hnpbt`cn ae pdw Pn m ] mbøv hnzym`ymk] Xn A[ym]I p ssi pkvxiw aebmfw mkv - 4 Xømdm nbxv: Ub v ae pdw

Transcription

1 hnpbt`cn ae pdw Pn m ] mbøv hnzym`ymk] Xn A[ym]I p ssi pkvxiw aebmfw mkv - 4 Xømdm nbxv: Ub v ae pdw 1

2 4 mw mknse Ip nifpss `mjm]camb ]n m mhÿ ]cnlcn p Xn\p Nne {]h Ø\ßfmWnXv. samøw {]h Ø\ßsf \mev L ßfmbn Xncn n p v. H mw L Øn 12 Dw c mw L Øn F pwaq mw L Øn HºXpw \memw L Øn 11 Dw {]h Ø\ßfmWp Xv. H mwl hpw c mwl hpw aq mw L hpw 10 awn q hoxhpw 4 mw L w 25 awn qdpw FSpØv {]h Ø\߃ ]q Ønbm Ww. kam\amb CØcw {]h Ø\߃ Is ØpIbpw Ah ^e{]zambn mkn {]tbmkn pibpw thww. F m {]h Ø\ßfpw mkn {]tbmkn p Xv `mjm]cambn ]n m w \n p Ip nisf FgpØpw hmb\bpw A`ykn n m\p XmsW Xcn dnhv So p mhww. km[mcw `mjm mkpifnepw CØcw Ip nisf ]cnkwn pw `mjm]t\ {]{Inb ]men pw sim p {]h Ø\ßfmWv So \StØ Xv. 2

3 F p mbn? Nps en hni phe p \S pibmbncp p. IehdbpsS ]ei AXv Icfm XpSßn. Ic p Ic v Hcp hnshp m n. AIØpIS t mtgm? ` Wkm[\߃ Aßs\ \nc ncn p p. AXv Xn m XpSßn. Xn n pw Xn n pw \n Ønbn. hb aøßt]mse ho Øp. At mtg pw t\chpw shfpøp. Xncn pt]mim t\m ptºmgt Ipg ambxv. hnshneqss henb hbdpw h v Ibdm ] p n. AXym Øn mc\mb Fen v ]n oss p mbn? Ip niƒ hy nkxambn IY hmbn p p? BcmWv IYbn Iq pimc?? Fen v ]pdøv IS m IgnbmØXv F psim v? Ip niƒ sndnb {Kq pifmbn BtemNn p p. {Kq pifpss Is Ø AhXcWw IY hy nkxambn FgpXn ]q Ønbm p p. {Kq n hmbn p p sa s SpØp p. s]mxp AhXcWw So th j Nm n FgpXn {]Z in n p p. FUn nwkv \SØp p. Ip niƒ sa s SpØn FgpXp p. 3

4 Ip nbpw X bpw Cu h nbn \n p sntω ]q ƒ t]mip nxm ]d tω! sx o! \n\ pæo snm mw \ ]pw ]m Ift bnsx mw ta ptaenßnh s]mßo hoæn t\m tω sbs mcp `wkn! Atøm! t]mbv IqSn fn m AtΩ! htøsb\n p ]d m! BImØXnßs\ FÆo pωm amgvsim msbt maepæo! ]n \S p Ifn q \obn n Iapt m \S q! AΩ nembsx m Rm\m cpωxcmaω snm m \manßdnbphx ]w F m tamat\ sszhk ev]w Ipamc\mim {]{Inb IhnXmhmb\ * A[ym]nI IhnX CuWØn snm p p. * Ip niƒ BZyw kwlambpw XpS v hy nkxambpw snm s. ]n m w \n p Ip n v Ignbp {X Ahkcw simsp pi tnmzy߃ * Ip n ]q ƒ ]d pt]mip Xmbn [cn Xv F pi n mwv? * ]qºm Isf I t mƒ Ip n v k Sw txm m ImcWsa v? * ]n Ihpw Ip nbpw XΩnep hyxymkambn AΩ ]dbp sx mwv? kw`mjww \SØmw Ip nbpw AΩbpw XΩnep kw`mjwsø KZy kw`mjwam n ]dbn n pi. XpS v Ip nbpw KZy kw`mjwam n FgpXs. FgpXnb At\ym\yw ]cntim[n v XncpØp Xn\v Ahkcw \ IpI. 4

5 an phpw ]q p nifpw an phn\v c v ]q p niƒ D mbncp p. H v ImØp at Xv Ip m, an p kviqfn \n v hcp Xpw ImØv c pt]cpw F pw axnen\p apifn Ccn pw. HcpZnhkw ImØp Ip m tbmsv ]d p \ap v an phns kviqƒ ImWt? H p t]mbnt\m nbmtem.? icn \ap v t]mimw. I m kωxw aqfn. c pt]cpw tdmuns AcnIneqsS \S m XpSßn. \S p \S v Ah ] WØnseØn. hml\ßfpss h mø Xnc v. Ah tdmuns hiøpiqss \S v kiqƒ I p]nsn p. tk v AS ncn p p. ImØphpw Ip m bpw tk v NmSn S v AIsØØn. F{Xhenb kviqƒ ImØphpw Ip m bpw AXnibs p. GXmWv an phns mkv?. Ah Hmtcm mkn\v ap neqssbpw \S p. Ahkm\w \memw mkn\p ap nseøn. an p AXm Ccn p p. Ip m ]d p. At mtg pw an p ]q p nisf I p. Ah HmSn sn v ImØphns\bpw IpWm tbbpw hmcnsbspøp. Ah Iq pimcpss IqsS Dds ]msn. ""]q \ ]q hrønbp ]q ]mepsh ]m{xw hrønbm nsh p.'' Nm n IY {]Z in n p p. hy nkx hmb\ IYbnse Bib߃ Is Ø tnmzy߃ \n Ωn {Kq piƒ XΩn tnmtzymøc b v Ip niƒ Ah t hpw CjvSs Pohnsb Ipdn v Hcp IY Xømdm s. IY hy nkxambn FgpXp p. {Kq n hmbn v sa s SpØ s]mxp AhXcWw Tr. Version {]Z in n FUn nwkv sa s SpØ IYm Xn v Xømdm. 5

6 ]msmw FgpXmw Im ]d ph p XØ ]d p h p ]q ]Ωn h p XØ ]d p t]mbn Im ]d p t]mbn Im Im Im So Nm n ]ms gpxn Xq p p. Ip nifpsamøv ]msp p. elp tnmzy߃ tnmzn p p. * ]m nep ] niƒ GsX mw? * ]q h Xv Fßs\bmWv? * "]' F A cw hcp hm piƒ ]m n \n v FSpsØgpXpI. hmiysagpxmw Xmsg hc ncn p ]ZN{Iw t\m n elphmiy߃ FgpXmtam? ]ZN{Iw Fen hnam\w hcp p t]mbn NmSp p Xhf NmSn ]ZN{IØnse ]Z߃ D]tbmKn v hmiy߃ \n Ωn Ww. DZ: Fen hcp p Fen t]mip p Hm v t]mip p Xoh n h p Im hy nkxambn Ip niƒ FgpXs. ]camh[n hm piƒ aq wk {Kq n t{imuoicn p p. s]mxp AhXcWw So t_m Un /Nm n FgpXp p. Ip niƒ kz w cn\ sa s SpØpIbpw Iq nt pibpw snøp p. 6

7 D h mgvn ]mdω t {XØn D hw simsntbdn. D h dºp \ndsb _eq I hs mcmwv. ]excønepw \ndønepap _eqwpiƒ. A p p \v \ ckw txm n. AºeØns axn s n\v ]pdøv BfpIƒ Iq wiqsn \n p p. Fgp Øv XpSßnbn p v. Fgp Øns ap nembn Xebpb Øn \n p KPhocs\ I t mƒ A p p \v `bw txm n. Ah A s ssi apdpsi ]nsn p. k kpw ampn psa mw ImWm A phn\v B{Klw txm n. A t\msv AsXm pw ]dbm Ah\v ss[cyw D mbn. Ip \ppøn v Fs nepw hmßn Ww. Ah A t\msv ]d p. Ip \ppøn v hfbpw amebpw hmßww. A Nncn p. A p p \v Ifnhm pw Ip \ppøn v hfbpw amebpw hmßnbmwv Ah ho nte v Xncn Xv. hnhcww henb A cøn Nm n FgpXn {]Z in n p p. Ip niƒ hy nkxambn hmbn p p. hnhcwønse Bibw kw_ n N So \bn p p. Hmtcm kµ `Ønepw Ip nisf A`n\µn p p. 1. ]Zkqcy D hhpambn _ s phcp hm piƒ Is Øn Xmsg X ncn p ]Z kqcy ]q Ønbm mtam? D hw _eq Ip niƒ hy nkxambn FgpXnb hm piƒ Hcmƒ H phoxw ]dbp p. So t_m Un FgpXp p. (Bh Ø\w Hgnhm Ww) kz ambn FgpXmØ ]Z߃ Ip niƒ kz w ]pkvxiøn FgpXp p. t_m UnsegpXnb ]Z߃ kz ambn FgpXnb ]Zßfpambn XmcXayw snbvxv XncpØepIƒ hcpøp p. 7

8 2. Rm ]dbmw Fs mw D h mgvnifmwv Cu hnhcwøn D Xv? hy nkxambn HmtcmcpØcpw ]dbp Xn\hkcw \ Ip p. So Iq n tn p p. t_m Un FgpXp p. Ip niƒ hmbn s 3. ]Zkqcy\n ]Z߃ hcp elphmiy߃ \n Ωn mtam? DZm:- A p p \v _eq thww Ip niƒ hy nkxambn FgpXp p. c pt] ]ckv]cw ] psh p p. AhXcWw. So t_m Un FgpXp p. Ip niƒ FgpXnbh hmbn pibpw kz w cn\ sa s SpØpIbpw thww. 4. kw`mjww FgpXmw. A \pw, A phpw XΩnep kw`mjww FgpXmtam? A p : A m Ip \ppøn v hf thww A : A p : A : A p : 8

9 ]msmw ]dbmw B hcps mcm\ Cu hcps mco B\bpao bpaßs\bßs\ bspøspøphcp p B\bv pt m t]sn Cu bv pt m t]sn c n\p ans mcp t]sn - Ip niƒ IhnXbpsS Cu `mkw A[ym]nIbpsamØv CuWØn ]msp p. XpS v B\bv pw Cu bv pw F pkw`hn ncn pw? Ip niƒ AhcpsS Bib߃ ]dbp p. _n._n. bn tcjs SpØp p. A[ym]nI IhnXbpsS _m n `mkw AhXcn n p p. B\ Xmtg t]mbv Cu tate t]mbv IhnXm `mkw Ip niƒ {Kq pifmbn CuWØn ]msn A`n\bn p p. Cu IhnXbn Bscms bp v.? B\, Cu Ip niƒ ]dbp Xv Nm v snøp p. B\sb pdn v Fs ms ]dbmw.? - Ip niƒ ]dbp ]Z߃ /hmiy߃ {Iaw sx n v Nm v snøp p. IdpØ \ndw henb ImepIƒ snhn Xpºnss \o sndnb IÆpIƒ FgpXnb ]Z߃ Ip niƒ hmbn p p. A[ym]nI klmbn p p. B\bpsS Nn{Xw hcbv mw (t\m p_p n ) Ip niƒ hc B\sb pdn v Ah ]dbp p. ]d Imcy߃ _n._nbn Nm v snbvx ]ZßfpsS klmbtømss FgpXp p. 9

10 B\ hepxv... ImepIƒ sndnb Ip niƒ FgpXnb hmiy߃ Nm n t{imuoicn p p. hmbn p p. 3. B hcp ]Z߃ ]db B\, Ba, BSv Nm psnø hmb\ 4. hcniƒ Is Ømw. B B B\ B\ simº\m\! Cu Cu Cu Cu bv mdpimev! DuXpat m DuØv! _m nhcniƒ Ip niƒ Is Øs So Nm psnø hcniƒ CuWØn ]ms F G Hm Hm ]msmw ]msmw B\hbd At mwn B\hbdv I n v B\sb mwm sn t mƒ B\Isf mw \mwn p. B Bephbn Bdv Bdn Icbn Bev Ben tnm n B\ B\bv cnin Bfv IdpIdpØ B\ IdpIdpØ B\ IdpIdpØ B\ IdpIdpØ t_m Uv... IdpØ... hmiy߃ Ip niƒ \n Ωn s \n Ωn hmiy߃ H bv pw kwlambpw hmbn p p. 10

11 Imt Imt IqsShnsS? Imt Imt IqsShnsS Iq n\isømcp Ip pt m Ip n\p Xo simsp m m Ip p InS p Ic ospw Ipt Ipt \o Xcptam \n pss Iønse s\ø w C Xcn o s\ø w Atøm Imt ] nt m? {]{Inb CuWØn ]ms * A[ym]nI IhnX CuWØn snm p p. * Ip niƒ BZyw kwlambpw XpS v hy nkxambpw snm p p. tnmzy߃ Ip v Icbp Xv F psim v? Im Ip ntbmsv tnmzn p sx v? Ip niƒ {]XnIcn p p. So t{imuoicn p p. 7. Im bpw Ip nbpw XΩnep kw`mjww FgpXq. Ip piƒ c wk {Kq n kw`mjww ]dbp p. s]mxp AhXcWw. Ip niƒ hy nkxambn kw`mjww FgpXp p. AhXcn n p p. So t_m Un FgpXp p. So th j AhXcn n p p. Ip niƒ kz w cn\ sa s SpØp p. 11

12 7 hmbn mw ]qame ca ae Ibdn ]q ]dn p sx n, Xpº, snºcøn `wknbp ]q ƒ ca ]q ƒsim v ame tim Øp ame A\pPØn an phn\v \ In {]{Inb:- So Nm n FgpXn {]Z in n p p. Ip niƒ hy nkxambn hmbn p p. 3 AwK {Kq n ]ckv]cw hmbn p p. XpS v s]mxp hmb\. So Nne tnmzy߃ t_m Un FgpXp p. Ip niƒ DØcw Is Øn FgpXp p. s]mxp AhXcWw.So t_m Un FgpXp p. ca FhnsS \n mwv ]q ƒ ]dn Xv? Fs ms ]q fmwv ame tim m D]tbmKn Xv? \n߃ Fs ms ]q ƒ I n p v? 8. ]Zkqcy \n Ωn mtam? ]q ƒ ap Hmtcm ]q fpssbpw t]cpiƒ Ip niƒ ]dbp p. ]Zkqcy hy nkxambn Xømdm p p. F mhcpw ]q fpss t] FgpXp p F v Dd n Ww. s]mxp AhXcWw So t_m Un ]Zkqcy Xømdm Ww Ip niƒ Iq nt pibpw sa s SpØpIbpw snøww. 12

13 9. ]msmw ]msmw ame \ ame ca X ame ap q ame F p \ ame Ip niƒ ]m v A[ym]nIbpsamØv ]msp p. ]qhns t]cpam n ]msmtam? - Ip niƒ hy nkxambn t]cpam n ]m v ]p Ønbm p p./fgpxww. ]q Ønbm nb IhnX Ip niƒ ]msp p. Ip niƒ FgpXnb IhnX Ip nifpss t]scgpxn Nm n {]Z in n p p. 10. an phns ]qt m w an p ho n Hcp ]qt m w D m n. \ndsb snsniƒ. an p F pw ]qt m Øn FØpw. ]q tfmspw ]qºm ItfmSpw In mcw ]dbpw. ]qt m Øn GsX mw snsniƒ D mipw? enãnwkv (So ) GsXms ]q ƒ? ]qt m Øn Bscms Iq pimcmsbøpw.? elp N an phns ]qt m sø pdn v \n߃s s ms FgpXm Ignbpw? Ip niƒ hy nkxambn FgpXp p. AhXcWw {Kq n s]mxp AhXcWw So t{imuoicn p p. hm p]db Ifn * Hcp hm p ]dbp p. AXns BZysØ A cw tn a p hm piƒ ]db / FgpX * A ym cw hcp hm piƒ Nße t]mse ]db (Xe, ex, Xd, dh, hc, ca...) * Htc A cøn Ahkm\n p hm piƒ ]db ag, ]pg,... ae, Xe,... * _ s SpØmhp hm piƒ ]db / FgpX _ w ]db ao - he 13

14 Hcp ag Y Ddpºv ]d p. Iq F\n v IpSbmWv. Ce sh w ]pgbmwv. Hcp Xp n sh w s]cpagbmwv. CXp ti a \m\bv v NncnbS m\mbn. "" Ddptº, Ip m Ip n p m, \n\ v henb temisø n F dnbmw''?. B\ Nncn \n ØmsX ]d p. Ddpºv H pw an nbn. Ah Iq pimcmwt m? \S p \S h ]p ssaxm\søønbt mtg pw CSnbpw agbpw XpSßn. c mfpss Ip mbhpw t_kpsams \\bm XpSßn. Ibdn \ m FhnsSbpw HcnShpan. At mgxm Hcp Ip n mdbnsp n Hcp Ip n q. Ddpºn\v kt mjambn. Ddpºv Iq Nq n d p. "" AXm \ap Xn\v Nph n t]mbn \n mw. H pw \\bn ''. Ddpºv HmSn Iq Nph nseøn. B\ CXpI v \nehnfn p. IY Nm n FgpXn {]Z in n pi Ip niƒ IY hmbn s. XpS v So hmbn p p. tnmzy߃ 1. IYbn Bscms bp v? 2. Ddpºns IpSsb mwv.? 3. a \m\ F psim mwv Nncn Xv? 4. B\ F psim mwv \nehnfn Xv? 5. B\ F p snbvxncn pw. ({Kq n N, {Kq pifpss Is Ø, hy nkxambn FgpXp p, hmb p p.) 13. ]Zkqcy : ag s]øptºmƒ ag s]øptºmƒ ]pg \ndbpw Ip niƒ 4 t]cp {Kq pifmhp p. Hmtcm hmiy߃ HmtcmcpØcpw ]dbp p. XpS v hy nkxambn ]Zkqcy ]q Ønbm p p. {Kq pifpss AhXcWw. So t_m Un t{imuoicn p p. hmb\ Ip niƒ FgpXnbhbpambn HØpt\m p p. ag m v ag ag ag ag \ ag ag ag ag ag ]pxnb ag ag ag ag ag... Ip niƒ A[ym]nIbpsamØv Cu hcniƒ ]msp p. sndnb {Kq n hcniƒ Is Øp p. mkn AhXcn n p p. Ip niƒ FgpXnb IhnX mkn {]Z in n p p. 14

15 hnpbt`cn ae- pdw PnÃm ] m-b v hnzym-`ymk ]²Xn A²ym-]-IÀ p-ff ssi p-kvxiw ae-bmfw mkv þ 7 1

