ 300 neutrinos/ day

17 90 MW reactor (35x42x42cm 3 ) Gd liquid scintillator (3 m 3 ) 6-12 m baseline (moveable!) Cosmic background! (S/B 0.25) Full scale data since June 2016 Neutrino-4 Check of 1/L 2 behaviour A.P.Serebrov et al. arxiv: (2017)

18 Neutrino-4: first results Neutrino-4 data normalized to (lack of accurate abs. efficiency) A.P.Serebrov et al. arxiv: (2017)

19 Solid 6-9 m from HEU reactor (60 MW) New technology: Composite scintillator ( 6 LiF) High segmentation (13000 cubes) Detector mass: 1600 kg Tyvek PVT LiF:ZnS Commissioning Summer 2017, started data taking?

20 Solid: Prototype to full scale Nemenix (8 kg) SM 1 (288 kg) : Nemenix Proof of concept /15: SM1 Background and scalability : Phase 1 Full scale (1600 kg) Δm 2 =1.8 ev 2 sin 2 (2θ)=0.09 L. Manzanillas, TAUP 2017

21 Prospect (US) HFIR: 85 MW, 7-12 m baseline 3000 liter Li-loaded liquid scintillator 10x12 segmented optical array S/B projected 3 Prospect-50 K.Heeger, TAUP 2017

22 Prospect Outlook Start data taking 2017 About 160 kevents/y 4 σ test of best fit in 1 y

23 Sterile neutrinos at reactors Name P th (MW) L (m) Dep. (mwe) M targ. (t) Tech. Seg. S/N Start Neos Gd-LS N DANSS Gd-PS Y Neutrino Gd-LS Y < Stereo Gd-LS Y Solid Li-PS Y Prospect few 3 6 Li-LS Y

24 Other detection techniques Coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering (CEνNS) CONUS shielding Nuclear Power Plant Brokdorf, 3.9 GW Start data taking this year!

25 Summary Ø All mixing angles and mass splittings measured in three flavor neutrino model Ø Reactor neutrinos at short baseline observe anomalous behavior for rate and shape (correlated?) Ø Worldwide search for light sterile neutrinos at reactors Ø Several experiments started or are close to full scale data taking Ø Sensitivity of experiments should allow to test most important allowed regions within the next two years

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