Effect of object-to-camera distance on temperature and spatial resolution of a Thermal imaging system FLIR SC 5000
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1 Effect of object-to-camera distance on temperature and spatial resolution of a Thermal imaging system FLIR SC 5000 B. B. Lahiri, S. Bagavathiappan, John Philip, B.P.C. Rao & T. Jayakumar Non-Destructive Evaluation Division Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam 1
2 Outline of the Presentation Introduction Objective and scope Experimental procedure Results Conclusions 2
3 INTRODUCTION It is necessary to ensure that the equipment being used is capable of detecting the spatial and temporal variations in temperature to the required accuracy. Temperature resolution (T Res ) and spatial resolution (S Res ) are the two most important parameters affecting the operational effectiveness of a thermal imaging system. The above said values are rarely quoted by the manufacturer. S res attainable depends on the geometry of the optics (lens) and the distance between the IR imager and the object, whereas the thermal sensitivity is a function of many variables. The actual temperature sensitivity is a function of detector characteristics, electronics and also the discernability by the human observer. To characterise the thermal sensitivity of IR systems, MRTD (minimum resolvable temperature difference) is the most appropriate figure of merit since it combines the IR imaging system s spatial and thermal resolution and the ability of a human observer to discriminate features within the thermal image. 3
4 PRINCIPLE OF THERMOGRAPHY Electromagnetic Spectrum IR Window Wavelength of infrared radiation is about µm Two bands of infrared radiation that are transmitted through the atmosphere well enough to enable imaging to take place. 3m - 5 m region is called the Mid Wave Infrared (MWIR) 8m -14 m region is referred to as the Long Wavelength Band (LWIR). 4
5 What is infrared thermography Thermal imaging or Thermography is the mapping of temperature profiles on the surface of the object or component. IR radiation emitted from an object has different intensity depending on its surface temperature. Any object above absolute zero emits Electromagnetic radiations (IR). The information about temperature is obtained from the acquired data using Stefan-Boltzmann s law q T4 A The infrared camera evaluates and converts heat radiation into meaningful temperature values. Components in various states of failure emit more heat as a direct result of more dissipated energy. 5
6 Infrared Thermography: The Process Defect Lamp Controller Computer IR Camera Heating Lamps Specimen Four Steps Process: 1. Launching of Heat Waves onto the surface 2. Propagation of heat waves inside the material 3. Reflection of heat waves from defect sites 4. Detection of reflected heat waves Classification of IRT based on the nature of external heating, i.e. ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY 1. Pulsed Thermography 2. Lock-in Thermography 3. Step heating 4. Other heating sources, viz. induction heating, microwave heating, laser heating, ultrasonic heating, etc. PASSIVE THERMOGRAPHY: No external heating e.g. medical, civil, process monitoring applications Temperature ( 0 C) Pulsed Thermography Time (sec.) 6
7 Objective and Scope of the present work To find the temperature resolution (T Res ) and spatial resolution (S Res ) of an infrared thermal imaging system FLIR SC 5200 under actual experimental conditions. To study the effect of MRTD (minimum resolvable temperature difference) and spatial resolution (S Res ) with respect to variation in object to camera distance. To study the effect of material thermal properties on the measured spatial resolution (S Res ). 7
8 SPECIMEN DETAILS Row no. 1 Row number Geometrical details of the phantom for S Res Radius of the circular hole (mm) (±0.01 mm) Centre to centre distance (mm) (±0.01 mm) Schematic sketch of the phantom Salient features of thermal imaging system Photograph of the standard target with four bar pattern fabricated for MRTD measurements Make Detector element Spectral range Thermal sensitivity Temperature range Cooling FOV FLIR SC 5200M InSb, 320x256 elements μm less than 25 mk O C Stirling cycle 20 0 x 16 0 (27mm) 8
9 Experimental procedure The experiments were performed as per ASTM E standard with slight modification in the experimental procedure. The metal plate was coated with black paint to ensure high emissivity (~0.98). The other side facing the black body was coated with silvery white paint so that the reflectance was high (>0.9). The angle subtended by each cycle (one bar and one space) of the target at the detector plane and D OC were considered for determining spatial frequency. The spatial frequency (of the target) f = d OC /s (cycle/mrad) Width of one cycle, s = m. The experiment was repeated for four different d OC, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m. 9
10 Results and Discussions 10
11 Typical thermal image of the four bar pattern with D OC = 0.5 m. MRTD k NETD MTF SNR k F NETD: noise equivalent temperature difference, MTF: modulation transfer function k SNR and k F are constants. For 0.5 m D OC, MRTD was found to be K, which matched with the quoted value (0.025 K) of NETD 11
12 MRTD & MTF Spatial frequency MTF MRTD MRTD monotonically increases with spatial frequency Hence, temperature resolution decreases with object-to-camera distance (D OC ) Plot of MRTD and MTF as a function of spatial frequency NETD remains constant for all D OC MRTD increases due to decrease of MTF with increasing D OC 12
13 (a) (b) Typical thermal image of the phantom (a) aluminum, (b) mild steel Horizontal line scans of the last resolved row for various object-to-camera distances for the mild steel phantom. (a) D OC = 2.0 m and row no.1, (b) D OC = 1.5 m and row no. 2, (c) D OC = 1.0 m and row no. 3 and (d) D OC = 0.5 m and row no. 6 Variation of spatial resolution (S Res ) with object-to-camera distance (D OC ) for Mild Steel phantom Object-tocamera distance (D OC ) (m) Last row for which the circular holes are clearly resolved Center-to-center distance between the circular holes of the corresponding row (mm) Spatial resolution (S Res ) (mm)
14 Contrast Transfer Function (CTF) CTF I 2( I max max I I min min ) CTF gives a quantitative estimation of the difference in intensity level between a region of interest and its neighborhood Spatial frequency I max I min CTF Contrast transfer function (CTF) as a function of spatial frequency for Mild Steel (MS) phantom 14
15 Material dependence of spatial resolution: Horizontal line plots of the intensity for the fifth row (center-to-center distance = 2.0 mm) and D OC = 0.5 m of the metal phantoms, (a) mild steel and (b) aluminum. It can be clearly seen that, in the second case, the circular defects are not distinctly resolved, whereas for the former case all the holes are clearly discernible. Thermal diffusivity (α) of aluminum is almost eight times higher than that of steel. α Al = m 2 s -1 and α MS = m 2 s -1 15
16 CONCLUSIONS Minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) was experimentally determined for four different object-to-camera distances. It was observed that MRTD increases with object-to-camera distance, thereby decreasing the temperature resolution of the thermal camera. Our studies confirmed that spatial resolution as well as contrast transfer function decreases with object-to-camera distance. It was also observed that, spatial resolution was affected by the physical properties of the object under investigation. 16
17 17
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