16 BapJw Ign 10 h j-ambn ae- p-dw Pn m ] m-b-øns B`n-ap-Jy-Øn Pn -bpss ka{k hnzym- `ymk ]ptcm-kxn e yw sh p sim v \S- n-em n hcp ] -Xn-bmWv hnp-b-t`-cn.-i-gn h j-ßfn \Ωƒ \S-Ønb {]h Ø-\-߃ v hfsc ani ^ew \ap v e`n- n- p- v.-f-kv.-f-kv.-f.kn,πkvsp ]co- -bm-sw- nepw F πkv e`n- p Ip n-i-fpss FÆ-ØnemsW- nepw h h -\-bp- m- m \ap v Ign- n- p- v.-a-txm-ssm w Pn -bn hnzym-`ymk taj-e-bn ]pø-\p-w p- m- p- - Xnepw hnp-b-t`cn hln ] v hfsc hep-xm-wv.-c v hnp-b-t`cnbpss NphSp ]nsn v Pn -bnse hnhn[ kviqfp-i-fnepw {Kma- -tªm v ] m-b-øp-i-fn-epw,-ap-\n-kn- m-en- n-i-fnepw hnzym-`ymk KpW-ta h n- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff hnhn[ {]h Ø-\-߃ \S p hcp- p.cu ] -Xn v P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw A ym-]-icpw \ Inb ]n pw {]txyiw Hm Ωn- p- p.-iq-smsx Pn -bnse hnzym-`ymk Hm^n-k amcpw,-u-b- v,-k in A`n-bm XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ßfpw AI-a-gn klm-b-߃ \ In-bn- p- v.-f mhtcbpw \µntbmss kvacn- p- p. Cu h jw apx ss{]adn Xe-Øn IqSp-X hyh-ÿm-]n-x-amb coxn-bn hnp-b-t`cn ] Xn \S- n-em- p-i-bm-wv.-a-xns BZy ]Sn-bmbn Pn -bnse apgp-h \memw mkn-tebpw Ggmw mkntebpw hnzym n-iƒ mbn t_kv sse ssãv \SØn,]T-\-]n-t m- m-h-ÿ-bp-ff Ip n-isf Is - Øn.GI-tZiw 30 ix-am-\-w hnzym n-iƒ Cu KW-Øn s]sp- p.-c-hsc s]mxp \ne-hm-c-øn-te-s - Øn- pi F Xv \ΩpsS _m y-xbpw Ip n-i-fpss Ah-Im-i-hp-am-Wv.-A-Xn-\m AØcw Ip n-iƒ mbn HIvtSm-_ amkw apx ]cn-lmc t_m[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ Bcw-`n- p-i-bm-wv.hivtsm-_ apx s^{_p-hcn hsc-bp-ff amk-ß-fnse 60 awn- p D]-tbm-Kn v Chsc s]mxp-[m-c-bn-te-s -Øn- pi F p-f-f-xmwv e yw.-\memw mknse Ip n-iƒ v ae-bm-fw,-i-w v F o hnj-b-ß-fpw,-fgmw mknse Ip n-iƒ v aebm-fw,-cw- o-jv,-i-w v F o hnj-b-ß-en-ep-amwv ]cn-lmc t_m[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ \S- Øp- -Xv.-C-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb A ym-]i p-ff ssi p-kvx-i-amwv \nß-fpss ssiøn-se-øn-bn-cn- p- - Xv.-a-e- pdw Pn m Ub- mwv CXv Xøm-dm- n-b-xv.-hn-p-b-t`cn ] -Xn v ae- pdw Ub v \ Ip ]n p- W v Pn m] mb-øn\pff IS msv {]txyiw Hm Ωn- p- p. Cu ssi p-kvx-i-ønse {]h Ø-\-߃ AtX-t]mse snøpi F -X-.-CXv Nne kqn-i߃ am{x-am-wv.-ip- nsb a\- n-em n Ahsc apt m v \bn- p- -Xn-\p-ff {Intb- ohv Bb {]h Ø-\- ߃ Hmtcm A ym-]-i\pw snøp-tºm-gmwv ] Xn hnp-b-øn-se-øp-i.-a-xn-\p-ff ]q Æ-kzm-X{ yw A ym-]-i p m-bncn pw-.-`m-j-bnepw KWnX-Ønepw Hmtcm Ip nbpw an\naw tewnmv seh t\snbn- p-s v Dd- m- p-i-bm-wv Cu ] -Xn-bpsS e yw.- ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-øn-\p-ff t{]xyi kabw kviqfp-i-fn Is -tø- -Xp- v,-hmtcm {]tz-i- Øn-s bpw {]txy-i-x-b-\p-k-cn v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kabw Is Øn Cu {]h Ø\w icn-bmb coxnbn \S-Øpsa v {]Xym-in- p- p.\mfnxp hsc A ym-]-i hnp-b-t`-cn p \ In hcp ]n p-w XpS pap m-hp-sa hnizm-k-tøm-ss, si.-]n. P ko-\nb si.kn tkm]n kpld aºmsv snb t]-gvk- Un.-Un.-C. {]kn-u vvv hnzym-`ym-k- -B-tcmKy Ãm UnwKv IΩn n ae- pdw PnÃm ] m-b v 2

17 `m-j-bpw ]T-\hpw \-Ωp-sS Nn -I-sfbpw hn-im-c-ßsfbpw B-hn-jv-I-cn- -W-sa- n `m-j th-ww.`m-jm-]-c-am-bn ani-hp Im-W-n p- -h hy- npo-hn-x-ønepw km-aq-lypo-hn-x-øn-epw t{im-xm- -fp-ss kv-t\-l-kulr-z-߃- B - n- p-ibpw Po-hn-X-hnP-bw t\-sp-ibpw sn-øp- p.im-em-xn-h -Ønbpw i- -hpam-b k -Km-flm-Im-hn-jv- m-c-߃ `m-j-bn-ep-f-f-xm-wv.]n-d-hn-bp-ss k-t m-jhpw th-z-\bpw th -]m-sns bpw a-c-w-øns bpw Zp-Jhpw hm -k-ey-øn-s bpw {]-W-b-Øn bpw B-Àm-Zhpw a-\p-jy {]ISn- n-sn- p -Xv `m-j-bn-eq-ss-bm-wv.temi-sø C -sø \n-e-bn-se-øn- a-løm-b I- p-]n-spø-ßfpw Ip- Xn- p-nm- -ßfpw \-ap- p e`n- Xpw \-ΩpsS CuSp-h-bv]p-Iƒ `m-hn-x-e-apd- p th- n kq- n- p sh- p- Xpw `m-j-bn-eq-ss-bm-wv.n-cn-{x-hpw,im-kv-{x-hpw,km-ln-xy-hp-sa- p th- a-\p-jy-kw-kv-im-c-øn-s F m tc-j-s -Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw \-S-Øn-bn-cn- p- Xpw `m-j-bn-eq-ss-bm-wv.`m-j k-a - -am-bn kzm-[o-\-amt - -Xn-s B-h-iy-I-X-bn-te- mwv Cu-sX mw hn-c Nq- p- Xv. B-b-Xn-\m hn-zym`ym-k-øn `m-j-bv p-f-f ÿm-\w kp-{]-[-m\-am-sw- p Im-Wmw.H-cp Ip- n- v ]T-\-Øn ani-hp Im-Wn- p- -Xn\pw ap-t -dp- -Xn\pw `m-j-m]t-\-øn ani-hp Im-Wn-t - n-bncn- p- p.h-cp Ip- n-bp-ss `m-j-bn-se ]n-t m- m-h-ÿ Ah-s sam-øw ]T-\-sØbpw tzm-j-i-c-am-bn _m-[n- p-ibpw {I-a-Øn a- p hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ]n-t m- w t]m-hp- -Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sn-øp- p.b-[p\n-i Ime-sØ an- sxm-gn ta-j-e-i-fnepw B-h-iyam-b hn-z-kv[-sc sx-c-s -Sp- ptºmƒ A-h-cp-sS B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-ti-jn {]-txy-iw ]cn-tim-[n- p- p-s - p \mw Hm - -Ww.hn-Zym`yk-Øn-s Xm-sgØ-ew ap-x - p X-s hn-zym - n-i-fp-ss `m-jm-]-cam-b I-gn-hp-Iƒ h-f -tø- -Xns {]-[m\yw C-Xn \n pw a-\- n-em- mw. hn-p-b-t`-cn-bp-ss ]T\w a-e- p-dw Pn m-]- m-b-øn-s hn-zym-`ym-k t{]m-pœm-b hn-p-b-t`-cn-bp-ss B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn \mev,g-gv m-kp-i-fn-e-p-f-f hn-zym - n-i-fp-ss a-e-bm-f `m-j-bn-se \n-e-hm-cw ]cn-tim-[n- p- -Xn-\p th- n H-cp ]-co- \-S-Øp-I-bp- m-bn.hm-b-\,tej-\w F- o ta-j-e-i-fn-se A-Snÿm-\ ti-jn-iƒ F-{XtØm-f-ap-s - -dn-bp-i F- e- y-tøm-ss-bm-bn-cp- p ]-co-.c-xn-s ^-ew hn-zym`ym-k {]-h -Ø- I-sc-bpw,A- ym-]-i-sc-bpw,kw-hn-[m-\-søbpw h-f-sc-b-[n-iw A-º-c- n- p- -Xm-Wv.`qcn] w Ip- n- Iƒ pw B-i-b-{K-l-W hm-b-\-bv pw,sx- p Iq-Sm-sX-bp-f-f kzx-{ te-j-\-øn\pw ti-jn Ip-d-hm-Wv F- m-wv ]-co- ^-ew hn-i-ie-\w sn-øp-tºmƒ a-\- n-em-hp- Xv. an-i- ]mt-]p-kv-x-i-߃,]t-\-øn-s kq- v-a {]-{In-b {]-Xn-]m-Zn- p- A- ym-]-i k- lmbn. ]-cn-ioe-\w t\sn-b A- ym-]i an-i- kv-iqƒsse-{_-dn, m-kvsse-{_-dn ku-i-cy-߃ sf.sn ku-i-cy-߃ am-t\-pv-sa v ]-cn-ioe-\w kn- n- {]-[m-\- ym-]i hn-zym`ym-k-ap-f-f c- n-xm ƒ 3

18 C-sXm- -bp- - nepw \-Ωp-sS Ip- n-iƒ F-gp-Ønepw hm-b-\-bnepw Z-b\o-b \n-e-hm-cw ]p-e -Øp- -sx- p sim- mwv. Cu {]-iv\-sø hn-i-ie-\w sn-bvxp-sim vv am-{x-ta `m-hn-bn-se hn-zym`ym-k Kp-W-ta -am-{]- h -Ø-\-߃ B-kq-{X-Ww sn-øm-\miq. `mj-bnse ]nt m- m-hÿ F p-sim v? \mev,-ggv mkp-i-fnse `qcn-] w Ip n-iƒ pw AXmXp mkns \ne-hm-c-øn-ep-ff hnhcww hmbn p Bibw {Kln- m Ign-bm-ØXv F p sim mwv?.-a- -c-sø p IqSmsX Hcm-i-bhp-ambn _ -s kzx-{ -hm-iy-߃ Fg-pXm Ign-bm-ØXv F p sim mwv. Ip n-iƒ v hfsc ]cn-an-x-amb `mjm-\p-`-h-߃ am{xw e`n- p- p.-c-xns XpS ho n \nt m ]pdøp \nt m D m-ip- n-. Ip n-i-fpss \ne-hmcw ]cn-tim-[n- p-i-tbm A c-ßfpw ]Z-ßfpw Hs Ip n F{X am{xw kzmb-ø-am n F p \nc- -c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n- p-itbm ]nt m- mhÿ ]cn-l-cn- p- -Xn-\p-ff Fs - nepw {]h Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-Itbm snøp- n-. Ip n-iƒ v Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Ønt\m k Km-flI {]I-S-\-Ønt\m {]tnm-z-\m-fl-iamb A -co w an mkp-i-fnepw \ne-\n p- n-. Ip n-iƒ v hmb-\-bn Xm ]cyw P\n- n- m Ign-bp- n-,-hm-b-\m-h-kcw D m- p- n A -c-߃,-]-z-߃,-{]-tbm-k-߃ap-x-emb `mjm-h-kvxp-x-i-fnepw `mjm cq]-ßfn-epw-b-h-iy-am-b{x ]p\-c-\p-`hw e`n- p- n-. Ip n-iƒ v `mjm-]-c-ambn sa -s -S- -Xn\p klm-b-i-amb FUn- nwkv Imcy- -aambn \S- p- n `mjm {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hmtcm L -ß-fnepw A ym-]-is `mkøp \n p th {X CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S- p- n-. elp hmb\mkma-{kn-iƒ Is Øn mkn e`y-am- p- n-. Ihn-Xm- ym-]\w ]nt m w \n p Ip n-iƒ v hmb-\-bnepw tej-\-ønepw ASn-ÿm-\-ti-jn-Iƒ D m- pi F e y-tømss AXn\p klm-b-i-amb {]{In-bm-L- -߃ \n t±-in- p- p. IhnX A ym]ni CuW-Øn snm p- p. Ip n-iƒ kwl-ambn Be-]n- (ct m aqt m XhW XpS -bmbn snm mw) hy n-k-x-amb Bem-]\w Bi-b-{K-l-W-sØbpw Bkzm-Z-\-sØbpw klm-bn- p tnmzy-߃ tnmzn-.ip- n-iƒ DØcw ]d-b-s.-]-c-am-h[n Ip n-iƒ v Ah-kcw \ Ip-I.-tNm-Zyß-fpw,DØ-c-ßfpw Ip n-iƒ Fgp-X-s. 4

19 k n tn p hcp ]Z-߃ ]ncn pw kam-kn p hcp {]tbm-k-߃ hn{k-ln pw Ah-bnse LSI ]Z-߃ a\- n-em-.-]-z-ß-fpss A w Is -Ø Duln p ]d-b,-\n-l p t\m n I -Ø,A- ym-]-is klm-b-tømss I -Ø F o am -߃ CXn-\mbn kzoi-cn- mw. ]ZtIfn-Iƒ,-`mjmtIfn-Iƒ Ihn-X-bpsS kuµ-cymwiw Bkz-Zn-,tNmZy-ß-fpsS klm-b-tøm-ss-bmimw CXv. kam\ hcn-iƒ Is Øn snm n ckn- Ihn-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am n GsX- nepw Hcp hyh-lmc cq]-øns \n Ωn-Xn.-C-Xn- \mbn Ihn-X-bnse km yx D]-tbm-Ks -Sp-ØpI.F-Un- nwkv \S-Øp-I,-t]m v t^mfn-tbm-hn kq n- pi. IhnX CuWØn snm Ihn ]cn-nbw. KZy]mT-ß-fpsS t_m[\w ]nt m w \n p Ip n-iƒ v hmb-\-bnepw tej-\-ønepw ASn-ÿm-\-ti-jn-Iƒ D m- pi F e y-tømss AXn\p klm-b-i-amb {]{In-bm-L- -߃ \n t±-in- p- p.a[niw Zo L-a- mø KZy-`m-K-߃ sxc-s -SpØv D]-tbm-Kn- p-i. KZy-`m-KsØ Bi-b-Øn\p kam-\-amb Bi-b-Xew krjvsn- p- -Xn-\m-bp-ff k o-i-cww Ip n-iƒ au\-ambpw ]n osv GXm\pw t] Dd-s bpw hmbn-.-b pw hmbn- m-\-dn-bn-s - n BZyw A ym-]-i hmbn p simsp- p-i. Bi-b-{K-l-WsØ klm-bn- p- -Xn-\p-ff tnmzy-߃.-]-c-am-h[n Ip n-iƒ DØcw ]d-bp- -Xn\v Ah-kcw \ I.-tNm-Zy-ßfpw DØ-c-ßfpw Ip n-iƒ Fgp-X-s.-D-Ø-c-߃ hmbn v Ah-X-cn- n-,-sx- p-s - n Ip n-i-fpss {i bn s]sp-øp-i k n tn p hcp ]Z-߃,-k-am-k-߃,-L-SI ]Z-߃ Xncn- -dn-b.-\n- L p t\m,du-ln-,-a- ym-]-i-t\msv tnmzn- F o am -߃ CXn- \mbn D]-tbm-Kn- mw. ]ZtIfn-Iƒ,-`mjmtIfn-Iƒ ]mt-`m-k-øns {imhyhmb\ ]mt-`m-k-hp-ambn _ -s GsX- nepw Hcp hyh-lmccq]-øns cn-\.-hcp cn\ s]mxp-hmb FUn- nw-kn\p hnt[-b-am- p- p.-a- ym-]-is sx p Xncp-Ø.- c-n\ t]m vt^mfn-tbm-hn-te- v. Ign-bp- {X kµ `-ß-fn A ym-]-i Ip nisf A`n-\-µn- m asn- -cp-xv. 5

20 HIvtSm_ amkw apx s^{_p-hcn hsc-bp-ff 5 amk߃ sim mwv ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {ia-߃ \S- n-em-t - -Xv.-Bdp L -ß-fmbn CXnse {]h Ø-\-ßsf {Iao-I-cn- n-cn- p- p.-hmtcm L -Øn-ep-ap-ff {]h Ø-\-߃ mkn \S- m- p-tºmƒ AXn\p Xpey\ne-hm-c-Øn-ep-ff IqSp- X {]h Ø-\-߃ A[ym-]-I Is Øn \S- m-t - -Xp- v.-hmtcm L -Øn\p tijhpw Ip n-ifpss ]ptcm-kxn a\- n-em- p- -Xn\p th n aqey-\n Æbw \S-tØ- -Xm-Wv.-hm-b\m kma-{kn-iƒ Ip n-iƒ p hmb-\bv p e`y-amipw hn[w Nm n FgpXn {]Z in- n- p-itbm tim n-sb-spøv \ Ip-Itbm sntø- -Xm-Wv.-H-cm-i-b-Øn \n pw hmiy-øn-te-t m,-]-z-øn-tebvt m,a- -c-øntebvt m {]th-in- p- -Xn\p ]Icw t\cn- p-ff A ct_m[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ kzoi-cn- m ]msp-f-f-x-. `mkw 2 hmbn- m hfcmw hf-cm hmbn mw. `mjm]-t\ {]h Ø-\߃ lrzyamb ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ß-fm n am p- -Xn-\p-ff {ia-øn-em-wt m \mw.hmb-\m-kw-kvimcw hf Øn-sb-Sp- p- -Xn\v klm-b-i-am-iww \ΩpsS mkv apdnifpw,]-t\ {]h Ø-\-ßfpw,hn-Zym-e-bm- -co- -hpw. hmb\ shdpw hnt\m-z-a-, kam- -c-amb PohnXw Xs -bm-wv. sshtem- nån ]mt]pkvx-i-߃ - pdw hf-cmø `mjm- m-kp-i-ƒ C\nbpw \ne-\n p- pt m? ]mt]pkvx-i-ßfnse hn`-h-߃ hn\n-abw snøp- -Xn-\m-Wt m CØcw mkp-ifn {]mapjyw simsp- p- -Xv.-hm-b-\m- -co w cq]-s -SpØn,hm-b-\-bp-sSbpw,F-gp-Øn-s bpw kq -a-xe {]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS IS p t]mhm-ø-xn-\m, hmb-\-bnepw Fgp-Ønepw F m Ip n-ifpw ani \ne-hm-c-øn-se-øp- n-.- Im-cy- -a-amb Bib kzoi-cw {]h Ø-\-ß-fpsS XpS -bm-hww tej\ {]h Ø-\-߃. sa -s hmb-\m-\p-`-h-߃ mkn-\-iøpw ]pdøpw Hcp- p- -Xns ]pxp-a-bpff [mcmfw hnzym-eb amxr-i-i-ƒ ] p-sh- -s -ts- -Xp- v. hmb-t\m k-h-߃ mkv sse{_-dn,-kviqƒ sse{_dn F n-h-bpss im o-i-c-whpw,hn-zym n-isf hmb\m temitø v IqSp-X BI jn- p {]h Ø-\-ßfpw Dt±-in v h j-øn-sem-cn- \S-Øp Ht m ct m BgvNIƒ \o p \n p hmb-t\m k-h-߃ {it -b-am-wv.-c-xp-ambn _ -s p \S- mhp {]h Ø-\-߃. 6

21 mkv sse{_dnk o-i-cww ]pkvxi tij-cww (hnzym n ] m-fn-ø-tømss) ]pkvxi {]Z i\w Fgp-Øp-Im mkv apdn-i-fn-te v AΩ-am pw sse{_dn hmb\m a k-c-߃ kao-]-øp-ff {KmaoWsse{_-dn-I-fp-ambn hnzym n-isf IÆntN mkv dqap-i-fn ]{Xw,-am-kn-I-Iƒ e`y-am- hmb\m Ab q- -߃ cq]-s -Sp-Ø Bh-iy-Øn\p ]pkvx-i-ß-fp-ff, Ffp- -Øn FØn-s -Sm-hp {KŸm-e-b-an- mø hnzym-ebw hnzym-e-btab,-a-cp v Ip n-bn- mø NnIn km-ebw t]mse. F v.-pn. sh kv tduntbm v Sn.hn t]mse sh n-bp- m- nb Hcp s] n tai- p-døv sh v,a-xn\p ]pd-in-en-cp v hm Ø hmbn- p-i-bmwv A\q-]v.-. \o-føn sh n-sbm- n- p- m- nb t] kv{sn n hmbn- p- hm Ø- I-sf-gp-Xn-bXv Ccp hi-tø pw Nen- p- p- v.-a-\q]v Bth-i-Øn-em-Wv. ìhnc-t m-snb t]møv kviqƒ tk v XI Øp.-C- se sship-t -cw 4 awn v hmxn pdw kviqfn-emwv kw`-hw.-a-]m-b-ß-sfm pw dnt m v snbvxn- n-.-kw-`-h-ÿ-eøp \n pw enpn sse\nep- v.-f- mwp enpo kw`h ÿeøp \n p-ff hnti-j-߃? ASpØ GsX- nepw kviqfp-imcmtwm kw`-h-øn\p ]n n?î enpn mkns ]pd-in \n pw FWo v kw`-h-߃ hni-zo-i-cn- p- p.kw`-h-øn {]Xn-Icn- m a p Ip n-iƒ v Ah-k-c-ta-Ip- p. tduntbm ns t\xr-xz-øn Hcp mkn \S Hcp {]h Ø-\-amWn-Xv.-C-Ø-c-samcp {]h Ø- \-Øn-eqsS Fs ms tijn-i-fmwv \ΩpsS Ip n-iƒ kam Pn- p- -Xv. ChnsS hm Ø-Iƒ Xømdm p -Xpw,-F-Un p snøp- Xpw,A-h-X-cn- n- p- Xpw Ip n- Iƒ So Npa-Xem hn`-p\w \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]n m- m-cmb Ip n-iƒ v IqSp-X {]m[m-\yap-ff tdmfp-iƒ \ Ip- p. tduntbm ns Iogn Fs ms {]h Ø-\-ß-fm-hmw. ]mt`mk-ß-fpss \ms-io-i-c-ww- -td-untbm \ms-i-߃ Ihn-b-c v hmà -IÄ X m-dm- Â,-A-h-X-cn- n-  ssehv C³ t{]m{kmw þ Sn.hn ]cn-]m-sn-iä ]{X Iznkv tduntbm Iznkv,Sn.hn Iznkv IuXpI hmà -IÄ 7

22 IYm Km\- Ä,-A-`n-\-b- Ä Ip«n-IÄs mcp ]m«v. hb-emà cmahའIpcpho Ipcpho IqsS-hnsS Iq n-\-i-sømcp Ip nt? Iq n-en-cn pw Ipcp-hn- p- n\p Iq n-\m-cp- v- -Hcp Iq n-\m-cp v A n-hn-cp- n\p c p ]cp- p-iƒ C se h p Iq n Atß-s m-ºn IqSpw h -h cntß-s m-ºn-en-cp p Ipcp-hn- p- n\p tim Øp simspøp Ip n- p-cp-a-wn- ame Ipcp-hn- p- n\p s\bvxp-sim-spøp Ip p-sp- n\p ioe ]mxn-cbv m ]\w ]cp- p-iƒ ] p ISn- Xp ti -t mƒ Xf-f- p-cphn InS p Nne p ì] p ISn- -W-Xm-cmWvî simºn-en-cp p ]cp p ]d p ìsim -S-bv m- q-fmwv...î Ing p shf-f- m-ep-iƒ hoin Ipcp-hn- p p Nne- n! IqSpw hn p ]d p ]cp- p-iƒ; Ipcp-hn- p p Nne- n Cu n-en-sb pw Ip n- p pw _m n InS p Iq n! CØcw IYm Km\-߃ [mcm-f-ap- t m `mj-bn, s] pw ]penbpw N men {]mhv Nµ\- -«nâ Ime-\n-Ãm Imew ]qx- m«v A½ AÛpX awn sshtem- n-ffn sshtem- n-ffn Pn. Ip ³ \¼ymÀ CS-tÈcn H.-F³.hn sshtem- n-ffn 8

23 C cw Ihn-X-IÄ \ÂIn Fs Ãmw km²y-x-iä `mjm mknâ{]tbm-p-\-s -Sp- mw. kw`m-jww X m-dm-  A`n-\-bn mw, Ah-X-cn- n mw ]cn-nnx IY-IÄ Ihn-X-I-fm mw IYm-Km-\- -fpss tij-cww Ihn-X-bpsS IYm-`m-K- Ä NÀ Ihn-X-IÄ IY-I-fm mw HmUn-tbm-þ-ho-Untbm kui-cy fp]-tbm-kn-  Ihn-Xm-tem-I-t - p-ff {]th-i\ihm-s-amwp IYm-I-hn-X-IÄ `mjm-ti-fn-iä At\zjW km²y-xbpw aâkc kz`m-h-hp-ap-ff {]hà -\- -fmwv `mjm-ti-fn-iä. ]Z-{]iv\w 1 hn 2 ey 3 4 i 6 7  k 5 c 8 v Ww he-t m«v 1. tiä m³ klm-bn- p Ah-b-hw(2 A cw)(snhn) 2. -{io-cm-asâ A½-bpsS t]cv (3)(Iukey) 3. mkv apdn-bnse Hcp D]-IcWw (2)(tai) 4. Nph v \à a[p-c-ap-ff sndnb Hcp ]gw(2)(sndn) 5. Rm³ hnj-an-ãm ]m¼m-wv.(2)(tnc) 6. s]ms-bn-ep- v,-t]-sn-bn-en ]nt m- -Øn-ep- v,-]n-w- -Øn-en-.(3)(s]mt mww) Xmtgm«v 1. XÃv simf-fm³ Rm³,-]Ww hm m³ amcmà(2)(sn ) 2. kq{x- nsâ asämcp t]cv (3)(Iuiew) 3. hosnsâ apiä `mkw (4)(ta qc) 4. Nph I p-ff ] n(3)(sn-t¼m v) 5. km[\- Ä hm m³ Rm³ thww (2)(ss]k) 6. Ae- -cn- m CXv Xq m-dp v (3)(tXmcWw) 9

24 ï ï ]Z{]iv\-߃ t]mep-ff `mjm-ti-fn-iƒ \n Ωn- m\pw Ip n-iƒ -h-k-c-sam-cp- -Ww.-A- -c-sø- p- Iƒ elq-i-cn- m klm-bn pw hn[w `mjmtifn-i-fn ]n m- - m v Ah-k-c-ß-fp- m- Ww Nn{X-IY Im bpw Ipbnepw A nøw ]s mcp Im Ipbn-ens Iq n t]mbv»wvt XpS-ßn-b-Xn-{]-Imcw: ìatß-xn-en-tß-xn ]m p-t m-cm-bn pw Cßs\ snbvxt m IjvSta \o! Rm\n- m-ø-t mƒ IS- p-h-s Iq n \o \ns ap -bn-spi aqew Gsd ]Wn-s - -Xp- Rm hncn-bn-t s\s -bm-sw hnnm-c-tømss IjvSn p ]mdn ]d- m-sa- m-b-t m-ƒ ZpjvS-cn ZpjvS\mw \ns sn F pæn X Xe-a simøn-s m-fn n -I-te p ]d p t]mbnî Im amxm-hns k Sw ti -t mƒ B p-bn-e-ωbv p ]m p h p ìioioio IqIqIq IoIoIo IqIqIq IqIo IqIo IqIo IqIo IqIoî k -S-tØmsS as-ßnb Im X N n \n o hm p-xn p howp ì\mwhpw am\hpw C m-ø-h-tcmsp Rms\ p snm n-bn-s p Imcyw!î Ihn-Xsb Nn{XIY-bm- m \ Inb {]h Ø-\-Øn\v Ip n-i-fn \n p- mb {]Xn-IcWw ca So sd A p-x-s -Sp-Øn.-G- hpw ]n m- -cmwv \ mbn hc v Nn{X-IY ]q Øn-bm- n-b-xv. Nn{X IY-Iƒ hmb-\m-km-a-{kn-i-fmbn mkn Icp-XWw ]cn-nnx IY-Iƒ Nn{X-IYm cq]-øn Xøm-dm- s \ΩpsS mkv Npa-cp-I-fn CØcw km y-x-iƒ {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Øp- pthm? 10

25 ]s ms hmbn- msx hf m hf-bp-itb D m-bn-cp- p-ffq Ct mtgm? Cu hnhc hn m\ hnkvt^m-s\ bpk-øntem? he-bpw,-a-ebpw ]ns Xpebpw; C se v amk-kn-\p-iƒ Ip n-i-fpss cn-\-iƒ {]kn- o-i-cn- p- -Xn-\p-ff km y-x-iƒ ]cn-tim-[n- -Ww.-c-N-\-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-]-tbm-k-øn\v Ak-c-ap- m-i-ww.-f- n\p th n Fgp-Xp p F tnmzyw Ip nsb kw_- n- n-s-tømfw {][m-\-am-wv.-ip- n-i-fpss cn-\-i-fpƒs SpØn Xøm-dm- p C e v amk-kn-\p-iƒ, Ip n-i-fpss ]{X-߃ F nh {]kn- o-i-cn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. hmb\ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v hmb\ am\-knihf bv pw,d-b -bv pw AXy m-t]- n-x-am-wv.-c-xn\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-IbmWv B[p-\nI imkv{xw.-x-e-t m-dns Ignhv h n- n- p tsmwniv Bbn- mwv imkv{x- hmb-\sb ImWp- -Xv. hmbn- p ]pkvx-i-ønse Hcp kw`-hw -`m-h-\-bn hcp-øpi hgn Xe-t m-dns {]h Ø\w sa -s -Sp- p.-hm-bn- p- Xv t\mh-tem,-sndpiy-tbm,-i-hn-x-tbm,-te-j-\tam F p-am-i-s,- A-Xn hnh-cn- n-cn- p ÿew,i-ym-]m-{x-߃,hy-xykvx \nd-߃,aw-߃ XpS-ßn-bh hmb-\- tbm-ssm w A\p-`-hn- p {]Xo-Xn-bmWp Xe-t m-dn-\p- m-hp-i.-cxp imco-cn-i-ambn Gsd KpWw snøp- p.-sn,-hn,-kn-\n-a, Iºyq- skbnw F n-h-bn-eqss e`y-a- n-xv. Nne p H -s -S-en \n p-ff tamn-\-amwp hmb-\.-a-\- nse thz-\-iƒ ad- m\pw,a-\- ns\ kzx-{ -am- m\pw IqSn-bp-ff Ah-kcw hmb\ kωm-\n- p- p.-at\m hnj-a-߃ elq-i-cn- p- -Xn kwko-x-tø- mƒ i n-bmwv hmb-\-s v ks Ivkv bqwn-th-gvkn- n-bnse Kth-j- I.-tI-hew 6 an\p v hmb-\-bn-eqss at\m-hn-j-a-ßsf 2/3 Bbn Ipd-bv m\pw Ign-bp-a-s{X. a\- ns\ Dt -j-tømss \ne-\n Øm\pw AXp-hgn Xe-t m-dns _p n Iq ΩX hf Øm\pw klm-bn- p- -Xn-\m c n-xm- ƒ Ip n-isf ]c-am-h[n hmb-\bv v t{]m km-ln- n- -W-sa p tumivs am ]d-bp- p. 11

26 `mkw 3 H mw L w Zo L-kz-c-߃ 20 B -B- -B\ B\- -sim-º-\m\! Cu -Cu- -Cu Cu - mdp Imev! Du -Du- -CuWv CuXp-a-t m- -DuØv G -G- -GWn GWn sh p tidmw Hm -Hm- -Hm v HmSn-t dn Hm v! (kn n ] n- p-dw) IhnX CuWw Is n snmã-s«. So À Xsâ CuWw Ah-X-cn- n- -s«. Ihn-X-bn-em-scms Fs ms -bp v? (B\,Cu- ) B\bpw Cu bpw IYm-]m-{X-ßfmbn hcp Hcp Ihn-X-bm-bmtem? B\bpw Cu bpw B hcp- -sxm-cm\ Cu hcp-s m-co B\-bp-ao- bpaß-s\-b-ßs\ bspøspøp hcp p B\-bv pt m t]sn Cu -bv pt m t]sn c n-\pans mcp t]sn B\ Xmtg t]mbv Cu tate t]mbv (Ip- p-æn) hcp-, t]sn CtX t]mse NnÓ- Ä hcp ]Z- Ä GsXm-s -bmwv? ]Z- Ä BB bnâ tcj-s -Sp- p- p. C cw NnÓ- Ä hc-p aäp ]Z- Ä Ip«n-IÄ ]pkvx-i- nâ Fgp-X-s«. 12

27 ï ï ï hm p- m- Ifn ï ct m aqt m A -c-߃ Ip n-iƒ v \ Ip- p. Cu A -cß-fpss IqsS kzc Nn - ߃ D]-tbm-Kn v hm p- m- p Ifn-bm-WnXv. DZm:- - A- -c-߃- -I, c hm p-iƒ Icw,Im-cw, -I-cn,- Io-cn,- Iq-d,- Iq-c,- Im-cyw,- {Iucyw, m-c... ï X n-cn- p A -c-ß-fpss IqsS Hc- cw Nn -߃ Ch Iq nt Øp hm p- m- DZm: Xe hm p-iƒ Xn-e-Iw,- I-em-Xn-e-Iw,- ssx-ew... Xncp-h-\- -]pcw Cu t]cn-se A -c-ßfpw Nn -ßfpw btyjvsw am nbpw adn v F{X hm p-i-fp- m mw? Hmtcm {Kp pw {ian- -s. -G- phpw IqSp-X Ah-X-cn- n- p {Kq n\v kωm\w \ Imw. DZm:- - hn-c,- ]p-cn,- ]-X-\w,- Xn-c... hm p-iƒ IqSp-X-se-gp-Xnb {Kq nse Hcmƒ hmbn v Ah-X-cn- n- -s. (-i-cn-bmb hm p-ifmtwm F v a p {Kq p-iƒ {i n- -Ww) hmbn- mø hm p-iƒ ASpØ {Kp v Ah-X-cn- n- Ww kz w t]cn, -ho p t]cn,- ÿ-e-t -cn Hs Hfn- n-cn- p a p hm p-iƒ C{]-Imcw Ip n- Iƒ Is -Ø-s.-A-SpØ Znhkw hmbn- m Ah-kcw \ I-Ww. `mh\m hmiy- Ä ]c-kv]cw _ -an- mø c v hm p-iƒ simspøv AhsIm v GXm\pw hmiy-߃ D m- m Bh-iy-s Smw DZm:- -IS,Xo Xo ]nsn p hnam\w IS-en howp. IS-en\p Xo]n-Sn-s p ti m hnizkn ptam? Im n Xo ]nsn- m IS shf-fw sims v Imcyw? CØcw hm p-i-fpss sk v ]expw \ Imw.Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw hmiyw \n Ωn- s.\n nx ka-b-øn-\p- n hm p-iƒ FgpXn Ah-X-cn- n- p- -h-sc A`n\-µn- Ww. 13

28 Np pap fip Xn Ãn 24 hm p-iä n-s-bn-epå AIew icn-sb-sã- nâ AÀ w amdp- -Xnsâ DZm-l-cWw ImWn- pi. DZm:-þ- {ioe Xhf Ducn(-{io-eX hf Ducn) B\-\mb Hcp ant m-sn(-b\ \mb Ch Hcpan-t m-sn) {]Xn-] t\xmhv Hfn p Ifn \S- p p({]xn-] t\xmhv Hfn pifn \S- p p) Iq\-\m-\-\- m-bn-\-\-ªp(iq\-\m\ -\- m-bn -\-\-ªp) D p amhpw-]-ghpw Xn m \mwp h -Xv(D pamhpw -]-ghpw Xn m \mwp h -Xv) a{ n v Btcm ]W-a-b p(a{ n v Btcm]W-a-b p) hm Iew hcnb Iew Ch t\m Ww (hm Iew hcnbiew Ch t\m Ww) (Nm n Ch {]Z in- n- p-i. icn-bm-bxv {_m - n-ep- Xv Hgn-hm- n) Ip n-i-fnh kzbw hmbn v th ÿeøv AI-e-an v Fgp-X-s. ASp- n-s -gp-xnb sndp JWvUnI Hcp Nm n {]Z in- n- pi.ip- n-ifnh Ah-cpsS t\m p_p- n icn-bm n Fgp-X-s. Hcp-{Kp- nse AwK-߃ ]c-kv]cw ssiamdn ]cn-tim-[n v ]ns bpw AIew th n-søv ASn-bn hc-bn-sp-i. ASp- n-t A -c-߃ v api-fnepw hc-bn- Sp-I. ho pw icn-bm n Fgp-X-s. ae- pdw simt m n hs-ic XriqÀ s]cn- Âa dloapw Iq«cpw Iptd-Ø-e-t -cp-iä -F-gpXn AXn \n -hà hs-ic F Øe-t cv sxc-ª-sp- p.- Im-c-W-sa-s t m? hs-ic Fs -gp-xp-t¼mä NnÓ- -sfm pw D]-tbm-Kn- n-«n-ãtãm \n߃ pw Nn -ap-k]tbm-kn- mø ÿe-t -cp-iƒ Is Øn- q-ss? Adn-bp ]c-am-h[n ÿe-t -cp-iƒ FgpXn t\m q.- F- n- -Xn \n- pw Nn -ap-]-tbm-kn- msx Fgp-Xnb ÿe-t -cp-iƒ Is -Øq

29 tdmä t¹ (B-cv,-GXv,F v?) Ip n-isf aqt m \mtem {Kp p-i-fm- p-i. {Kq p-iƒ v IS-bn km[\w hmßm hcp- hcpw,is m-c-\pw- -t]mãv amãdpw ]Ww AS- m hcp- -hcpw, tumivsdpw tcmkn-i-fpw,- -So- dpw Xma-kn p hcp Ip n-bpw,- Xp-S-ßnb Ipdn- p-iƒ \ Imw.- A-h {Kq n kw`m-jww FgpXn Xødm n Ah-X-cn- n- -s.- I-Ym-]m-{X-߃,IYmkµ `-߃ Ch GsXm-s -sb v a p Ip n-iƒ ]dbs XpS v CXns Npa am-kni Xøm-dm- mw. L«wþ1þaq-ey-\nÀWbw kq{x- m-c³ Ipdp- ³ timgn-bp-ambn kulr-z-kw-`m-j-w- n-emwv Ipdp- \pw timgnbpw X½n \S- p kw`m-jww \n -Ä v Duln-s -gp-xmtam? c mw L w A m\pw sn m-bbpw A m³ Hcp sim¼nâ \n v asämcp sim¼n-te v NmSp-I-bm-bn-cp- p.nm«w ]ng p sn p howtxm Hcp sn m-b-bpss tzl- pw.-sn- mb NmSn-sb-Woäp A ms\ Xn m-s\m-cp- n. Fs hnsq...fs hnsq... A m³ Ic-ªp. hnsmw ]t Hcp Imcyw ]dªp XcWw.\n- Ä Ft mgpw Fs -s\-bmwv kt m-jt mssbn-cn- p- -Xv?-F-\n v Hcp Dt -jhpw txm m-dn-ã. Fs hn«-bbv q,b ac- nsâ api-fn-en-cp p Rm³ CXn-\p- cw ]dªp Xcmw. A s\ sn mb A ms\ hn«p-.axp ac-s m-¼n-te p NmSn- -b-dn. \o ZpjvS-\m-bXp sim mwv \n\ v kt m-j-an- m-ø-xv.-\ a\ p thww,-hcp Pohnsbbpw D]-{Z-hn- -cp-xv.-axp sim mwp R߃ k p-jvs-cm-bn-cn- p- -Xv.î tsmätìmbv IY 15

30 Ip n-i-fp-ambn kw`m-j-w-øn-te s p sim v ]mt-`m-k-øn-te v {]th-in- p- p. \n Ä v Gähpw A[nIw kt mjw txm p- Xv Ft m-gmwv? \n߃ v Ft mgpw kt mjw txm m-dpt m? Ft mgpw kt mjw txm m³ \mw F p sn Ww? CXp-ambn _Ô-s «Hcp IY Ip«n-IÄ hmbn- -s«,-au\ hmb-\bpw XpSÀ v {imhy hmb-\- Cu IY-bn Ip n-iƒ v G hpw CjvS-s - -sx- m-sw v Is Øn ]d-b-s. A m³ howxv Fhn-sS-bmWv? sn mb A m-t\msv tnmzn- -sx- mwv? ac-s m-¼n-en-cp p A m³ sn m-b-tbmsv ]d-ª-sx- mwv? Ip«n-IÄ tnmzy- fpw D -c- fpw Fgp-X-s«,.A-²ym-]-IÀ IY Dds hmbn- p- p. Pohn-I-sf Is - q. N X c e A m\pw sn m-bbpw b ¼ Æ g H a «h «A ] I ³ (snt¼m v,]-cp- v, sn m-b, ]q, thgm-¼â, H«-Iw, aq,-a-bnâ, A m³,x, hæmâ,- Ip-dp- ³, ]m¼v, Im ) Nn{X-IY Nn{X fpw ASnbn kw`m-j-w- fpw tnà v Cu IYsb Hcp Nn{X IY-bm- s«l«w 2 aqey \nà bw X n-\m\w ] m-b-øn-eqss \njn k -cn- -t mƒ I t_m Up-I-fm-Wn-h. SmkvIn Ìm³Sv \ n ho pw hcnk P\-Ko-bm-kq-{XW ]cn-_msn c mwj«w X n- m\w FÂ. ]n CkvIqÄ {]ikv Øm]\w alna ]ckz I¼\n N p-n-h-dp-iä Chn ss \nt m-]n- pi Aµcn {]nbihn v BZ-cm-Ú-en-IÄ 16 kpi-i-c-amb Xma-k- n\v [pcnx hnem kw temuvpv \³a IpUpw_ kw aw Untkm-_À17 \vx n- m\w ]mew DÂJm-S\w amà v 2 \v

31 hmbn- n«p F p txm p p?amän Fgp-tX- -Xpt m?ds - n FgpXn t\ q.. aq mw L«w I -h-cpt m? Fß v t]mwp apøytω? NmØqs\ It zm Ipt ymsf? Idp-Ønt m shfp-ønt m tnm nt m? Aºm-Sn- -Æs \nd-amtw! F tf NmØqs\ ImWm q? D - - n v h oem Hm\-t m-sft snbvxo-cv p? ss] sf tabv m t]mbocv p ]ns t I n p h oem? N n-s m p simsptø Rm! X n-s -s mcp kxyw snøq X n- -hs\ kxyw snbvxp t\m q,-am-hns Iufn-bn-emcm? AºS I m hmsm Xmsg! X n-s -s mcp kxyhpapt X n- n m ] pw! N n-s m p simspønt \pw? hmtgss \mtcm- mtw A- n-øw IhnX NmÀ«n-se-gpXn {]ZÀin- n- p- p. So À tnmãn-t Ä n- p- p. Ip«n-IÄ hyàn-k-x-ambpw kwl-ambpw snmãn ckn- s«. \ mbn snmãp Ip«n-Isf A`n\-µn- tw tnmzy- Ä Bscm-s -bmwv Cu Ihn-X-bnse IYm-]m-{X- Ä? F m-w-n-hn-sps {]iv\w? Nm p F v tpmen sn m-\mwv t]mbxv? F p-sim- mwv Ah D - - n v hcm-xn-cp- Xv? Fhn-sS-sh- mwv NmØqs\ Is -Øn-bXv? Cu Ihn-X-bn Iq«- -c Ä hcp ]Z- Ä («,-,-,-,-,, -, Ã,- Å...)-G-sXm-s -bmwv? 17

32 t\m«p-_p- nâ Fgp-Xnb hm p-iä BBbn So À enìv sn p p. Hmtcm-cp- cpw C cw ]Z- Ä Fgp-Xntbm? Hmtcm Iq«- -chpw hcp aäp ]Z- Ä HmÀa-bn \n pw AhÀ Fgp-X-s«. Cu Ihn-X-bn Hcp IYm-]m{Xw ap y-½-bm-wv.- ap- y-½-bpw Ab m-cmb Ipt«ymfpw X½n kw`mjww F -s\-bmhpw? Ip«n-IÄ: ap- y-t½, ap- yt-½, F-t m-«mwv t]mwxvv? ap- y½ : Fsâ ai³ Nm qs\ \n Ä It m a tf? Cu kw`m-j-w- nsâ XpSÀ FgpXn t\m q.. Fgp-Xnb kw`m-jw`mkw H p c p-t]à Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. {Kq n Ah-X-cn- n- p- p. hn p-t]mb `mk-ß-fp-s - n AXpw IqSn Iq n-t Øv sa s -SpØs.-Hmtcm {Kq- nse ani cn-\-iƒ Ah-X-cn- n- -s. NmÀ«v t] À \ÂIn Hmtcm {Kq pw NpaÀam-knI \nà½n- -s«.-a- -c-s -än-ãm-sx-bmwv Fgp-Xp- -sx v So À Dd- p-h-cp- Ww.Nn-{X- Ä IqSn hc-bv m-sa- nâ \ m-bn. ]cp-t Ip n Acn-I-Ø-tºmSp hcp- p- Ω Rm Ic-bm-bn-tIm-at\ Icƒ hmso ]pcn-ihpw Np pw Npfn p \o hnßn c-bm-bvtim-a-t\, hcp p Rm ]\n-\o s -ºI sndp-ap-t p \n Ipcp p ssihn-c apdn- ntx! X\ntb ssxam-hn bdn hotwm-a sndp-im ap p-iƒ NX- ntx! adn- n- n- Sw api-fn \n tøm! apdn- ntx s]m n \ndp-ibpw apdn-bn - n-t Ib-dn- m- m-sn Ød-bn hown- q- -hnfpw \o Icp-tX X p-an-xn\mbv Rms\ p Ic-tb-,-t\m-hp-a-I p t]mw Adn-bm-ss X \o Ifn-bm-Sn-tb apdnhp `qjww \n\- pæo Dc- n-h-æ-a- ctam-tcm- pta Xncn p Npw_n- m-fp-s-\-ω, kv^pcn ]pjv]sø-bfn t]mse,ip n Nncn- m Im \oßpw iin t]mse. 18 Ipam-c-\m-im

33 ]cp-t ä Ip«n {]{In-b-IÄ A[ym-]nI IhnX CuW- nâ snmãp- p. Ip«n-IÄ kwl-ambpw XpSÀ v hyàn-kx-ambpw IhnX snmãs«tnmzy- Ä Ip«n-bpsS ssi hncâ apdn-ªxv F -s\-bmwv? ImÂap-«p-IÄ NX-ªXv F s\? \ndpi apdn-ª-sx- s\? IhnÄ apdn-ª-sx- s\? A½ D½ sh -t mä Ip-«n-bpsS {]Xn-I-cWw F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp- p.? A½ p Ip«n-tbm-Sp-ff hmâk-ey- q-sp-xâ {]I-S-am-Ip- Xv F p ]d-bpt¼m-gmwv? H n-e-[niw ]Z-߃ tn Øp-ff {]tb-k-߃ Is Øn ASn-bn hc-bs. hcp- p- Ω hcp- p v+ AΩ sndp-ap-f-tfäv þ sndp-ap-ffv+gäv \n\- p o þ \n\ v+d o Dc- n-h- -a- -c-tam-tcm- pta þ Dc p+cæ w+a cw+hmtcm- pta AÀ w Duln p ]d-bs«`qjww Ae- mcw Dc p ]dªp Afn h v iin N{µ³ kz w hmiy- nâ ]dbq A½-bpsS hm p-i-fnâ \n pw Ip«n v Fs ms ]cp- p-iä ]än-sb- mwv a\-ên-em-hp- Xv? L«w 3 aqey \nà bw Fgp v A½ Ip«n-tbmSp ]d-bp Imcy- Ä kz w hmiy- nâ Fgp-Xp-I.- ]Z- -Ä Iq«n-t À v hmiy- -fp- m- pi h v ]qhv Npw_n- pi A½ Ip«n ]\n-\oà ssihn-câ apdnªp apffv 19

34 4mw L w _pt^ A\p-`hw Rm Hcp IeymW ho n-se-øn-b-xm-bn-cp- p. I ymwøte mwv.-gxv I ymw ho nepw {][m\ ]cn-]m-sn-i-fn H v ` Ww Ign- -em-w-t m.-_pt^ Bbn-cp- -Xn-\m \o hcn-bn Rm\pw Hcw-K-am-bn. -apsn apgp-h \c Hc-Ωq-Ω-bp v Itk-c-bn Ccn- p- p. -A-ΩqΩ Ahn-sS-I Hcp ama-t\msp tnmzn- p. -C-hnsS ` -W-sam- p-ant tamt\? ama ]d- p. -D- -t m. _pt^-bm- Wv. tamt\ As - n Xs F\n v hb-dp-th-z-\-bm-wv.- CXp Ign- m R ho n Xs InS p t]mthm. As - nepw Cu _pt^-sbm pw Rm Ign- n- n-. -am-a ]d- p. ChnsS h m ` Ww Ign- n- p-thww t]mim.- h-cn-bn \n m ` Ww In pw.- A-ΩqΩ hcn-bn \n p. AΩqΩ ASpØp \n p as mcp ama-t\msp tnmzn p îtamt\ Ipd p sh w Int zmî. B ama sxm -Sp-Øp tai-bn \nd- p-sh mkp-iƒ ImWn- p-sim-sp-øp.- sh w \nd Unkvt]mkn-_nƒ mkv AΩqΩ apdp- n- n-sn v FSp- epw sh w ]pd-tø v ëªpwë H -Øq-h.- ]ns ASp-Øp- \n- -bm-tfm-smbn iimcw.c-xn\p tij-amwv AΩp-Ωbv v πmãn v tπ n ` Ww In n-b-xv. Xn m-s\m-cnsw In msx Xme-s men t]mse ]m{xw Db Øn- n-sn v AΩqΩ Bfp-I-fpsS \Sp-hn Iqtd \cw \n p. îi ym-w-øn\v h Xpw t]mc Fc v Xn p-ibpw thww.f-\n- n-sxm pw th.î ASpØp I henb πmãn v _ - n-te v ` W m{xw H -tbdv ]ns Ah apjw ho n v H \S- Øhpw. C-Øcw Ah-k-c-߃ ] p shbv m-\pt m 3/4 t]à v Ah-kcw \ÂIp- p. hn-hm-l-hp-ambn _Ô-s «]Z-kq-cy³ \nà½n- p- p. hnhmlw kzy Cu ]Z- Ä D]-tbm-Kn v hmiy- Ä \nà½n- p- p 20

35 kz]v\-߃,a\p-`-h-߃ (ssisø-gpøv amk-kn ) Ip n-iƒ aqt m \mtem {Kq p-i-fm-h-s.-hmtcm {Kq pw HØp IqS-s.-kw-Lmw-K-߃ Ah I n- p-ff ad- m-\m-hmø ck-i-c-amb Hcp kz]v\-sø- p-dn v ]d-b-ww.-i kz]v\w Hm Ωn- m- Ø-h `mh-\bn ImWp Imcy-ßfpw ]d-b-ww.-kz-]v\-ønepw IY-bnepw tnmzy-an-.-]-d-bp- -hsc tnmzyw tnmzn v _p n-ap- n- -cp-xv.-h-cmƒ ]d p Ign- m a p-f-f-h Iø-Sn p t{]m km-ln- n- - Ww. {Kq n F m-hcw hnh-cn p Ign- m Ah ]d Imcy-߃ Npcp n FgpXn hbv p-i.-a p {Kq w-k-߃ Ch ssiamdn hmbn- -s.-sn-dnb Xncp-Ø-ep-I-sfms hcp-ømw.-ah Hcp A4 t] dn am n Fgp-X-s. kz]v\-߃ F t]cn ssiø-gpøv amk-kn D m- -s.-nn-{x߃ IqSn Bh-iy-Øn\p tn tøm-fq. L w 4 aqey\n Æbw Ip n-iƒ \S-Ønb bm{x,i kn\n-a, Xn hntij]e-lmcw,t]mb ÿew... XpS-ßn-b-h-sb- p-dn v Hmtcm Ip nbpw hnh-cn- -s.-nne am -dp-iƒ Sn Ah-X-cn- n- p- Xv \ m-hpw.-hm-tcm pw ssisø-gpøv amkni B m-hp- -Xm-Wv. 5mw L«w IsØ-gpØv Nm v t]mãvim Uv hep- -Øn apdn-s -Sp- p-i.-i-s-em-kn mknse as mcp Ip n v IsØ-gp-Xn- p-i.-b s -gp-x-w-sa v \dp v hgn Xocp-am-\n- mw.-a-xn-\mbn kz w t]cv, mkv, kviqƒ Ch FgpXn s] n-bn-en-sp-i.-ip- n-iƒ CS-I-e Øn Hmtcm v FSp- -s.isø-gp-xp coxn,-l- S\ F nh So t_m Un Fgp-Xs \dp-s -Sp- p Ip n AXn t]cp-ff Ip n v Hcp Ip p IØmWv Fgp-tX- -Xv. (tnmzyw,-x-am-i,-i-s- -Y,-C-ßs\ Fs - nepw Bhmw.)Hcp hiøv am{xw Fgp-Xn-bm axn.-a-dp-hiøv Int Ip n-bpss t]cv, mkv,kviqƒ F n-h-sb-gpxn s] n-bn-en-s-s.-hm-tcm-cp-ø sn v Hmtcm Im su-spøv hnem-k- m-c\v simsp- p-i.-hm-tcm-cp-øcpw In nb IØv hmbn- -s.-]n- osv adp-]-snbpw Fgp-Xmw.-CtX t]mse AXpw hnx-cww snømw.-hm-bn- m hnj-a-ap-ff IØp-Iƒ GsX- pw,-f- m-wnxn\v ImcW-sa pw Ip n-iƒ ]d-b-s.-\- mbn hmbn- m-hp IØp-Iƒ Fgp- Xnb Bƒ v ck-ap-f-f-h,-`w-kn-bp-f-f-h- -C-h-bvs mw {]txyiw kωm\w G s -Sp-Ømw. 21

36 L w 5 aqey-\n Æbw awn-ap-øp-iƒ F t]cn Cd-ßnb a\p-hns Ihn-Xm-]p-kvX-I-Øn\v G hpw \ Ip n- hn-x-iƒ p-ff Ahm Uv In n.-z-cn{z IpSpw-_-Øn P-\n- v,ijvs-s v ]Tn v sndp{]mb-øn Xs {]i-kvx-\mb a\p-hns\ A`n-\µn v Ht sd Iq p-im Ah\v IsØ-gp-Xn.-\n-ßfpw a\p-hns\ A`n-\- µn v Hcp IsØ-gp-Xq. IY ]qà n-bm- mtam Cucm p t] -bnse C - ]q Hcp Znhkw Xo Imbp-I-bm-bn-cp- p,-cxp I Du p ]pcbnse Du -s\en C - ]q tbmsv tnmzn- p. ìc - ]qt C - ]qt C Rm\pw IqSn Xo Imt ms?î ì]ns m Imt mfq Imt mfqî kq{x- m-c-\mb C - ]q adp-]sn \ÂIn Fen Xo Imbm-\n-cp- p.-]q Hcp Nm«w,Du -s\enbpss hmenâ ISn- p.du -s\en Io Io Io F p Icªp sim v ]d-ªp, F\n-s sâ hmep Xcq. C - ³ ]q Cs s\ adp-]sn ]dªp F\n p hni- p p Ipd p ]mâ si p h mâ \nsâ hmâ Xcmw. Du -s\en ]ip-hn-s\- p ]mâ tnmzn p ]ptãm ssht mtem thww ]ip ]d-ªp, At\z-jn p t]mb-t mä Hcp I n- p-¼mcw I p.-axv Irjn- m-c-tâ-xm-bn-cp- p. Irjn- m-c\p ]pãn\p ]Icw Ibdp thww.-fen Hcp IS- m-cs\ I p. - F-en-Isfs m p Rm³ s]mdpxn ap«n.-a-h-bpss ieyw XoÀ p Xcmtam? IS- m-c³ tnmzn p. Du -s\en k½-xn p. Hcp IY-bpsS BZy-`m-K-am-WnXv Fen ]ns v snbvxp? Cu IY-bn Fen v ]n osv Fs -s\-bmwv Xsâ hmâ Xncn p In«n-bXv? IY hyàn-kx-ambn Hmtcm-cp- cpw ]qà- n-bm- -s«.-ht m ct m IY hmbn- -h-x-cn- n- - s«.5 hoxw AwK- -fp-ff {Kq p-i-fmbn AXn hmbn- -h-x-cn- n- p-ibpw sa -s -Sp- p-ibpw sn p- p.-i-ym-]-xn X m-dm- -s«.-d-nn-x-amb kµà`- Ä Nn{Xo-I-cn- s«22

37 L«w 6 aqey \nà bw I_oÀ h-c Nn{Xw I nt?cu Nn{X- n\p tbmpn- p Hcp IY \n Äs -gp-xmtam \n߃ Imf h n I n- pt m?] v Zqc-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te v km[-\-߃ FØn- p-hm\pw bm{xbv pw Hs Imf-h- n-i-fmwv D]-tbm-Kn- n-cp- -Xv.-Im,-_-kv,-tam-t m ssk nƒ,-dn Po v XpS-ßnb hml\-߃ [mcm-f-am-b-txmss ]mhw Imf-h- n v tpmen C m-xm-bn.-b pw th m-xmbn.-im-f-h- n v Hcp-]mSp Imcy-߃ \tωmsp ]d-bm-\p- v.-\n-߃ v Imf-h- n-bpss Bfl-IY Fgp- Xmtam? tdmkv tacn Fgp-Xnb hcn-i-fmwv NphsS simsp- n-cn- p- -Xv.-Xp-SÀ p hcp hcn-iä \nv Ä FgpXn t\m q. ]q Ä Nncn pw ]qt m«w ]qa-w-sam-gpipw ]qt m«w lna- p n Fgp-Xnb hcn-iƒ I nt? IqSp-X hcn-iƒ tn q... ae-bpss api-fnâ ag s] p p ag p \\-bm-s\- njvsw 23

38 hnp-b-t`cn hnzym-`ymk ] Xn ae- pdw Pn m-]- m-bøv ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[-\-{]-h Ø-\-߃ v A[ym-]-I p-ff ssi]p-kvxiw ae-bmfw mkv 4, 7

39 BapJw Ign h jw \S-Øn-bXp t]mse Cu h jhpw 4,7 mkp-i-fnse hnzym n- Iƒ mbn ae-bm-fw, Cw o-jv, KWnXw hnj-b-ß-fn ]n m w \n p hnzym n- Isf Is -Øp- -Xn-\p-ff t_kvsse ]T-\-Øn-\p-ff ssãv \S-Øp-I-bp- m-b-t m. dnk v Ah-tem-I\w snbvxt mƒ Ign h jsø ]n m- m-hÿ GI-tZiw AtXt]mse (30 %) Bh Øn- n-cn- p- p. ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ F m mkp-i-fnte pw hym]n- n- -W-sa- mwv CXv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. A[ym-]-I v ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ mbn \ Ip ssi]pkvxiw 4, 7 mkp-i-fn-te v am{x-am-sw- nepw 2, 3, 5, 6 mkp-i-fnepw ]n m w \n p hnzym n-isf Is Øn ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ \-StØ Xp- v. kviqƒ Xe-Øn Fkv.-B.Pn tn v CXn-\p-ff ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ (h vjo p-iƒ apx-emb-h) Dcp-Øn-cn-s -Sp-t - -Xm-Wv.CXn-eqsS Hmtcm Ip nbptsbpw an\naw seh tewnwkv Dd p hcp-ø-ww. CXv Ip n-bpss Ah-Im-i-hpw,A[ym-]-Is _m[y-x-bp-am-wv. (hn-zym- `ymk Ah-Imi\nb-aw) Cu ssi]p-kvxiw F mw XnI- -X-. Nne kqn-i-߃ am{x-am-wv CXn \ Inbn- p-f-f-xv. A\p-_ {]h Ø-\-ß-ƒ kviqƒx-e-øn N snbvxv cq]-s -Sp-Ø-Ww.- hy n-k-x-ambn ]q Øn-I-cn-t h vjo- p-iƒ Hmtcm Ip n pw t^mt m tim n-sb- SpØv \ I-Ww. ChnsS tewnwkv HuSvIw (Learning Outcome) Xs -bmwv {][m-\-sa- Xv {]txyiw Hm pi. AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-߃ kviqƒx-e-øn \S- n- em- p-a-t m.- C-Xn-\p-ff kabw kviqƒ Xe-Øn Fkv.-Fw.kn, ]n.-sn.f F n-h-cp-ambn Btem-Nn v Is -Øp-I. hnp-b-t`cn {]h Ø-\-߃ v A[ym-]-I \ In hcp ]n p-wsb \µn-tbmss kvacn p sim v KpW-ta a-bp-ff hnzym-`ymkw Hmtcm Ip n pw e`y-am-ip- -Xn\v Xm - fpss F m klm-b kl-i-c-w-ßfpw {]Xo- n- p- p. kpld aºmsv si.]n P ko-anb si.kn tkm]n {]kn-u v snb t]-g-k Un.-Un.C ae- pdw Pn m ] m-bøv BtcmKy hnzym-`ymk Ãm nwkv IΩn n ae- pdw

40 mkv 4

41 am{ ni If-߃ A[ym-]n-Ibv v CsXmcp am{ ni If-am-Wv. \n t±-in- p If-ß-fn A -c-߃ tn ptºmƒ ]pxnb hm p-iƒ cq]-s -Spw. Csßs\ cq]-s -Sp hm p-iƒ Ip n-iƒ t\m v_p- n Fgp-X-Ww. Cu {]h Ø\w BZym-h-km\w hsc Bthiw \ne-\n Øn-s m v Ah-X-cn- n- -Ww. {]h Ø\Øn G s -Sp Ip n-isf t{]m km-ln- n- -Ww. {]h Ø\w Nm n-tem, BB bntem 12 timf-߃ hc-bv p-i.timf-ß-fn \º CtS- -Xn-.(CXv A[ym- ]n-i v Adn-bp- -Xn-\mWv tn Øn- p-f-f-xv) A[ym-]nI Hmtcm A -chpw hy -ambn D -cn p sim v \nivnnx If-Øn Fgp-X-Ww. Hmtcm A -chpw Fgp-Xn- -gn v Ah tn Øv hm p-iƒ D m- m Bh-iy-amb kabw A\p-h-Zn- -Ww. ]Z-߃ Fgp-tX {Iaw 1. 6 mw timf-øn ] Fs -gp-xp-i.] D]-tbm-Kn v Ipd v hm p-iƒ Ip n-iƒ ]d-bp- p mw timf-øn X Fs -gp-xp- p.cu c v A -c-߃ tn Øv ]X F hm v Ip n Fgp-X-Ww mw timf-øn d F v Fgp-Xp- p. Ct mƒ Xd, ]d F n-ßs\ 2 hm p-iƒ Ip n v D m- m Ign-b-Ww. Csßs\ Hmtcm If-Ønepw A -c-߃ Fgp-Xp- -txmsp IqSn \nc-h[n hm p-ifpss \n ΩmWw \S-Øm Ip n v Ign-b-Ww. Cu {Ia-Øn-emWv A -c-߃ Fgp-tX- -Xv. 2 h 11 S 5 e 3 I 12 c 1 C 9 D 10 W 7 A Cu {Iaw ]men- -W-sa v \n _- -an-. IqSp-X km yx hcp coxn-bn A -c-߃ {Iao-I-cn- mw. timf-ß-fpss FÆw Iq nbpw, A -c-߃ IqSp-X tn Øpw IqSp-X km yx \ Im-hp- -Xm-Wv. Nn -߃ IqSn Dƒs -SpØn \ In-bm hn]p-e-amb km yx D m-hn-t. 1

42 Ifn- m- -߃ {]h Ø-\w. A p-hns hosp ImWm Iq p-im h p. Ah ]e ]e kωm-\-ßfpw sim p h p. AXv Fs m-s -bm-sw v Adn-tbt?. Ah Cu If-fn-I-fn Hfn p InS- p- v. I p-]n-sn v Fgp-Xq πm I hn X n Im c I o en m Hm e v Sn m a sxm Nn tk hm v n Ip n-iƒ ]c-am-h[n Ifn- m- -ß-fpsS t]cp-iƒ kzbw Is Øn Fgp-Xp- p. ( Csßs\ Is Øn FgpXm Ign-bmØ Ip n-i-fp-ap- m-imw. Ah v A[ym-]nI t\cn v ]d p simsp- p-i-b th -Xv. hm p-iƒ Is -Øm Bh-iy-amb kqn-\-iƒ \ I-Ww. DZm : Iffn \º 23,24 = hm v ( Cu If-ß-fn \n v kωm-\-ß-fpss t]cp-iƒ am{x-a Is -Øm Ign-bp- -Xv.-a p hm p- Ifpw D v. AXpw Ip n-bpss Fgp-Øn ]cn-k-wn- -Ww. Cu If-ß-fn Iptd Pohn-Iƒ Hfn- n-cn- p- v. Is Øn Fgp-Xq... X B Xp¼n Xp \ ¼n a g C Cu {]h Ø\w Ign c v {]h Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ipsd hm p-iƒ Ip n ]cn-n-b-s - n p v.-c-xns\ sndnb hmn-i-ß-fm- p {]h Ø-\-ß-fmWv XpS p \ ti- -Xv. AXn-\mbn Ip n Is -Ønb Ifn- m- -߃ F p snbvxn-cn mw F v tnmzn- mw. DZm:- hm v F p snbvxp?. hm v si n Csßs\ Hmtcm kωm-\hpw F p snbvxp F v Ip n-iƒ ]d-bp- p. F m-h pw CjvS-ap-f-fXv ]dbm Ah-kcw \ Ip- p. XpS v Ip n-iƒ ]d hmiy-߃ Ah Fgp-Xp- p. 2

43 So tdmsv? Ip n-iƒ v ]cn-nn-x-amb a p hkvxp- fpss t]cv ]d v AXns D]-tbm-K-hp-ambn _ -s hmiy-ß-ƒ Fgp-Xn- m-hp- -Xm-Wv. Ip n-iƒ kzx-{ -ambn tej-\-{]-h Ø-\-ß-fn G s -Sp-tºmƒ Nn -ß-fnse A]m-I-X-Iƒ \ap v t_m[y-s -Spw. DZm: hm v si n F Xv hm v sim n F m-hmw. AXp-sIm v Nn -߃ tn Øv hm p-i-fpw, hmn-i-ßfpw Fgp-Xp tijn-bmwv Ip n-iƒ p- m-th- -Xv.-C-Xn\p th {]h Ø-\-ß-fmWv Ip n v \ ti- -Xv. Ht m ct m {]h Ø-\-߃ sim v Cu tijn ssih-cn- m Ip n v Ign-b-W-sa- n-. AXn-\m CXn simsp-øn- p-ff {]h Ø\ amxriiƒ - \p-k-cn v IqSp-X {]h Ø-\-߃ A[ym-]nI Xøm-dm n \ I-Ww. B`-c-a-Wn-bn mw Iq p-im t]mb-t mƒ A phpw AΩm-h\pw IqSn k kv ImWm t]mbn. AhnsS ]e- Xcw ImgvN-Iƒ I p.-a p Fs m-s -bmwv I -sx v \n߃ p ]d-bmtam?. AXn-s\mcp kq{x-ap- v. Cu hm p-iƒ v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Nn -߃ tn Øm axn. I - a f B\ S - - v I - - -kc m n o p ssk ƒ - -I º-\- - \ q s t s m I - - -S c -] I u w t m H -I- - - N h- - - D Nn{Xw t\m n t]sc-gp- -Xq.. So v. CXv Hcp amxri am{x-am-wv. A -c-߃ Dd- n- p- -Xn\v a v Fs mw am -߃ kzoi-cn- mw. 3

44 F{X-sb{X ]q ƒ t\m v_p- n CjvS-ap-ff Hcp ]qhns t]cv Fgp-Xp- p. Fgp-Xnb ]qhns t]cv Ip n-iƒ hmbn- p- p. XpS v Ip n-iƒ Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m n AtX-t]mse (sx p-s - n AtX-t]m-se) So t_m Un Fgp-Xp- p. F m Ip n-ifpw Fgp-Xnb ]qhns t]cp-iƒ So Cßs\ Fgp-X-Ww. ]qhns t]cv Bh Øn p hcp- p-s - n AXpw, sx n- msx Fgp-Xn-bn- p-s - n AXpw Nm n FgpX-Ww. XpS v So :- CsX mw Fgp-Xn-bXv icn-bmtwm?. Ip n-iƒ A`n-{]mbw ]d-bp- p. icn-bmbn Fgp-Xnb hm p-iƒ Ds - n Ip n-iƒ Is -Øn- -d-b-s. Ip n-iƒ v Is -Øm Ign- n-s - n So ]d p simsp- -Ww. XpS p icn-bmb hm p-iƒ p Np pw So h w hc-bv p- p. So - -i-cn-bmbn Fgp-Xnb hm p-iƒ v am{x-amwv h w hc-bv p-i.-f- n Hmtcm ]qhn-s bpw t]cp-iƒ icn-bm n FgpX-Ww. F n v h w hc-bv -Ww.-F- mwv hm n sx v?. Ip n-i-fp-ambn N snbvxv Hmtcm hm mbn icn-bmbn FgpXp p. A cw, Nn w F nh icn-bmbn D]-tbm- Kn v hm p-iƒ Fgp-Xm th kmh-imiw Ip n-iƒ v \ I-Ww. So -tdm-sv, A -c-߃ D]-tbm-Kn v sndnb kzx{ cn-\-bmwv ChnsS Ip n snøp- -Xv. AXp-sIm v hfsc a-tbmsp IqSn thww Ip n-tbmsv CS-s]-Sm. ]Z-{]iv\w Xmtgm«v 1þ tic-f- nse Hcp Pnà 2þ ChnsS B¼Â D m-ipw. 4þ- ti-c-f- nsâ tziob ] n 5þ Ic-bnse Gähpw henb arkw 6þ h\w he-t m«v 1þ ae-bmf `mj-bpss ]nxmhv 2þ tic-f- nsâ s\ãd 3þ cm{xn-bnâ hns-cp p 7þ ac- nâ Xe Iogmbn Xq n- n-s- pw. 1 F 2 Ip

45 {Ia-Øn-em mw Ip n-bpss Hcp Znh-ksØ Nne {]h Ø-\-ß-fmWv {Iaw sx n v \ In-bn- p-f-f-xv. CXv kzx-{ -ambn hmbn- p-ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw snøm-\p-ff Ah-kcw Ip n v e`n- -Ww. Nm v Akw-ªn-bn ]s -Sp-Øp. D -`- Ww Ign- p. ] v tx p. bqwn-t^mw [cn- p. Ipf-Øn apßn- p-fn- p. Dd- -ap-w p. kviqfn-te v ]pd-s - p. So -tdmsv: Cu hmn-i-߃ Nm n FgpXn {]Z in- n- -Ww. hmbn- m Ign-bp Ip n-iƒ v {Ias -SpØn Fgp-Xm Ign-b-W-sa- n-. CØcw kµ `-ß-fn Bh-iy-amb hni-zo-i-c-w-߃, tnmzy-߃ F n-h-bn-eqss Ip nsb klm-bn- mw. amßbpw a - n-fnbpw So v Ip n-iƒ v Iq - -c-߃ Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn- p-hm\pw {]bm-k-߃ A\p-`-h-s -Sp- p- v., ß F o A -c-߃ Dd- n- p- -Xn-\p-ff Hcp {]h Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. CXp-t]mse Ip n- Iƒ v {]bm-k-a-\p-`-h-s -Sp A -c-߃ v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h Ø-\-߃ \ Ip-a- m. IYm-`mKw Nm n Fgp-XWw. a - m- nse Xma-k- m-cm-bn-cp p Ipdp- n- q- -bpw, Ip apb-epw. Ah aqhm- amhns Nph- n HØp-Iq-Sp- Xv ]gp ]gpø amß Xn m-\m-bn-cp- p. a - n-fnbpw amß Xn m-s\-øpw. Hcp Znhkw Nnß Ipc-ß ]Xp-ßn- -Xpßn h v amß I p sim p t]mim XpS-ßn... F nt m... a - m- nse Xma-k- m Bsc- m-am-bn-cp p? - BcmWv amß I p sim p t]mhm FØn-bXv? hcp GsX mw hm p-i-fmwv IY-bn-ep-f-fXv? ß hcp GsX mw hm p-i-fmwpf-fxv? ß bpw, bpw D]-tbm-Kn v sim v Cu IY v t]cn-smtam? A -c- Ä tnà v hm p-iä ]qà -am- q.. Ipc...³ am... ª a... nfn a...ä 5

46 ]Z-kq-cy³ D]-tbm-Kn v hmiy- Ä \nà½n- q... Duªm HmW- nfn A - q- fw HmWw HmW-kZy HmW-hnÃv HmW- m«v HmWt msn Fs \msv CXv arzp-e-bpss {Kmaw N -ap-ff hosp-iƒ \ndsb shf-f-ap-ff ]pg sxfn shf-f-øn Dufn-bn v Ifn- p ao Ip- p-߃ shf-f-øn Db p \n p IdpØ ]md- q w ] -hn-cn s\ msw Im n De-bp hf-fn-iƒ Ce-Ifpw ]q fpw ]pf-fn-bp-sp- n ]qºm- -Iƒ Infn-I-fpsS a[p-c-km\w Nncn- p apj-hp-ambn kqcy Fßpw F{X kpµcw {KmasØ `wkn-bm- p- -sx-s mw?

47 Rm Fs - p-dn v (t^m-t m-tim n FSpØv Hmtcm Ip n pw \ I-Ww) Fs t]cv : Fs hosns t]cv : A s t]cv : AΩ-bpsS t]cv : ho n-ep-ff a p-f-f-h-cpss t]cv : hosv ÿnxn snøp ÿe-øns t]cv : kviqfns t]cv : mkv So -dpss t]cv : sluvam-ã-dpss t]cv : Iq p-imcpss t]cv : CjvS-ap-ff ]qhp-i-fpss t]cv : CjvS-s \nd-߃ : CjvS-s Ifn-Iƒ : CjvS-s ` Ww : 7

48 Nn{Xw ImWp-tºmƒ IY D m m txm p- n-t.-axv Fgp-Xn-t\m- q.. So v, A -c-ß-fpw, Nn -ßfpw Dd Ip n v Bibw e`n p Ign- m kzx-{ -c-n\ \S-Øm Ign-bn-t..-kz-X-{ -c-n-\ v a v Fs mw X{ -߃ D]-tbm-Kn mw?. CuW-Øn ]msmw... hcn-iƒ Iq n-t mw. Im -bv p-s mcp Ip mbw IdpØ Ip mbw sim n-\p-ap-s mcp Ip mbw shf-f- p- mbw XØ-bv p-s mcp Ip mbw ] - p- mbw

49 mkv 7

50 A ym-]-i p-ff \n t±-i-߃ ]mt-`m-k-߃ Ip n-iƒ v kzbw snbvxp ]Tn- m\pw a p-f-f-h-cpss klm-b-tømss IqSp-X tijn-iƒ t\sm\pw D]-bp-Iv-X-amb Xc-Øn-emWv hn`m-h\w snbvxn-cn- p- -Xv. Hcp h vv jo- n\p tijw Hcp hyh-lmc cq]w F \ne- mwv Ch D]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xv.-h v jo p-iƒ t^mt m-ãm v FSpØv apgp-h Ip n-iƒ pw \ Ip-Itbm, Nm p-i-fn tcj-s -SpØn Ip n-iƒ v e`y-am p-itbm snøm-hp- -Xm-Wv. hnzym n-iƒ v Bh-iy-amb ssiøm-ßp-iƒ A[ym-]nI \ ti- -Xm-Wv. {Kq p-i-fn N - Iƒ pw ]c-kv]c ] p-sh- -ep-iƒ pw Ah-kcw \ I-Ww. ]c-am-h[n Ip n-i-fpss {]Xn-I-c-W-߃ t{]m km-ln- n- -Ww.-F mw Ah -dn-bm-sa [mc-w-tbmss mkp-iƒ ssiimcyw snø-cp-xv. h vjo- p-i-fnse Ifn-Iƒ mkp-i-fn Ah-X-cn- n- p-tºmƒ apgp-h Ip n-i-fp-tsbpw ] mfnøw Dd- m- -Ww.-h p-jo- p-i-fnse {]h Ø-\-߃ v kam-\-ambh Ip n- v ho n \n pw snøp- -Xn\p e`y-am- -Ww.- Ip- n v Bh-iy-amb klmbw \ Ip- -Xn\v c n-xm- sf t_m[-h -cn- - Ww. h vjo p-isf mkn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Xc-Øn-te v am m-hp- -Xm-Wv. F m {]h Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-øp-ibpw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-߃ \ Ip-Ibpw thww. h v jo v 1 1. A... Ah... Ah... Ah h... Ah h p. CtX coxn-bn Xmsg ImWp hm p-iƒ ]q Øn-bm- q. 2. X... (Hcp D`b Pohn) h... ( hml-\w) B... (Im- nse Hcp arkw) h vv jo v 2 hm p-i-fp- m n ckn mw Ip n-iƒ v ]cn-nn-x-amb ct m, aqt m A -c-߃ \ Ip- p. Cu A -c-ß-fpss IqsS kzc-nn- -߃ tn Øp hm p-i-fp- m- p-i. DZm: (1) A -c-߃ X,e 13

51 hm p-iƒ Xmew, Xew (2) A -c-߃ I,c hm p-iƒ I-cw, Icn,-Im-cw, Iocn, Iqc, Imcyw, {Iucyw, mc... X n-cn- p A -c-ß-fpss IqsS CjvS-ap-ff A -c-hpw, Nn hpw tn Øv hm p-i-fp- m- p-i. DZm: Xe Xmew, ssxew, Xne-Iw, Iem-Xn-e-Iw, Xne-I,-Xn-e-bp-I, X n Xncp-h-\- -]pcw Cu t]cnse A -c-ß-fpw, Nn -ßfpw btyjvsw am nbpw adn pw F{X hm p-i-fp- m- mw. Hmtcm {Kq pw {ian- -s. G hpw IqSp-X Ah-X-cn- n- p {Kq n\v kωm-\w \ Imw. DZm: Xnc, Xncn, Xcn, hnc, hncn, ]X-\w, ]pcn, hn\, chw, ] w, ] n h v jo v 3 Nn -߃ tn q... Pohn-Isf Is -Øq... X N e c b º g H a Æ Ø h d A ß ] I k f l i If-fn-I-fn \n pw A -c-߃- F-SpØv CjvS-ap-ff Nn w tn Øv F{X Pnhn-I-fpsS t]cp-iƒ Fgp-Xm ] pw F v {ian- p-t\m- q.. DZm: Xh-f, ]mºv, apb, sntºm-øv, AÆm, sn m-b, ]cp- v, thgm-º, H -Iw, aqß, XØ, h m, Im,- Ip-dp- h vv jo v 4 t_m Unse A -c-߃ am{xw D]-tbm-Kn v kviqfp-ambn _ -s hm p-iƒ Is -Øq..Hcp hm n\v Hcp t]mb v. \n߃ v F{X t]mbn piƒ In n.ho p-im-cpss klm-bhpw txsp-a-t m...? hn m ta à W B a I em ap Pn t_m A fn cw Hm ÿ ew cw n _ [ym tnm Zym Uv In ^o ] v v DZm: A[ym-]-I, t_m Uv 14

52 h v jo v 5 A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh {_m - n \n v FSpØv tn Øv hmiyw icn-bm- p-i. 1. Ah Ahƒ N -bn t]mbn. 2. cmp kxn AXp hmßn-bn-. 3. IcSn Ip n ] p simgn- p. 4. \mep t] Hcmƒ apb p- 5. cma cmh-w sim -s - p. 6. ]pg \n p aw hmcn. 7. knwlw apb \msp ISØn 8. knwlw apb ]d p 9. acp v AkpJw amdn 10. apb Iøn ]pkvxiw simsp-øp. ( Hm, Dw, DsS,-C, B, C, s\, HmSv, sim v, s ) h v jo v 6 sam -\pw, amt[-h\pw Hcp szhkw a \pw amtx-h\pw IpSn tim n-eqss \S- p-i-bm-bn-cp- p. s]m v Ah v ap n-te v Hcp ImcSn Im n \n v tnmsn howp. a ASpØp sim amc-øn NmSn Ib-dn. amtx-h\v acw Ib-dm Adn-bn-t -bn-cp- p. amtx-h \n Øv snø t]mse sis- p. IcSn h v amtx-hs\ aæøp t\m n. NØ-Xm-sW v IpcpXn Dt - n v t]mbn. AΩp- p n IY ]I Øn Fgp-Xn-b-t mƒ Hcp-]mSv A -c-sø- p-iƒ kw`-hn p Ah XncpØn Fgp-Xq.. h Iv jo v 7 ]Z-߃ tn Øv hmiy-߃ D m- p-i. Hme-Iƒ \of-ap-ff txß-iƒ sxßv Dd- p-ff ] n-iƒ [mcmfw XSn ]q p-e-iƒ Cf-\o DZm: sxßn \n v [mcmfw txß-iƒ e`n- p- p. CtX t]mse Ip n-iƒ IqSp-X hmiy-߃ \n Ωn- p- p. aqt m, \mtem Bfp-Iƒ D m- nb hmiyw ]d-b-s. sxßn [mcmfw txß-iƒ D v. (tx-ß-iƒ+ D v = txß-i-fp- v) F v icn-bmbn ]d-bm Ah v Ign-tb- -Xp- v. AXn- \m-bp-ff ]cn-io-e-\hpw mkv apdn-bn \S- -Ww. hmiy-߃ tn Øv sxßn-s\- p-dn v Hcp JWvUnI Fgp-X-s.-B-h Øn p hcp sx p-iƒ BB bn FgpXn Xncp-Øm Bh-iy-s -Smw. F m-hcpw icn-bmb hmiy-ß-sf-gp-xp- p-s v So Dd p hcp-ø-ww. ]c-kv]cw ssiamdn hmbn v sx p Xncp-Øm\pw Bh-iy-s -Smw. 15

53 h v jo v 8 ]Z-ß-fp- m- mw. \mep Ip n-iƒ v Ifn- m-hp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv.-BZyw 10 x 10 As - n 12 x 12 Iffn hc-bv -Ww. Hcmƒ CjvS-ap-ff If-fn-bn Hc- cw Fgp-Xp- p. ASp-Ø-bmƒ v Hc- cw Fgp-Xmw. AXv A -ap-ff Hcp ]Z-am-sW- n c p t]mbn v. B hm v timf-øn am n Fgp-X-Ww. hm n F{X A -c-ß-fpt m, A{Xbpw t]mbn v In pw. AXpw tcj-s -Sp-Øp-I. ]Z-߃ he-tømt m Xmtgmt m am{xw hmbn- mw. CS v Hgn IffnIƒ {]iv\-am-t - -Xn-. IqSp-X A -c-ap-ff hms -gp-xn-bm IqSp-X t]mbn v e`n- pw. Csßs\ \mep Ip n-iƒ {Ia-ambn ]Z-߃ FgpXn Ifn- -s. chn _n\p BXnc jn^ hm v t]mbn v hm v t]mbn v hm v t]mbn v hm v t]mbn v Xe 2 ]pen 2 ex 2 apxe 3 ap X e ]p X en I Ifn Ign- m Nne ]Z-߃ v hni-zo-i-cww \ Ip-I. DZm: ]pen Im nse arkw I apøp-iƒ D mipw 16

54 h v jo v 9 3 Hcp Ipgn 4 Ic p 5 apb AXp hgn h 6 2 Im n-eqss \S- p-tºmƒ ark-ßsf hnhc-a-dn-bn- m 1 iw`p B\- p n iw`p-hns\ c n p 10 iw`p F B\- p- n-bpss IYbmWv Chn-sS. Bh-iy-amb am -ß-tfmsS IY ]q Øn-bm- q. Ipgn CSn p \ncøn 9 AΩ B\ 8 Im ]d p 7 h vv jo v 10 amk- n-dhn ]pxp-h-kv{x-߃ k møv s]cp- mƒ \a-kvimcw s]cp- mƒ kplrøv k mcw s]cp- mƒ a[pcw hncp v s]cp- m-fp-ambn _ -s ]Z-kq-cy {i n- -t m. CXp-t]mse HmW-hp-ambn _ -s Hcp ]Zkq-cy \n Ωn- m-tem? HmWw HmW kzy 17

55 h v jo v 11 BSmw ]msmw ag ag ag ag s]øp p ae-bpss api-fn s]øp p Ip n-iƒ Cu IhnX Bh Øn p ]ms-s. kwl-ambpw hy n-k-x-ambpw Be-]n- m Ah-kcw \ Ip- p. A`n-\-bn p ]msm\pw Ah-kcw \ Imw. Ihn-X-bpsS Xmfhpw, CuWhpw a\- n ]Xnb-Ww. XpS v Cu Ihn-X v XpS -bmbn 8 hcn-sb- nepw D m- m Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. aqt m \mtem Ip n-iƒ Ah-X-cn- n- -s. ssiamdn hmbn- m Ah-kcw \ Ip- p. A -c-sø- p-iƒ -Sn-bn hc v api-fn icn-bmbn Fgp-Xm Ip n-i-tfmsv Bh-iy-s -Sp- p. A4 t] -dn sx n- msx FgpXn ]Xn- m n am mw. ]q Øn-bm- a cw A[ym-]nI Hcp Ihn-X-bnse Hcp hcn ]d-b-ww.-ck-i-c-amb hcn Bhmw. {]kn ssien-i-tfm, \mhpcp-fm hmiyhpw sxc-s -Sp- mw. So ]d p Ign- m Ip n-iƒ D -Øn Iptd {]mhiyw Dcp-hn-S-s. DZm; ae-c-wn- m-sp-iƒ Xnßn hnßn \mtsm-sp-tºmƒ \Spsh HmSWw Ip n-isf 2 {Kq m- -Ww. c p hcn-bmbn \n -s. Hmtcm {Kq n\pw Hmtcm tnm v \ Imw. c p {Kq n-tebpw BZysØ Ip n HmSn h v t_m Un Ah -\p-h-zn ÿeøv ]d- p-d- n hmiy- Øns BZym- cw Fgp-X-Ww. HmSn-s v tnm v ASp-Ø-bmƒ v ssiam-d-ww. GXp {Kq mwv BZyw hmiyw ]q Øn-bm- p- Xv F v t\m -Ww. FgpXn-bXv ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-ø-ww. (sx- p- Iƒ Is Øn ]d-bp- p). hmiy-߃ am n Ifn XpS-c-Ww. A[ym-]nI am n-sepw \nb-{ -W-ßfpw \S-Ø-Ww. ]msmw ckn mw A -c-øncn \o n Adn-hp-t\Spw \mw Adn-hnse kvt\l-øn-\p-d-h-bmbv amdpw I]-S- ap-jwaqsni-f-gn- p-shbv pw \mw Ic-fns t\cp-iƒ Xpd- p-shbv pw Df-fn XS-bm-Xp-ds Icbpw Dffw Xpd p \mw s]m n- n-cn pw ho pw ]nwßpw hg- -Sn pw \mw ]ns \mw kvt\ln p si n- n-sn- pw. ]p n-cn pw \mw a\p-jy-cmbv ho pw IÆo-cp-Xn pw a\p-jy p th n ]pxn-sbm-cn- y- p-ff hgn-sh- -amipw ]pxp-ap-f-iƒ Nq n \mw ]I-ens\ txspw Ip n-ifpw A[ym-]n-Ibpw CuW-Øn snm- p- p. 18

56 s]m ap- -bn-sp Xmdmhv Hcn-S-sØmcp I j-i D m-bn-cp- p.... Xmdm-hp-Iƒ ap -bn-sm XpS-ßn. Hcp Znhkw Xmdm-hns Iq n-\-iøv Hcp Xnf- w... I j-is `mcy hnfn p ]d- p, Iq n-\-i-sømcp Xnf- w, \ap v t\m mw.... AsXmcp kz Æ ap -bm-bn-cp- p!.... Hcp Znhkw `mcy Abm-tfmSp ]d- p, \ap v s] v ]W- m-cm-imw. _m n IY-sb- m-bn-cn- pw.? aqt m \mtem Ip n-iƒ IY ]d-b-s. -A-Xn-\mbn Ah-kcw \ Ip- p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw IY hy n-k-x-ambn Fgp-Xn-Ø-øm-dm- -s. IY-bpsS CS-bn Nne-bn-SØv IpØn- n-cn- p- Xv F ns kqn-\-bmwv? (C-S-bn C\nbpw Iq n-t m-\p- v.) FgpXn-bXv ssiamdn hmbn- -s. A -c-sø- p-iƒ Sn-bn hc-bn-sp-i. icn-bm-bxv api-fn Fgp- Xp-I.. IY am n Fgp-X-s. A4 t] -dn FgpXn ]Xn- m- -s. ag XI Øp s]øp-i-bm-w-t m..-kƒ^v taj-e-bn CØcw ag-bn-s - -dn-bm-a-t m... Cu h jsø ag-sb- p-dn v Kƒ^nse _ p-hn\v IsØ-gp-Xmtam? ae- pdw {]nb-s... Fs m- -bp v hnti-j߃. ChnsS R߃ v kpjw Xs. Ahn-sSbpw Aßs\ Xs -sb v Icp-Xp- p. ChnsS ag XpS-ßn Ignbpw thkw XΩn ImWm-sa {]Xo- -tbmss \n Øp- p. kkvt\lw... IØnse hn `mkw ]qcn- n- p-i. ag-sb- p-dn v Fs mw Imcy-߃ Dƒs -Sp-ØWw F -Xns\- p-dn v N \S-Ø-Ww. N -bn-eqss IØnse Imcy-ß-sf- p-dn v [mcw hcp-ønb tijw Fgp-Xm Bh-iy-s -Smw. 19

57 hnh-cww Xøm-dm mw kviqƒ Akw-ªn-sb- p-dn v Hcp hnh-cww Fgp-Xq.s_ -Sn p Ip n-iƒ hcn-h-cn-bmbn \n p. sluvam- à h p. {]m \ XpS-ßn D h tafw Aº-e-ap- -Øm\ \nc p s]m n s\ n- - -a-wn p sn -Iƒ Xnan-e-Iƒ tnßne Xmfw simºp-iƒ Ipg-ep-Iƒ D -h-tafw ]qøncn hmw-a-an- p-iƒ s]mßn Iº-s - n shsn-iƒ apgßn hº-s\m-cm\ XnSºp Npa p ap ]n-sem-cmfv hnf p ]nsn p s\ n- - -an-sx-s mcp `wkn IpØp hnf- n-s -s mcp Im n 1. Ihn-X v DNn-X-amb CuWw Is Øn snm n t\m q Fs mw Imcy-ß-fm-Wv D -h-øn Df-fXv? 3. Fsß-s\-bmWv B\-Iƒ \nc- Xv? 4. Fs mcp `wkn... F v? 5. Im n Nn p- Xv F mwv? Ip n-iƒ tnmzy-߃ p-øcw Is -Ø-s.-hm-Nn-I-ambn Ah-X-cn- n- p p t\m v_p- n DØ-c-sa-gp-X-s. ]c-kv]cw ssiamdn Fgp-Xnb sx p-iƒ Is -Ø-s.-Xn-cpØn Fgp-X-s. 20

58 ssakq-cn \ns mcp t^m A\q]v C se D -h-øn\p t]mbn.cmhnse ]Øp-aWn hsc Dd- -am-bn-cp- p. dvwow... dvwow... dv Wow... t^m s_ -Sn- p- Xv ti mwv DW -Xv.-A-h HmSn-s v t^msw-sp-øp. ssakq-cn \n pw AΩm-h-\m-Wv. A\q]v kwkm-cn- p- Xv hmbn p t\m q... A p-døv \n v AΩm-h F m-bn-cn pw ]d-bp- -Xv. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: Rm\mWv A\q-]v. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: Ipfn- m t]mbn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: t]mbn-cp- p.-a-ωbpw, A -\pw, tn nbpw D m-bn-cp- p. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: ]nt! Kw`o-c-am-bn-cp- p.-ggv B\-I-fp- m-bn-cp- p. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: \ms-ihpw I p.-f mw Ign- n m R߃ Xncn p t]m -Xv. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: F\n pw,tn- n pw Ifn- m- -ß-fpw, ]e-lm-c-ßfpw hmßn. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: A h m ]d-bmw. ama F m hcni? AΩm-h :... A\q]v: hcp-tºmƒ {io p- -t\bpw sim p hc-tw.. AΩm-h :... A\q]v: Mvlm icn. Fs a\- n-ep-s mcp Pohn Rm Hcp Pohnsb a\- n hnnm-cn- n- p- v. \n߃ p ]d-bmtam?. AXn\p \mep Imep- v.-d-øcw In ntbm?. AXn\p simºp- v. aq v sim v km[-\-߃ FSp- mw. Csßs\ Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw kqn-\-iƒ \ Ip-tºmƒ ]c-am-h[n Duln p ]d-b-s. Ah-km\w AXns Nn{Xw hc-bv mw. Nn{Xw hc-bv p- p. Xmsg t]cv Fgp-Xp- p.cjvs-ap-ff Hcp Pohn-bpsS t]cv hnnm-cn- m Ip n- I-tfmSv ]d-bp-i. XpS v B Pohn-bpsS Nn{Xw hc- m Bh-iy-s -Sp-I.-Nn-{X-Øn\p Xmsg PohnbpsS t]cv FgpX-Ww.-Xp-S v Hcp Ip n ap n h v \n v Xm hc Pohn-bpsS Nne khn-ti-j- X-Iƒ ]d-bp- p. Ifn-bpsS Ah-km\w hc Nn{X-߃ {]Z in- n- m Ah-kcw \ Ip- p. Nn{X- Øn\p \ndw \ Inb tij-amwv {]Z in- n- p- -Xv. hkvxp- ƒ, hml-\-߃, ]q ƒ XpSßnbhbpw Cu {]h Ø-\-Øn\p D]-tbm-Kn- mw. a p Nn{X-ßfpw CtX coxn-bn D]-tbm-K-s -Sp-Ømw. 21

59 t\m okv Cu h jsø D]-Pn m hnzym-cwkw DZvLm-S\w Aco-t msv bp.]n kviqfn sh v \v \S-Øm Xocp-am-\n- n-cn- p- p. {]ikvx Ihn taml-\-ir-jvw Ime-Sn-bmWv ]cn-]m-sn-bpss DZvLm-S-I. Pn m ] m-bøv {]kn-u v kpld aºmsv A y- X hln- p tbmk-øn\v D]- Pn m hnzym-cwkw sk{i- dn at\mpv amã kzmkx {]kwkw \S-Øpw. kviqƒ sluvam-ã \µn {]Im-in- n- pw. I\hv \ms ]m p kwlw Ah-X-cn- n- p \ms ]m v Cu DZvLm-S-\-]-cn-]m-S-bn D m-bn-cn- p- -Xm-Wv. Xs kviqfn sh p \S- p Cu ]cn-]m-sn-sb- p-dn- -dn a\p kt mjw sim v Xpffn- m-sn. sluvam-ã Cu ]cn-]m-sn-bpss t\m okv Xøm-dm n hcm a\p-hn-t\msp ]d- p. \n߃ hs\ klm-bn- mtam?. Bkzm-Z-\- pdn v Xøm-dm- q. \nt msp Ipt Rm an n, \o \o pw IXn simøn m ] - n- -Iƒ txmdpw ]mdn mdn d-h-iƒ ]msp-tºmƒ Ipfn-scm-gp-Ip Ing- Im n IpØn-a-dn p Ifn- p-tºmƒ Iq n-en-cpøn k mcw Ipt hen-sbmcp [n mcw Iqdps - - n hcq IqSp Xpd p Xcq Btcm-SmWv Ip v kwkm-cn- p- -Xv.? 2. Infn v Fs mw Imcy-ß-fmWv ]d-bm-\p-f-fxv? 3. F n-s\- m-amwv Infn B{K-ln- p- Xv? 4. F mwv Infn [n m-c-ambn ImWp- Xv? 5. F mwv Infn Ip n-tbmsv Bh-iy-s -Sp- Xv? 6. F n-s\- p-dn- mwv IhnX? tnmzy-߃ v Ip n-iƒ DØcw Xøm-dm- -s. Ah tn Øv Bkzm-Z\ pdn- m n am p-i. 22

60 Biwkm Im Uv \n ΩmWw tkm]p-hns ]nd- m-fmwv \msf. Ah\v Biw-k-Iƒ A n- m F p snømw. F m-h-cp-tsbpw hi Hcp Biw-km-Im Uv Bbmtem? Fs m-s -bmwv Biw-km-Im Un th Xv? BI j-i-amb Nn{Xw, Biwkm hmiyw, ktµiw XpS-ßn-b-h. F m Ip n-iƒ pw Bh-iy-Øn\v hep- -ap-ff Im Up-Iƒ \ Ip- p. Ah kz w `mh-\- -\p-kcn v Hmtcm Im Uv \n Ωn- p- p. Ch mkn {]Z in- n- p- p. Npcp-ßnb hm p-i-fn Bi-b-߃ {]I-Sn- n- p- -h-bmwv Biw-k-Iƒ.-D-f-f-S- -sø- p-dn pff [mc-w, k Km-fl-I-X, `mj,-ss\-]p-wn-ix XpS-ßn-bh HØp-tN-cp-tºmtg ani Hcp Biw-km-Im Uv \n Ωn- m-\m-hq. A -c-sø- p-iƒ hcp-ønb Biwkm Im Up-Iƒ GsXm-s -bmwv F v Ip n-iƒ Is -Ø-s. Hmtcm- n-sebpw sx p-iƒ Is -Øm Ah-tcm-Sm-h-iy-s -Smw. AsX-sßs\ Xncp-Ømw. am s] D]-tbm-Kn v api-fn Fgp-X-s. sx p-iƒ XncpØn ]pxn-bh \n Ωn- -s. ani- -hsc t{]m kmln- n- p-i. 1.- Fs t]cv : 2. hb v : 3. ]Tn- p mkv : 4. kviqfnsâ t]cv : 5. AÑsâ t]cv : 6. A½-bpsS t]cv : 7. AÑsâ \msv : 8. A½-bpsS \msv : Fs - p-dn v 9. Fsâ ho«n-ep-ff aäp Bfp-IÄ : (1)... (2) AÑsâ tpmen : 11 A½-bpsS tpmen : (3)... (4)... (5)... (6)... \nàt±-i- Ä þ CsXms Iq«n-t À mâ \½psS PohnX IY-bmbn amdpw. Hs -gpxn t\m q.. þ F nâ Hcp PohNcn-{X- p-dn v Fs s\ Fgp-Xpw. kqn-\-i-fnxm:-þ 23

61 kqn-\-iƒ hni-kn- n v Hcp Poh-N-cn-{X- p-dn v Xøm-dm- q. t]cv : apl-ωzv _jo ÿew : ssh -Øn-\-SpØv Xe-tbm-e- -dºv P\\w : 1908 P\p-hcn 20 ]nxmhv : Imbn A_vZp-d- m amxmhv : Ip n- m-øpω {]my-ani ]T\w : Xe-tbm-e- -dºv ae-bmfw kviqƒ, ssh w Cw ojv kviqƒ kviqfn ]Tn- sh D p kxym-{k-l-øn ]s -Sp-Øp Pbn- in ]Øv h j-tømfw C ysbm- msi k m-cw B{^n-, Ad_v \msp-iƒ ]e-xcw tpmen-iƒ IW- - n-f-f, Syqj amã, ssit\m- - m-c, ]mn-i- m-c, an søm-gnem-fn, ]{X-hn -\- m-c, ]g- - -h-s- m-c, tlm sxmgn-emfn A mdp h jw lnam-e-b km-\p- -fn kw\ym-kn-bm-bpw, kq^n-bmbpw Ign p IqSn. {][m\ IrXn-I-ƒ _mey-ime kjn, A\ L \nan-jw, P -Zn-\w, p m- m-s m-cm-t\- m p, ap o p Ifn- m-cs aiƒ, ]møp-ω-bpss BSv, axn-ep-iƒ... hnhmlw : 1957 timgn-t msv ^mønam _ohn ]n osv t_ q-cn ÿnc Xma-kw. a ƒ : jmln-\, A\okv \nc-h[n `mj-i-fn _jo IrXn-Iƒ X a snø-s - p. ]pc-kvim-c-߃ : ti{µ-km-lnxy A m-zan s^t m-jn- v, ticf -km-lnxy A m-zan s^t m-jn- v, 1982 ]Zva{io ]pc-kvim-cw, Imen- v k -I-em-ime Un -en v _ncp-zw, efn-xmw-_ni A \w kvamci ]pc-kvim-cw, t{]w\- ko kvamci ]pc-kvim-cw. \ncymww : 1994 Pqsse 5 \v api-fn simspø kqn-\-iƒ hmiy-ß-fm n am p-i. XpS v At±-l-Øns Poh-N-cn-{X- p-dn- mbn am n Fgp-Xq.. AXn \n߃ n-jvs-s _jo-dns IrXn-tbbpw kqnn- n- mw. 24

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78 hnpbt`cn ae pdw Pn m ] mbøv hnzym`ymk] Xn A[ym]I p ssi pkvxiw MATHS STD - VII 1

79 KWnX ]T\Øn \nehnep Ahÿ KWnXØn Ip niƒ p \nehmcw Af p Xn\pth n \SØnb t_kv sse ]T\Øn Bdv tajeifn \n mbn 12 tnmzyßfmwv Dƒs SpØnbncp Xv. kwjy t_m[w (4 tnmzy߃) k e\w (2 tnmzy߃) hyhie\w (1 tnmzy߃) KpW\w (2 tnmzy߃) lcww (1 tnmzyw) KpW\w (2 tnmzy߃) lcww (1 tnmzyw) {]iv\{]y\w (2 tnmzy߃) F nhbmwv Cu tajeiƒ. kwjym t_m[w, k e\w, KpW\w Chbn \ΩpsS Ip niƒ v {it bamb apt ap m\mbn p v. {]txyin pw kwjym ]mt WpIƒ \me hpw aq hpw c hpw Dƒs Sp k e\ {InbIƒ, c sø Hc wsim p KpW\w F nhbn am ߃ {]ISamWv. \me kwjybn \n pw \me kwjybpss hyhie\ønepw icmicn \nehmcw Ip nifnep v. F m Cu t\ ßsf adbv p h[ønep Nne {]iv\߃ Cu ]T\Øns `mkambn ImWm\mbn. {][m\ambpw `n kwjyiƒ Dƒs Sp {InbIƒ {]iv\m]{ky\w, lcww F o tajeifn. Db mknte v ÿm\ib w \ Ip Xn\papºv AXmXv mkn t\ts tijnisf mw Ip niƒ t\snbn p miwsa v hnzym`ymk AhImi \nbaw A\pimkn p p. AXn\m KWnX tijnifn ]n m mcmb Ip nisf IqSn ap m mcm p Xn\p {]h Ø\߃ Bkq{XWw snbvxv \S nemt Xp v. ASnÿm\tijn Dd møxmwv {]iv\ambn ImWp Xv. KWnX ]T\w PohnX K n BImØXv Ip nifpss ]T\sØ hnckamip p. CXv Bflhnizmkw \jvss SpØp p. ]n osv ]T\{]{Inbbn G s Sm Ip n asnimwn p p. BbXn\m Ip nbpss PohnXØn A\p`hs Sp Xpw {]mtzinihpw efnxhpamb {]iv\߃ Is Øn a\: W mbn ]dbm\pw AXpt]mep {]iv\߃ Is Øn ]dbm\pap [mcmfw AhkcßfmWv BZyL Øn Hcpt Xv. kwjymt_m[øn Cu nsim p {]h Ø\߃ Ifncq]Øn [mcmfw \ IWw. AXn\p n NXpjv{InbIƒ DƒtN phcp h IqSnbmIm ]camh[n {i n Ww. AfhpIfpw kabhpw {]txyiambn IWmsX Hmtcm Znhkhpw a v {]h Ø\߃ \ Ip Xn\nSbntem kzm`mhniamb kµ `w Hcp ntbm \ ti XmWv. 2

80 bp nnn bne[njvtnxamb hnjbamwv KWnXw. kwkoxhpw IhnXbpw t]mse IW n\v Hcp BkzmZyXeap v. Cßs\ BkzZn v KWnX {]iv\߃ ]cnlcn m \ΩpsS Ip niƒ v Ignbmdpt m? AXn\p th kmlncy߃ \mw mkvapdnbn Hcp Ww. CXn\pth n -* KWnX]camb Bibßfpw \nka\ßfpw kzbw I p]nsn m\p Ahkc߃ Hcp Ww. * bm{ niamb A`ymkcoXn p]icw BhiyIXm t_m[tømspw XmXv]cytØmSpw IqSnbp ]T\Ø\v Du \ Ip p. * Ip nbpss Nn bv v {]m[m\yw \ IWw. am\kniamb sh pshfnbpw Øp {]h Ø\߃ \ IWw. * {]iv\m]{ky\w ]et mgpw mkn ^e{]zamip n. icnbmb A]{KY\tNmZy߃ D bn p Xn IqSpX anihv Ip nifnep m Ww. * {]iv\m]{ky\w t]mse {][m\amwv {]iv\cq]oicwhpw AXn\m kam\ {]iv\߃ cq]oicn p Xn\p Ahkcßsfmcp Ww. * Hmtcm Bibhpw Dd n p Xn\mhiyamb A[nI {]h Ø\߃ ]mt ]pkvxiøn\p]cnbmbn \ IWw. * t\m p_p piƒ CSbv nsbv v ]cntim[n v tcjs SpØepIfn Bhiyamb XncpØepIƒ hcpøww. * Krl]mTambn \ Ip {]h Ø\߃ ]nt Znhkw \n _ ambpw ]cntim[n Ww. Bhiysa n mkn s]mxp N bpw \SØWw. ]cnlmc {]h Ø\w 8 tajeifmbn Xncn mwv {]h Ø\߃ {IaoIcn p Xv. Hmtcm tajebv pw GXm\pw kmºnƒ {]h Ø\߃ \ Inbn p v. CtX amxribn IqSpX {]h Ø\߃ kzbw Is Øm A[ym]I {i n Ww. ]cnlmc t_m[\w ]q Æambpw {]h Ø\m[njvTnXambncn m {]txyiw {i n Ww. Hmtcm tajebv pw Bhiyamb TLM Iƒ ap Iq n Xømdm Ww. Ip nifpss FÆw IqSn ]cnkwn pthww ]Tt\m]IcW߃ IcpXm 3

81 amxrim {]h Ø\w: Im Uv Ifn taje 1 kwjymt_m[w 100 apx 200 hscbp kwjyiƒ FgpXnb Im UpIƒ Ip niƒ Xømdm p p. Im UpIƒ Ii n Ip niƒ v hxcww snøp p. G hpw henb kwjy In nbxv Bcv? Ah t\csø Xømdm nb ÿm\hne t]m n Cu kwjysb {]Z in n Ww. (ap Iq n ÿm\hne t]m pw, n pw Xømdm nsh Ww.) B kwjyifpss {]txyixiƒ AhXcn n p p. So Nm n tcjs SpØp p. Hmtcm Ip nbv pw kwjyisf hymjym\n m Ahkcw \ Ip p. Cu amxribn 200 apifnep aq kwjyifpw ]n osv \me kwjyifpw snømat m. hnhn[ coxnifn Cu {]h Ø\sØ apt m v sim v t]mimat m. sskuvifn kwjym dn tlmwãn tjm v (Ifnt\m piƒ D]tbmKn v) 4

82 ssukvifn: taje 2 k e\w/hyhie\w ssukvifn ]excøn ]cnnbs n p t m Ah Hmtcm pw kabøn\\pkcn v mkvxeønepw {Kq v XeØnepw ]n osv hy nkxambpw snøn n mw. Hmtcm {]h Ø\w Ignbptºmgpw {InbIƒ v Du simsp Ww. {Inb Xosc AdnbmØ Ip nisf {]txyiw {i n Ww. DZmlcWw: c v \ndønep ssukv. Hmtcm apjøpw kwjyiƒ FgpXn H n p p. c v ssukpw apifntebv v Fdn v In nb kwjyiƒ XΩn Iq p p. {Kq n G hpw henb XpI In p Ip nb v Db t]mbn v \ Ip p. Hcp du v Ignbptºmƒ In nb kwjyiƒ XΩn IqSn ss^\ du v \SØn mknse hnpbnsb Is Ømw. Hmtcm du nepw Ip niƒ snbvx {InbIfpsS ]cntim[\bpw sx mb t]mbn v \ InbXv Hgnhm epw \SØWw. kwjyifpss hen w Iq nbpw ssukpifpss FÆw IqSnbpw Ifn XpScmw. Ifn \S p sim ncn ptºmƒ Xs So dpss hnebncpøepw ]cnlmcßfpw \SØm {i n pat m. ssuupifn \nba߃ am n \SØmhp XmWv. DZ: ssuknse In nb kwjyiƒ XΩn Ipd v G hpw sndnb kwjy In nb Ip nbv v t]mbn v \ Ip p. (4 Ip n v Hcp sk v F coxnbn ssukv IcpXWw.) CXpt]mse \ Imhp GsXms {]h Ø\߃ Is Ømw * a{ ni NXpcw hn pt]mb IfØn Hmtcm kwjybpw am n am n sh pt\m n Iq nt\m p p. BZyw ]q Øn bm p Ip nsb t{]m m ln p p * PnKvtkm Hcp PohnbpsS Nn{Xw I nt] dn H n v ]e BIrXnbn sndnb IjvWßfm p p. ChbpsS adp]pdøv GXm\pw {InbIfpsS DØcw FgpXWw. A\ptbmPyamb {InbIƒ ^vfmjv Im Un FgpXn Ip niƒ v \ Ip p. {Inb ]q Ønbm n AXns DØcw hcp Nn{XIjW߃ Is Øn {IaoIcn v Nn{Xw ]q Ønbm p p. tnmzyønepw DØcØnepw _ an møhbpw Dƒs SpØWw. Ch hyhie\ønepw D]tbmKn mw. CØcw IqSpX {]h Ø\߃ Is Øm {]bmkap min t m? FgpXp kwjyiƒ BZyL Øn efnxambhbpw ]T\w ]ptcmkan p Xn\\pkcn v hnikn n pibpw thww. 5

83 \ Ip p. taje 3 KpW\w Bh Ø\ k e\amwv KpW\w F Bibw Dd n p Xn\v Nne {]h Ø\߃ 1). 10 cq] t\m piƒ 5 FÆw tn Øm cp] t\m piƒ 25 FÆw tn Øm X25 25X10=... 2) 5 cq] \mwbw 8 FÆw =... 5X8=... 3) 5 cq] \mwbw 32 FÆw X32= 30X5+2X5 32X5=... CØcw {]h Ø\ØneqsS KpW\ hkvxpx Dd n Xn\p tijw AXns {Inbm cq]w So snbvxncn p p. 32 X c kwjysim p KpW\Øn\v 32 X X X 5 32 X 10= X 5= 480 {Inbmcq]w 30 X 5 = XX 5 = X 5 = 160 {InbIƒ Dd Xn\v tijw as mcp {]h Ø\w ]cnnbs SpØp p. 6

84 Irjnbn \n p hcpam\w BZy hnfshsp n\p tijw _m_phns ho pim v In nb ] dnbpss hnhcßfmwv ] nibn. ] ni ]qcn n v NhsSbp h Is ØpI. C\w Xq w hne BsI In.{Kmw Io. {Kmw hne X mfn sh ]Shew sh cn ]b ] apfiv BsI. a p {]h Ø\߃ Is Øpat m. KpW\{Inb Dd n p Xn\v Nne ]mt WpIƒ 1) 1 X 9+2 = 12 X 9+3= 123 X 9+4= 2) 12 X 93 = 31 X X X X X 46 3) 159 X 48 = X 18 = X 4 = X 42 = ) X 9 = X 18= X 27=

85 taje 4 lcww Bh Ø\ hyhie\amwv lcww F Bibw Dd n p Xn\v Nne {]h Ø\Øn\v Nne {]h Ø\߃ \ Ip p. 12 antmbn 4 FÆw hoxw F{Xt] v hoxn mw 3 t] v {Inbm cq]øn 12 4 = F Xv 9 hoxw F{X Iq ßfm mw 45 9 = 5 lmcyw 45 lmcyw lmciw = lcw^ew 90 ]Øv = = ap Xv = 20 lmciw 9 lcw^ew 5 ssukv Ifn (]mºpw timwnbpw) Nm v Nm v

86 A v {Kq pifm p p. ssukns apjßfn 3,4,6,7,8,9 F o A ߃ FgpXnbn p v. Nm v 2 ssukv Fdnbp p. (DZm: 56 F kwjybn ssukns 7 F apjamwv h Xv F n ) Is Øp p. ASpØ L ambn Nm v 1 7 s KpWnXßfnepa\pkcn v 56 s ÿm\w AXmbXv = 8 (injvsw hcp Xv Hgnhm mw.) ChnsS e`n t]mbn v 8 ASpØ ssukv Fdnb as mcp {Kq n\v \ Ip p. Hmtcm {Kq pw amdn amdn Ifn p p. 5 IfnIfmbm Hmtcm {Kq n\pw e`n BsI t]mbn v Iq n IqSpX In nbhsc hnpbnifmbn {]Jym]n p p. ho pw Ifn XpScp p. KpW\Øns ] ni am n ASpØ L Øn {]h Ø\w XpScp p. {InbIƒ t\m p]pkvxiøn tcjs SpØp p. c p Ip niƒ hoxw Ifn p coxnbn Ifn XpScp p... (aq kwjysb Hc w sim v lcn p DZmlcWw) 9

87 taje 5 {]iv\m]{ky\w Ip nbpss \nxypohnxøn A\p`hs Sp [mcmfw {]i\߃ D t m? Ahsb kzm`mhnix \jvss SpØmsX kv dqan AhXcn n piqts. ChbpsS A]{KY\Øn\mWv {]m[m\yw \ ti Xv. efnxamb tnmzyßfneqss CXv km[yam m {ian Ww. tnmzyßfneqss A]{KYn m\p Ignhv hf ØpWw. DZmlcWw: Hcpamkw \nßfpss ho n F{X Acn hmßp p v.? CXv Is Øm Fs mw hnhc߃ AdnbWw.? Ip niƒ ]dbp Xv t_m Un tcjs SpØWw. Hcp Ip nbpss ho nte v D]tbmKn p AfhpIƒ amxribmbn \ Ip p. Is Ø coxn N snøp p. hy nkxambn ]q Ønbm p p. Hmtcm Ip nbptsbpw CØcw {]iv\w ]cnlcn p p. AhXcn n p p. hnebncpø sa s SpØ Nn bmbn FgpX. * C\n Hcp IpSbpsS Nn{Xw ImWn v (hne\nehmc ] nibs w) CXn \n v D m mhp {]iv\߃ enãv snøp p. Ch {Kq mbpw hy nkxambpw snøp p. AhXcn n p p. sa s SpØp p. * H n IqSpX {InbIƒ hcp {]mtbmkni {]iv\߃ \ In A]{KY\ Ignhv D m Ww. {InbIƒ Dd Xn\v tijw {]mtbmkni {]iv\w \ Inbm So dpss Hcp klmbhpan msx A]{KYn v DØcw Is Øm Ignbp XeØnte v hf ØWw. taje 6 `n kwjy F Bibw 5 mw mknse KWnXØnse `mkßfpss kwjy F bqwn nse {]h Ø\߃ ChnsS D]tbmKs SpØm {ian Ww. Bibw Dd n p Xn\v Du \ IWw. DZm: Hmtcm jo v t] F mh pw \ Ip p. Ch as n CjvSnap {X Xpey`mKßfm p p. Hmtcm `mkøn\pw CjvSap \nd߃ \ Ip p. Ch {]Z in n p p. Ch D]tbmKn v tnmzy߃ tnmzn s. BsI F{X `mkw CXn F{X `mkamwv. Nph v \ndw? Nph v \ndhpw \oe \ndhpw tn Xv F{X`mKw...XpSßnbh. * ]mt`mksø tx v IW v, tnmt v hoxn mw, ] dn W v, hchpw snehpw XpSßnbh D]tbmKn mw. * hrømirxnbnep Im t_m Uv IjvW߃ Xpeyhen ap Xv D]tbmKn Xv cq]߃ \n Ωn p {]h Ø\߃ snømw. amxri ap mkn simspøncn p p. * tdmjs ti v {]iv\w, {^m UnkvIv XpSßnbh Dƒs SpØWw. 10

88 taje 7 Afhv mkv apdnbn Ip nisf A v {Kq pifm p p. Hmtcm {Kq pw Hmtcm Iºv sim p hcs. hcm bpss \ofw Af v FgpXm ]dbp p. AXn\v tijw Hmtcm {Kq n\pw kvsibn ts v XpSßnbh \ Ip p. * Hmtcm {Kq pw kvsibn / ts v D]tbmKn v Iºns \ofw Af v hcm bpss \ofw ]dbp p. * F mh pw In nb \ofw H mwv F psims v Is ØpI. * AwKoIrX GIIØns BhiyIX N snøp p. * ao kvsibn ]cnnbs Sp p. * ao kvsibn, ts v F nhbpss klmbtømss D]tbmKn v t] \ms D]tbmKn v ao kvsibn \n Ωn p p. * AfhpIfpsS _ w ] nis SpØp p. * CXpt]mep IqSpX {]h Ø\߃ snøpat m? taje 8 kabw kabt_m[ap m m thdn {]h Ø\ßsf mƒ DNnXw a v {]h Ø\ßtfmsSm w kabsø Ipdn v Hm Ωs SpØn sim p coxnbmbncn pw. mkn Hcp t m pw Ip niƒ v Ifn t m v \n amwhpw \SØWw. DZm: mkv XpSßnbXv \v D v. ]ncnbp Xv 1.30 \v. F{X kabw ]T\Øn\v Nnehbn p.? KWnX mkv XpSßnbXpw Ahkm\n Xpw ]dbs. F{Xkabw? \n߃ Ddßm /Ifn m FSp p kabw? Hcp an\n v IÆS v \n p p. Ip niƒ a\ n kmh[m\w FÆs sk pw an\n pw XΩnep _ w Hm as SpØp. CØcØn ]camh[n kµ `߃ Hm Ωs SpØn ] nis SpØpepw BImw. CtXmsSm w a v {]h Ø\߃ kabøn\\pkcn v \ Imw. DZ: * Xoh n kab] ni \ In kabw ]db * 12 awn q / 24 awn q kab߃ _ s SpØn]db. 11

89 hnp-b-t`cn hnzym-`ymk ] Xn ae- pdw Pn m-]- m-bøv ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ v A[ym-]-I p-ff ssi]p-kvxiw KWnXw mkv 4, 7

90 BapJw Ign h jw \S-Øn-bXp t]mse Cu h jhpw 4,7 mkp-i-fnse hnzym n-iƒ mbn ae-bm-fw, Cw o-jv, KWnXw hnj-b-ß-fn ]n m w \n p hnzym n-isf Is -Øp- -Xn-\p-ff t_kvsse ]T-\-Øn-\p-ff ssãv \S-Øp-I-bp- m-b-t m. dnk v Ah-tem-I\w snbvxt mƒ Ign h jsø ]n m- m-hÿ GI-tZiw AtX-t]mse (30 %) Bh Øn- n-cn- p- p. ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ F m mkp-i-fn-te pw hym]n- n- -W-sa- mwv CXv kqnn- n- p- -Xv. A[ym-]-I v ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ mbn \ Ip ssi]pkvxiw 4, 7 mkp-i-fn-te v am{x-am-sw- nepw 2, 3, 5, 6 mkp-i-fnepw ]n m w \n p hnzym n-isf Is Øn ]cn-lm-c-t_m-[\ {]h Ø-\-߃ \-StØ Xp- v. kviqƒ Xe- Øn Fkv.-B.Pn tn v CXn-\p-ff ]T-\-k-lm-bn-Iƒ (h vjo p-iƒ apx-em-b-h) Dcp-Øn-cn-s -Sp-t - -Xm-Wv.CXn-eqsS Hmtcm Ip nbptsbpw an\naw seh tewnwkv Dd p hcp-ø-ww. CXv Ip n-bpss Ah-Im-i-hpw,A[ym-]-Is _m[y-x-bp-am-wv. (hn-zym-`ymk Ah- Imi\nb-aw) Cu ssi]p-kvxiw F mw XnI- -X-. Nne kqn-i-߃ am{x-am-wv CXn \ Inbn- p-f-f-xv. A\p-_ {]h Ø-\-ß-ƒ kviqƒx-e-øn N snbvxv cq]-s -Sp-Ø-Ww.- hy n-k-x-ambn ]q Øn-I-cn-t h vjo- p-iƒ Hmtcm Ip n pw t^mt m tim n-sb- SpØv \ I-Ww. ChnsS tewnwkv HuSvIw (Learning Outcome) Xs -bmwv {][m-\-sa- Xv {]txyiw Hm pi. AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-{]-h Ø-\-߃ kviqƒx-e-øn \S- n- em- p-a-t m.- C-Xn-\p-ff kabw kviqƒ Xe-Øn Fkv.-Fw.kn, ]n.-sn.f F n-h-cp-ambn Btem-Nn v Is -Øp-I. hnp-b-t`cn {]h Ø-\-߃ v A[ym-]-I \ In hcp ]n p-wsb \µn-tbmss kvacn p sim v KpW-ta a-bp-ff hnzym-`ymkw Hmtcm Ip n pw e`y-am-ip- -Xn\v Xm - fpss F m klm-b kl-i-c-w-ßfpw {]Xo- n- p- p. kpld aºmsv si.]n P ko-anb si.kn tkm]n {]kn-u v snb t]-g-k Un.-Un.C ae- pdw Pn m ] m-bøv BtcmKy hnzym-`ymk Ãm nwkv IΩn n ae- pdw

91 mkv 4

92 So -tdm-sv... KWn-X-Øn ASn-ÿm\ tijn-i-fmb kwjym-t_m-[w, k -e-\w, hyh-i-e- \w, KpW-\w, {]iv\m-]-{k-y\w F o taj-e-i-fmwv hne-bn-cp-ø-en\v hnt[-b-am- n-b-xv. 30 % tømfw hcp ]T\ ]nt m- m-hÿ t\cn-sp Ip n-isf ap n I mwv Cu ssi p-kvxiw Xøm-dm- n-bn- p-f-f-xv. hyxy-kvx-amb tijo-\n-e-hm-c-hpw, kmaq-lni ] m- Ø-e-hpw, ]T-\-th-K-X-bp-ap-ff Ip n-isf Xncn- -dn v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]cn-lmc {]h Ø- \-߃ \ Im-\mWv \mw {ian-t - -Xv. Hmtcm taj-e-bnepw Du \ In-bn- p-ff {Inbm-ti-jn-Iƒ ssih-cn- p- -Xn\v ]cym-]vx-amb {]h Ø-\-߃ h v jo v cq]-øn \ In-bn- p- v. Hmtcm taj-ebv pw BapJ-ambn \ In-bn- p-ff \n t±-i-߃ ]cn-k-wn p thww {]h Ø-\-߃ \S- n-em- m. h v jo p-iƒ Ip n-iƒ v kzx-{ -ambn ssiimcyw snøm-hp hn[-øn-emwv Bkq-{XWw \S-tØ- -Xv. ]ptcm-kxn hne-bn-cp-ø-p -Xn\pw, t_m[y-s -Sp-Øp- -Xn\pw XpS {]-h Ø-\-߃ Bkq-{XWw snøp- -Xn\pw Cu coxn klm-b-i-c-am-bn-cn- pw. efn- Xhpw ck-i-c-hp-amb coxn-bn {]h Ø-\-߃ \S- n-em- m {ian- p-a-t m...

93 kwjym-t_m[w Ip n-iƒ v km[-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn v FÆn FSp- p- Xp apx-emwv Bcw-`n-t - -Xv. BZyw hkvxp- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn v FÆ-s. Nn{X-ß-fnse FÆw Fgp-X-s. kwjy A -c-ønepw, A -Ønepw Fgp-Xm-\pff Ah-k-c-߃ D m- -Ww. kwjy- CS p \n v {Ia-Øn Fgp-Xm km[n- -Ww. ap n ]n n GsX v Is -Øm-\p-ff Ign-hp- m- m-\p-ff {ia-ßfpw \S-Ø-Ww. ]n osv ÿm\-hne ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø- Ww. ( H p-iƒ, ]Øp-Iƒ, \qdp-iƒ) Ch ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp h p-iƒ ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-at m?. kwjym ]mt -Wp-Ifpw 9+1, Ch ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww. hep-xv, sndpxv, Ah-tcm-l-Ww, Btcm-lWw Chbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Øp-at m?. FÆn t\m mw... hc p tn mw (1) (2)

94 (3) CSbn hn p-t]m-b-hsc Is Øp-at m. XpS Is -Øm {ian- -tw.. 5

95 (4) hn p-t]m-b- kwjy-iƒ Is -Øp-a-t m.. Nn{Xw hc v kwjy-iƒ Fgp-Xm ad- -t

96 (5) XpS -bm-sb-gp-xmtam? hn p t]mb kwjy-iƒ Is -Øp-a-t m

97 kwjy Is Ønsb-gp-Xq... \ndw simsp- q... 8

98 ]mt ]q Øn-bm- q... 1) 2 4 6, 2) 1 3 5, 3) , 4) , 5) , 6) , 7) , 8) , 9) , 10) , 9

99 ]Øp-Iƒ... H p-iƒ ]Øp-Iƒ H p-iƒ kwjy A -c-øn ]Øp-Iƒ H p-iƒ kwjy A -c-øn 10

100 F{X ]Øp-Iƒ, F{X H p-iƒ ]Øp-Iƒ H p-iƒ kwjy F{X ]Øp-Iƒ, F{X H p-iƒ? kwjy A -c-øn F{X ]Øp-Iƒ, F{X H p-iƒ? kwjy A -c-øn 11

101 F{X H p-iƒ, F{X ]Øp-Iƒ, \qdp-iƒ? \qdpiƒ kwjy A -c-øn ]Øp-Iƒ H p-iƒ 12

102 F{X \qdpiƒ?, F{X ]Øp-Iƒ?, F{X H piƒ? \qdpiƒ ]Øp-Iƒ H p-iƒ 1 kwjy A -c-øn 2 kwjy A -c-øn 3 2 kwjy A -c-øn kwjy A -c-øn kwjy A -c-øn 13

103 IqSp-X... Ipd-hv.. IqSp-X GXv AXn\p t\sc Nn w CSp-I. Btcm-lW {Ia-Øn Fgp-Xq.. Ahtcm-lW {Ia-Øn {Ia-s -Sp-Øq...hep-Xn \n v sndp-xn-te v hep- -a-\p-k-cn v {Iao-I-cn- q... sndpxv cq] 170 cq] 88 cq] 146 cq]... hepxv

104 k -e\w hkvxp- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn- p-ff k -e\amwv BZy-L- -Øn \S-t - -Xv.-aq Ø hkvxp- -fpss ]cnio-e-\-øn\p tijw Nn{X-kw-bp- -amb {]iv\-߃ \ Im-hp- -Xm-Wv. a\: W- mbn DØ-c-߃ Duln- p- -Xn\pw Is -Øp- -Xn-\p-ap-ff Ah-kcw \ ti- -Xp- v. aq Ø hkvxp- -fpss ]cn-n-b-øn-eqss enjnx cq]-øn-ep-ff KWn-X-{In-b-I-fn-te v t]mim-hp- -Xm-Wv. k -e-\-øn Du \ ti- Xv Xmsg ]d-bp {Ia-Øn-em-Wv. Hc kwjy + Hc kwjy = Hc kwjy Hc kwjy + Hc kwjy = c kwjy Hc kwjy + c kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-w-an- msx Hc kwjy + c kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-ww hcp- Xv c kwjy + c kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-w-an- msx c w + c w ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-ww hcp- Xv aq- kwjy + Hc kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-ww aq- kwjy + c kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-ww hcp- Xv aq- kwjy + aq kwjy ]p\:{i-ao-i-c-ww hcp- Xv k -e\w (1) (2) + = + A -c-øn + + = A -c-øn (3) + = A -c-øn + (4) + A -c-øn + (5) + = A -c-øn + 15

105 FÆn-sb-gp-Xq... Iq n t\m q... + = + = + = + = + = + = 6+ 6 = 7+ 2 = = = 4+ 7 = = 16

106 k -e\w (1) (5) = = (2) (6) = = (3) (6) = = (4) (7) = = Bdn-t\mSv \mev Iq n-bm? + =

107 kwjym tcjm kvsibn D]-tbm-Kn v k -e-\-{inb snøp am w ]cn-n-b-s -Sp- Xv Ip n-i-fn k - e-\-{inb Ffp- -am- m klm-bn- pw. bqwn- ns\ kwjy-bmbn IW- m- -Ww. \nivnnx FÆw apt m p \o p-tºm-ƒ DØ-c-ambn hcp A -Øn\v t\sc FØn-bn-cn- pw. DZm: 1+3 = = = = = =

108 k -e\w 3+1 = 3+6 = 3+11 = 3+2 = 3+7 = 3+12 = 3+3 = 3+8 = 4+1 = 3+4 = 3+9 = 4+2 = 3+5 = 3+10 = 4+3 = 19

109 k -e\w = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Dul-Øn-\p-ff Ah-kcw D m- -tw = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 20

110

111 Ah-X-cn- n- m ÿm\-hne icn-bm-iptam? 22

112 hyh-i-e\w k -e-\-øn-se t]mse BZyw km[-\-kw-b-p -ambpw XpS v Nn{X kwbp -ambpw hyh-ie\w ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ø-Ww.-D-Øcw a\: W- mbn Duln- m-\p-ff Ah-kcw Chn-sSbpw \ ti- -Xp- v. kwjym-tc-j(-kvsi-bn )-bpss D]-tbmKw Chn-sSbpw {]tbm-p-\-s -Sp-Ømw. k -e-\-øns FXn amxr- I-bn-emWv D]-tbm-Kn-t - -Xv. IS-sa-Sp-, F{X Iq n-bm F n-ßs\ c v coxn-ifpw hyh-i-e\ {Inb-bn ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-tØ- -Xp- v. Hc kwjy-iƒ, c kwjy-iƒ, aq kwjy-iƒ F nßs\ ]p\:{iao-i-cww C mø {Inb-I-fn XpSßn ]p\:{iao-i-cww hcp {Inb-I-fn-te- p-ff hf hyiv-x-am-ip coxn-bn {]iv\-߃ \ ti- -Xp- v. 1. c p hoxw Ipd v kwjy-sb-gp-xp-i. 23

113 = 10-6 ]q Xn Xv Fs{X? = ]q Xn Xv = 1 24

114 hgn Is -Øq... hyh-i-e\ {Inb snøp-tºmƒ DØcw In p- Xv ct m, aqt m (2,3) BsW- n \n߃ t]mip hgn icn-bm-wv. Start

115 hyh-i-e\ Im Uv D]-tbm-Kn- mw. Im Uns ap hiw 15-7 = 4-2 = 16-8 = 10-5 = 6-6 = 5-3 = 14-7 = 17-8 = 18-5 = 13-7 = 16-9 = Im Uns ]n hiw (kzbw hne-bn-cp-øp-i) = = = = = = = = = = = 26

116 _npp-hn\p In nb 9 antm-bn-i-fn \n pw 5 antmbn Iq p-im-c\p simsp-øp. _npp-hns ssiøn F{X antmbn? a\: W- n\p tijw CXns KWnX cq]w Fgp-X-s. DZm: 9-5 = = tnmzyw Ah-X-cn- n- s Ip n-iƒ {Inb snøp- -Xn\p apºn GI-tZi DØcw ( Dulw) F{X Bbn-cn- p-sa v ]d-bn- -Ww. GXv kwjy Ipd-hm-bn-cn pw, GXn-t\- mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn pw DZm: = 26 Bbn-cn pw tnmzyw , F p sim v 26 t\ mƒ Ipd-hm-bn-cn pw? = t\ mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn- pw. AXp-sIm v DØcw 20 \pw 26 \pw CS-bn-em-bn-cn- pw \n v 2 t]mbm, Ipd- m 2 t\msv F{X Iq n-bm 6 c v coxnbpw ]cn-n-b-s -Sp-Ømw. Ip n-iƒ CjvS-ap-f-fXv FSp- -s Csß-\-bpw a\: W- n snbvxp IqsS 27

117 C\n \n߃ D m- q. 11 +, , - + = + = - = - = +, - +, - 28